感染相关英文词汇41肺炎链球菌

感染相关英文词汇小结G+（1肺炎球菌感染）1313.charactensticallyproducesagreenishcolorGram-PositiveBacteiia革兰阳性菌micrococci微球菌LouisPasteur路易斯，巴斯德etiologyofpneumonia肺炎的病因学Etiologicagent病因学微生物Streptococcus链球菌celldivisionoccursalongasingleaxis细胞分裂沿单一轴进行&growinchainsorpairs成链或成对生长hemolyticproperties溶血特性S・pneumoniae(Streptococcuspneumoniae)肺炎链球菌a-hemolyticgroupa溶血组bloodagar血培养皿特征绿色reductionofironinhemoglobin还原血红蛋白中的铁fastidious苛养(菌)mucoid(smootlL/shiiiy)colonies粘液状克隆(光滑/金属色)Pneumococciwithoutacapsule无夹膜的肺炎球菌colonieswitlialoughsuiiace克隆表面粗糙optochm(ethylhydrocupreiiihydiochloride)奥普托欣试验()bilesoluble在胆汁中溶解apolysacchandecapsule多糖夹膜serogioups/seronpes血清群/血清型rabbitpolyclonalantisera兔多克隆抗血清theQuellungreactionQuellung反应：在特定抗血清处理下，夹膜肿胀phagocytosis吞噬作用deteniuiiantofpneumococcalvirulence毒力的决定因素Unencapsulatedvariants无夹膜的变种invasivedisease・侵袭性疾病hostdefensemechanisms宿主防御系统Pneumolysiii肺炎球菌溶血素cytolysisofcellsandtissues细胞和组织的溶解32・cellwallproteins细胞壁蛋白33・complementpathway补体系统34.complementdeposition补体沉积35.preventinglysisaiVoiopsonophagocvtosis防止溶解和补体发挥调理作用ThepneumococcalHlnlubitor(Hie)肺炎球菌H抑制体uupedestheformationofC3convertase抑制C3转话体的形成3&pneumococcalsurfaceprotemC(PspC)肺炎球菌表面蛋白ccholme-bindmgprotemA(CbpA)胆碱结合蛋白Asuiiace-anchoiedsialidase(neuraminidase)NanA表面锚定唾液酸酶(唾液酸甘酶)sialicacid唾液酸・pneumococcalsuiiaceadhesmA(PsaA)肺炎球菌表面粘合分子・potentialvaccinecandidates潜在的疫苗靶点Moleculartyping分子型pulsed-fieldgelelectrophoresis脉冲凝胶电泳geneticxelatedness基因相关性46・supersededbysequencingofhousekeepinggenes管家基因测序已取代(电泳)multilocussequencetyping,MLST多位点序列分型pneumococcalMLSTWebsite()肺球菌多位点分型查询49・whole・genom亡sequencingwillsoonsupersedeMLST全基因组测序不久将替代MLST50.routinechildhoodadnumstrationofpneumococcalpolysaccharide-protemconjugatevaccine(PCV)幼年期常规注射肺球菌多糖蛋白结合物疫苗51・seculartrends长期趋势52.epidenuologicfeatures53・serotypedistribution血清学分布54.invasivepneumococcaldisease(IPD,definedasinfectionofanormallysterilesite)侵袭性肺炎球菌病(通常体内无菌出现感染)diseaseburden疾病负担nulitaiybarracks军营57.intennittentiiiliabitantsoftliehealtlivJhumannasophaiyiix正常人鼻咽腔的间断定植菌5&respuatorvdroplets呼吸道飞沫socioeconomicstatus社会经济状况niajor vectorsofpneumococcaltransmission主要的肺钱球菌传播者61・Cross-sectionalprevalencedata横断面发病率数据highratesofcolomzation高定植率communitytiaiisniissiondynamics社区传播动力学cerebrospinalfluid(CSF)脑脊液aspirationofpneumococciapositivebloodculture血培养阳性routinepediatricvaccinationschedule常规幼儿疫苗接种计划68・pneumococcalpneunioma肺炎球菌肺炎bacteremia菌血症adefinitiveetiologicdiagnosis病原学诊断明确radiograplucallyconfumedpneumonia影像学确诊的肺炎cluucallydiagnosedpneumoma临床确诊的肺炎Thecase-fatalityratios(CFRs)病死率undeilyiiigmedicalcondition基础疾病75・accesstocare治疗情况severityofdiseaseatpresentation起病时病情的严重程度hospitalizedpatients住院患者appropriateandtmielvmanagementisavailable适当及时的治疗thefirst24hofhospitalization住院后24hrapidlyprogressivecascadeofevents快速进展urespectiveofantibioticadiiunistration与抗菌药物应用无关temperateclimate温带气候etlinicgroup民族crowdedsettmgs拥挤的坏境susceptibleuidividuals易感人群precedingviralrespuatorvdisease(especiallybutnotexclusivelyinfluenza)曾患呼吸系统疾病(尤其但不限于流感)secondaiypneumococcalinfections继发的肺炎球菌感染88・seasonalandpandemicinfluenza季节性、流行性感冒89.Reducedpneumococcalsusceptibilitytopemcillm肺炎球菌对青霉素敏感性下降90.prevalenceofpneumococcalisolatesresistanttosmgleormultipleclassesofantibiotics分离出的肺炎球菌对一种或多种抗菌药物耐药的趋势明显91・minimaluiliibitoryconcentrations(MICs)最小抑菌浓度rismgabsolutemagnitude绝对值提高penicillinG青霉素Gcefotaxime头砲噬厉(3nd)95・ceftriaxone头砲曲松96・macrolides大环内酯类97.difficult-to-treatinfections难治性感染98・pneumococcalantinucrobialnonsusceptibility肺炎球菌抗菌药物耐药问题99・mucosalsurfaces膜状表面otitismedia中耳炎pneumonia肺炎distantsites:brain远处播散joint关节bones骨骼peritonealcavity腹腔pneumococcalmenmgitis肺炎球菌性脑膜炎secondarytohematogenous.肽葡聚糖.肽葡聚糖spread继发于血流感染108・flowofmucus粘液的流动avoidlocalimmunefactors逃避免疫因子leukocytes白细胞complement补体cilia纤毛(c山um的名词复数)mucociliaiyescalator纤毛的活动mechanicalclearanceofpneumococci机械清除肺炎球菌colonizationepisodes定植的时间persistentcolonization长期定植developmentofcapsule-specificserumIgG(导致)夹膜特异性血清IgG抗体hiteicurrentvualuifections并发的病毒感染Localcytokineproduction局部细胞因子的产生upiegulateadhesionfactors上调粘附因子peptidoglycans122・teichoicacids磷壁酸interleukinIandIL-6白介素・1和白介素・6tumornecrosisfactor(TNF)肿瘤坏死因子125・Polymorphonuclearleukocytes多形核白细胞innateHnmunefactors固有防御因子splemcftinction肾功能12&coughreflex咳嗽反射C-reactiveprotein(CRP)c反应蛋白phosphoiylcholine磷脂胆碱Toll-likereceptor2(TLR2)Toll样受体2lipoteichoicacid脂膜酸cellwallpeptidoglycan细胞壁肽聚糖cysticfibrosis囊肿性纤维化135・bionchiectasis支气管扩张sicklecelldisease镰状细胞（贫血）病cross-reactiveantigens交叉反应抗原138・Tcell-independentantigens不依赖T细胞的抗原delayedontogeny（儿童）个体（B细胞防御系统）发育慢agaminaglobulmemia丙种球蛋白缺乏138・chemicallydistmct（夹膜）化学结构不同serotypespecific血清型特异性抗体pathognomonicpresentationofpneumococcaldisease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表现selMmuted自限性疾病life-threatemng危及生命的differentialdiagnosis鉴别诊断convulsions抽搐tachypnea（＞30breaths/niHi）呼吸急促definedaccordmgtospecificagestiata根据特殊的年龄分层确定lowerchestwallindrawing下胸壁凹陷nonmvasiveorinvasiveinfection侵袭性或非侵袭性感染contiguousspread临近组织器官传播infectionofanormallysterilebodyfluid无菌体液区感染Pneumoma（invasivewithapositivebloodculture）肺炎（血培养阳性考虑为侵袭性）anuldcommunity.acquiredinfection轻度社区获得性感染intubation插管治疗attheoutset起病时155・aviralupperrespuatoiyinfection上呼吸道病毒感染abmptonsetofcoughanddyspnea急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困难fever发热shakingchills寒战158・myalgias肌肉疼痛nonpurul亡nt无脓性161・pumlent有脓的心肌梗死162.tingedwithblood痰中带血177.heartfailurewithatypicalpulmonaiyedema163.stabbingpleuriticchestpain胸肋膜刺痛心力衰竭伴不典型肺水肿178・cardiacconditions164.parietalpleura胸膜壁层心脏疾病179.pulmonaiyconditions165.tachycardiaJ心动过速肺部疾病180.atelectasis166.dullness沉闷肺不张181.mycoplasmas167.percussion触诊法支原体182.etiologicdiagnosisofpneumococcal16&consolidation实性病变pneumoma肺炎球菌肺炎的病原学诊断169.crackles畴啪声183.pathologicexaminationoflungtissue肺组织的病理学检查170.auscultation听诊184.Inlieuof代替171.Pleuralmb胸膜摩擦音185・aninfiltrateonchestradiography胸部影像学表现渗出172.cyanosis苍白186.lobarorsegmentalconsolidation大叶性或节段性实变173・nasalflaring鼻翼煽动187.patchy分散不均的174.diapluagmaticpleura胸膈膜188・pleuialeffusion胸腔积液175・upperabdoniuialpam上腹疼痛189.empyema脓胸176.myocardialinfarction190.roundpneunioma圆形肺炎（）Uriiiaiypneumococcalantigenassays泌尿系统肺炎球菌抗原检验cultureofsputum痰培养Paiapneumoniceffusions并发于肺炎的胸腔积液aggressiveandcompletedramage充分引流pyogeniccondition化脓性疾病196・skullfracture头颅骨折gradual-onsetheadache逐渐出现的头痛stiffneck颈僵photophobia畏光alteredconsciousness意识状态变化202・seizures癫痫bradvcaidiaJ心动过缓mcreasedintracranialpressure颅内压升高Kermg'sorBrudzinskTssignKeniigtiEErudzinski征cranialneivepalsies（3rdand6thciaiualnen-es）颅神经麻痹（3、6脑神经）examinationofCSF脑脊液检查evidenceofturbidity（visualinspection）浊度（肉眼检查）elevatedproteinlevel,elevatedwliitebloodcellcount,andreducedglucoseconcentration（quantitativemeasurement）蛋白、白细胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低（定量检查）specificidentificationoftheetiologicagent（culture,Gram'sstammg,antigentesting,orPCR）病原鉴定（培养，革兰染色，抗原鉴定，PCR）・incoiljunctionwith同时伴随・deafness耳聋214.hydrocephalus脑水肿215mentalretardation・智力迟钝diffusebrainswelling弥漫性脑水肿subaracluioidbleeding蛛网膜下腔出血・cerebrovasculaicomplications脑血管并发症・bactei亡niia菌血症

osteomyelitis骨髓炎septicaitliiitis脓毒性关节炎endocarditis心内膜炎pericaiditis心包炎peritonitis腹膜炎sinusitis鼻窦炎otitismedia中耳炎227・tninitus耳鸣upperrespiratorytractmfection上呼吸道感染bulgingtympanicmembrane鼓膜突出reducedmovementoninsufflationortvmpanographv注气法或鼓室造影法显示活动减少aspuationandcultureofsinusmaterial鼻窦分泌物吸出及培养parenteralpenicillinG静脉给予青霉素Gtliedrugofchoicefordisease首选药物50,000U/kgforniuioiinfectionsto300.000U/kgformeningitis轻度感染：50.000U/kg脑膜炎：300,000U/kg238・parenteral卜lactamdrugs静脉给予B内酰胺类药物ampicillin阿莫西林ceftiioxiiiie头葩味辛penicillin-susceptiblestrains青霉素敏感的菌株offerlittleadvantageoverpenicillm与青霉素相比，没有特殊优势Macrolidesandcephalosporins大坏内酯类和头泡菌素类alternativesforpenicillin-allergicpatients青毎素过敏患者的替代药物231・231・facialpain面部疼痛246.tetiacvclme四坏素clindamycin克林毎素congestion充血persistentmghttunecough持续夜间咳嗽tiiinethopnm-sulfamethoxazole甲氧节噪■硕胺甲氧异恶卩坐Penicillm-resistaiitpneumococci耐青霉素的肺炎球菌tetracycline-,fluoroqumolone-andinaciolide-iesistaiitstrains四环素耐药，氟嚨诺酮类耐药，人环内酯类耐药的菌株Multidmg-resistantstrains多重耐药菌alterationofpenicillin-bindingprotein(PBP)genes青霉素结合蛋白基因的改变transfoiniationandhorizontaltransferofDNAfiomrelatedstreptococcalspecies基因转导以及从链球菌传递的DNA253・low亡Iaffinityforpenicillins与青霉素的亲和力下降254.specificPBP(s)andtlienumberofPBPsaltered根据PEPs改变的类型和数量255・levelofresistancerangesfiommtermediatetohigh耐药的程度分为中介耐药和高度耐药penicillmsusceptibilitybreakpoints青霉素敏感性折点susceptible^0.06ug/mL;intermediate,0.12-1.0ug/inL;resistant$2.0ug/mL敏感W0.06ug/mL,中介0.12-1.0卩g/mL；耐药$2.0Pg/mL258・w亡［亡notpredictiveoftheresponseof可以预测用药反应修正的青毎素G折点26O.ClmicalandLaboratoryStandardsInstitute临床与实验室标准学会Theuseofantibioticsselectsfbiresistantpneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐药肺炎球菌的出现MICsof$0.12ug/inLindicateresistance(menmgitis)XncJ＜于0.12Pg/mL意味着耐药(脑膜炎)262・tliebreakpointsai亡W2ug^iiiLforsusceptibleorganisms,4pg/mLforintermediateorgaiiisms,and$8ug/niLforresistantorganisms(nonmeningitis)敏感菌W2ug/niL中介4pg/rnL耐药28Pg/mL(非脑膜炎感染)263・tlieInfectiousDiseasesSocietyofJAmerica美国传染病协会AinencanThoracicSociety美国胸科学会theBritishThoracicSociety英国胸科学会theEuropeanRespuatoivSociety欧洲呼吸协会vancomycin万