通用考博翻译习题自学或课堂翻阅

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英译 communitiesinwhichpeoplein ctacrossregionsorentirecontinents.Couldsuch“virtualcommunities”eventuallyrecegeographicallylocalizedsocialrelations?Therearereasonstothat,asthefoundationforademocraticForexample,electroniccommunicationfiltersoutandaltersmushofthesubtlety,warmth,contextuality,andsonothatseemimportanttofullyhuman,morallyengagedinction.ThatisonereasonmanyJapaneseandEuropeanexecutivespersistinconsideringface-to-faceencounteressentialtotheirbusinessdealingsandwhymanyengineers,too,preferface-to-faceencounteressentialtotheirbusinessdealingsandwhymanyengineers,too,preferface-to-faceinctionEvenhypotheticalnewmedia(e.g.advanced“virtualrealities”),conveyingadimensionallyrichersensorydisy,areunlikelytoprovefullysatisfactorysubstitutesforface-to-faceinction.Electronicmedia poseholisticexperienceintoyticallydistinctsensorydimensionsandthentransmitthelatter.Atthereceivingend,peoplecanresynthesizetheresultingpartsintoacoherentexperience,butthenewwholeisinvariablydifferentand,issomeSecond,thereisevidencethatscreen-based(suchasTVcomputermonitors)arepronetoinducedemocraticallyunpromisingpsychopathologies,rangingfromescapismtopassivity,obsession,confusingwatchingwithng,withdrawalfromotherformsofsocialengagement,orThird,astrength—butalsoadrawback—toavirtualcommunityisthatanymembercanexitinstantly.Indeed,anentirevirtualcommunitycandeclineorobtaininginotherformsofdemocraticcommunity,orthatsocialrelationsprovelessthick(i,e.lessembeddedinacontextfilledwithsharedmeaningandhistory),therecouldbeadverseconsequencesforindividualpsychologicalandmoraldevelopment.nomatterwithwhomwecommunicatenorhowfarourimaginationsfly,our hencemanymaterialinterdependencieswithotherpeople—alwaysremainlocallysituated.Thusitseemsmorallyhazardoustocommunewithfar-flunge-mates,ifthatmeansgrowingindifferenttophysicalneighbors.ItisnotencouragingtoobservejustsuchindifferenceinCalifornia'sSiliconValley,oneoftheworld'most“highlywired”regions.PassageTheonrushofcheapcommunications,powerfulcomputersandtheallexinwhymanypeoplefeelthat,nowadays,changeishappeningeverrapidlyastechnologicalprogressaccelerates. Moore'slaw,thatthepowerofmicrochipsdoublesevery18months,hasbeentestedandfoundcorrect.ThisisYettheimplicationthatrapidchangeisanewphenomenonismisleading.Ifyoumeasurethetimeittakesforatechnologyto ewidelydiffused,today'sexperiencedoesnotseemunusual. Takethecar.Thebasicpatentforan bustionenginecapableofpoweringacarwasfiledin1877.Bythelate1920s—50yearslater—overhalfofallAmericanhouseholdsbigcomputer,basedonvacuumvalves,wasbuiltin1946.Thetransistor—thefirstsemiconductordevice—wasinventedatBellLaboratoriesin1948.Thefirstpatentforanintegratedcircuitwasfiledin1959.Now,in1999-50yearsafterthefirstonewasbuilt—aroundhalfofAmericanhouseholdsownacomputer.ThepaceYouhavetocheat,choosingonlythedatefor alcomputer,(mid-1970s),ortheinternet(ditto)tomakeitseemmuchmoreComparingitsdiffusionamongprivateusersis,youmightsay,unfairtothecomputer,forthatmachine'smainuseisinbusinesses.Onthatmeasure,thebesthistoricalogyiswithelectrification,andthespreadoftheelectricdynamointoAccordingtoPaulDavid,ahistorianatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia,firstelectricity-generatingstationshadbeeninstalledinNewYorkandLondonin1881,butitwaswellintothe1920sbeforethedynamobecamewidelyusedandstartedtoraiseproductivity.Theadoptionofthecomputerinbusinesshasalsobeenslow,andfailedtohaveanymeasurableimpactonproductivityuntilveryPassageThemainimpressiongrowingoutoftwelveyearsonthefacultyofamedicalshcoolisthattheNo.1healthproblemintheU.S.today,evenmorethanAIDSorcancer,isthatAmericansdon'tknowhowtithindabouthealthandillness.Wefeartheworst,expecttheworst,thusinvitetheworstandtheresultisthatweare inganationofweaklingsandhypochondriacs,aself-medicatingsocietyincapableofdistinguishingbetweencasual,everydaysymptomsandthosethatrequireprofessionalattention.Somewhereinourearlyeducationwe eaddictedtothenotionthatpainmeanssickness.Wefailtolearnthatpainisthebody'swayofinformingthemindthatwearengsomethingwrong,notnecessarilythatsomethingiswrong.Wedon'tunderstandthatpainmaybelingusthatweareeatingtoomuchorthewrongthings;orthatwearesmokingtoomuchordrinkingtoomuchorthatthereistoomuchemotionalcongestioninourlivesthatwearebeingworndownbyhavingtocopedailywithovercrowdedstreetsandhighways,thepoundingnoseofgarbagegrinders,orthecosmicdistancebetweentheentrancetotheairportandthedeparturegate.Wegetthemessageofpainallwrong.Insteadofaddressingourselvestothecause,we epushoversforpills,drivingthepainEarlyinlife,too,we eseizedwiththebizarreideathatweareconstantlyassaultedbyinvisiblemonsterscalledgerms,andthatwehavetobeonconstantalerttoprotectourselvesagainsttheirfury,butequalemphasisisnotgiventothepresidingfactthatourbodiesaresuperblyequippedtodealwiththelittledemonsandthebestwayofallinganattackistomaintainasensiblelifestyle.PassageTheworld'slongromancewithspeedmayfinallybeending.EvenifConcorde(协和式飞机)fliesagain,itsantiquenaturewasrevealedassoonastheParisaccidentmadepeoplescratchtheirheadsandaskquitewhytheseoddaircraftwerestillflying.Muchofthetechnologythatsurroundedushas,whenwelookatitafresh,aJulesVernequality—solvingproblemsthatonceseemedThereorientationofsciencerewardthebiologicalandcomputerfrontiersisnowtruism,butthe19thcenturyfascinationwithmotivepowerhasretainedapowerfulholdonourimaginationsandoureconomies.71.Advancesinmotivepowerwereforalongwhilethemainwayinwhichprogressandnationalcompetitionintechnologyweremeasured.Firstatsea,thenontherailways,thenontheroads,intheairandfinallyinspace,moreandmorerapidmovementwasseenasancaregoodandalso,insomevagueway,asakeytoafullerunderstandingoftheworld.Sointoxicatingwasthisultimatewayinwhichthegrowingspeedandreachofman-madevehiclescouldbeusedthatwhenanunknown enthusiastcalledHermannOberthpublishedhisBy ToInternetarySpaceinthe1920s,itrepresentedsuchanescapefromthedifficultiesofthepresenttotheanxiouscitizensofWeimarGermany(德国魏玛)thatitbecameabestsellerovernight.72.Forindividualsportsmen,pilotsanddrivers,speedhadthestatusofaprivilegedsubstancetowhich,inthoseearlydays,onlyaminorityhadfullaccess.Mechanizedspeedmademen,andafewwomen,intoheroes,anditremainsacommoditytowhichmales,inparticular,areattracted.ThefrontoftheBoysOwnannualofhalfacenturyagowouldtypicallyfeatureaspeedingtraininthemiddleDisentanglingthegenuineadvantagesofspeedfromitscultaspectshasalwaysbeenaproblem,andthiswascertainlythecaseintheerainwhichConcordewasconceived.Land,airandseaspeedrecordshadmatteredsincethe20sinawayinconceivabletoday,Thismanicracewasrunonthreetracks—ofcelebritysport,ofcompetitionbetweencivilindustries,andofmilitarydevelopment.Allthreewerelitteredwithcasualties,whetherspectatorsatLeMans,DonaldCampbellonBritainwasslowingdownonallthreecouresewhenConcordecamealong,Indeedtheconcordeprojectsurvivedinpartbecause,asHaroldWilsonexinedinhismemoirs,theagreementwiththeFrenchwasembodiedinaninternationaltreaty,andtheyrefusedeventoconsiderabandoningorpostponingthework.“Wehadlittlechoicebuttogoon,”thethenprimeministeHislackofenthusiasmsuggeststhat,longbeforeConcordeflew,somethoseresponsibleforitknewthatitwasnotgoingtobeapracticalaircraft,andalsothatthetechnicalspin-offwouldbelessthanadvertised.Thereasonwasthatspeedwassuchasdominantconsiderationthateverythingelsehadtotakesecondce.Theresultwasanaircraftthatwasbothaheadofitstieandbehindthetimes,sincetheeraofsmall-Apreoccupationwithspeedhasalwaysgonehandinhandwithapreoccupationwithsafety,thetwostandardsbetweenthemprovidingawayinwhichadvancedstatescalibratethestateofcivilization.Increasingspeedshaveworldlivesinconstantfearofregression,oflosingthescientificandorganizationaledgethatenablesittobebothfastandsafe.Thatisonereasonwhyairandseaaccidentscanattainsuchmythicstatus.ThedisparatetreatmentoffirstandthirdworldaccidentsintheWesternpressisprobablydueoretothefeelingthataccidentsareindicatorsoftechnicalhealththantoanydevaluationofAfricanorSpeedstillhasitskingdom,butisitshrinking.Itslimitshavelongagobeenreachedontheroads,anditsvalueintheair,evenformannedmilitaryaircraft,isattractivetomaketrainsgofaster.ThepursuitofphysicalspeedhasbeenrecedbythepursuitofnearinstantaneityontheNet,anaimwhichwemayintimecometoregardjustasskeptically.ItishardtoimaginethemoodinwhichDavidLean'sTheSoundBarrierwasmadein1952.breakingthatbarrierseemedtoholdthekeytoamystery.ButPassageComputersarepermeatingalmosteveryaspectofourlives,includingmanyareaspreviouslyuntouchedbytechnology.1.Butunlikesuchotherpervasiveaselectricity, evisionandthemotorcar,computersareonthewholelessreliableandlesspredictableintheirbehavior.Thisisbecausetheyarediscretestatedigitalelectronicdevicesthatarepronetototalandcatastrophicfailure.Computersystems,whentheyare“down,”arecomple ydown,unlikeelectromechanicaldevices,whichmaybeonlypartiallydownandarethuspartiallyComputersenableenormoustiesofinformationtobestored,retrieved,andtransmittedatgreatspeedonascalenotpossiblebefore.2.Thisisallverywell,butithasseriousimplicationsfordatasecurityand alprivacybecausecomputersareinherentlyinsecure.TherecentactivitiesofhackersanddatathievesintheUnitedStates,Germany,andBritainhaveshownhowall-too-easyitstillistobreakintoeventhemost-sophisticatedfinancialandmilitarysystems.Thelistofscaresperpetratedbythenewbreedofhi-techcriminals,rangingfromfraudinairline-ticketreservationstothereprogrammingofthechipsinside isgrowingdaily.Computersystemsareoftenincrediblycomplex-socomplex,infact,thattheyarenotalwaysunderstoodevenbytheircreators(althoughfewarewillingtoadmitit).Thisoftenmakesthemcompleyunmanageable.Unmanageablecomplexity,canresultinmassivefoul-upsorspectacularbudget“runaways.”Forexample,JeffreyRothfederinBusinessWeekreportsthatBankofAmericain1988hadtoabandona$20-millioncomputersystemafterspendingfiveyearsandafurther$60milliontryingtomakeitwork.AllstateInsurancesawthecostofitsnewsystemrisefrom$8milliontoastaggering$100millionandestimatedcompletionwasdelayedfrom1987to1903.Moreover,theproblemseemstobegettingworse:in1988theAmericanArbitration.Associationtookon190computerdisputes,most—upfrom3.Complexitycanalsoresultindisaster:nocomputeris100percentguaranteedbecauseitisvirtuallyimpossibletoanticipateallsortsofcriticalapplications,suchassavinglives,flyingaircraft,runningnuclearpowerstations,transferringvastsumsofmoney,andcontrollingmissilesystems—sometimeswithtragicconsequences.Forexample,between1982and1987,sometwenty-twoservicemendiedinfiveseparatecrashesoftheUnitedStates sophisticatedBlackhawkhelicopterbeforetheproblemwastracedtoitscomputer-based“fly-by-wire”system.Atleasttwopeoplediedafterreceivingoverdosesofradiationemittedbythecomputerized.Thereare25X-raymachines,andtherearemanyotherexamplesoffatalcomputer-basedfoul-Popularareasforlesslife-threateningcomputermalfunctionsincludeephonebillingand ephoneswitchingsoftware,bankstatementsandbank-lermachines,electronicfunds-transfersystems,andmotor-vehiclelicensedatabases.Althoughcomputershaveoftentakenthe“blame”ontheseoccasions,ultimatecauseoffailureinmostcasesis,infact,humanEverynewtechnologycreatesnewproblems—aswellasnewbenefits--forsociety,andcomputersarenoexception.4.Butdigitalcomputershaverenderedsocietyespeciallyvulnerabletohardwareandsoftwaremalfunctions.Sometimesindustrialrobotsgocrazy,whileheartpacemakersandautomaticgaragedooropenersarerendereduselessbyelectromagneticradiationor“electronicsmog”emittedfrompoint-of-saleterminals, alcomputers,and lermachines(ATMs)andpumpsatgasstationsarecloseddownbecauseofunforeseensoftwaresnafus.Thecostofallthisdowntimeishuge.5.Forexample,ithasbeenreportedBritishbusinessessufferaroundthirtymajormishapsayear.revolvinglossesrunningintomillionsofpounds.Thesearecausedbymachineorhumanerroranddonotincludehumanmisuseintheformoffraudandsabotage.ThecostoffailuresindomesticallyproducedsoftwareintheUnitedKingdomaloneconservativelyestimatedat$900millionperyear.In1989,aBritishComputerSocietycommittee,reportedthatmuchsoftwarewasnowsocomplexthatcurrentskillsinsafetyassessmentwereinadequateandthatthereforethesafetyofpeoplePassageWithoutdoubt,theinternationalrelationsappearattimesbewildering.StudentsmayattimefeelthattheireffortstounderstandthecomplexitiesofThetaskisadifficultone,butitisnotfutile.ItrequirespatienceandpersistenceasAstheexamplesjustgivenoftenillustrate,contemporaryinternationaleventsareregularlyinterrelated;ourtaskofachievingunderstandingisthereforefurthercomplicatedbecauseseeminglyunrelatedeventsindifferentareasofthewouldmayoveraperiodoftimecombinetoaffectstillotherregionsoftheglobe.Eventsaredemonstrablyinterdependent,andasweimproveourabilitytounderstandthecausesofandreasonsbehindthisinterdependence,wewillHowcanourtaskbestbeapproached?Throughouthistory,ystsofinternationalrelationshavedifferedintheirapproachestoimprovingunderstandingintheirfield.Duringthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,forexample,thestudyofinternationalrelationscenteredarounddiplomatichistory.Whodidwhattowhomataparticulartimeandcewerethemainfeaturesofthemethodofdiplomatichistory.Thismethodologyconcentratedonnation-statesasthemainactorsininternationalrelationsandincludedthestudyofthemajorbutseldomwerecausalconnectionsorcomprehensiveysesAsameansforunderstandingaparticularseriesofevents,diplomatichistorywas(andis)excellent;asameansforunderstandingaparticularsweepsofinternationalrelationsorfordeveloatheoreticalbasisforthestudyofinternationalrelations,diplomatichistorywas(andis)oflimitedutility.Whereasdiplomatichistorysoughttoexinaparticularseriesofevents,othermethodologiesweredevelopedduringthe19thandearly20thcenturiesthatviewedinternationalrelStrategicandgeopoliticalyses,methodologiesinwideuseeventoday,tracetheirrootstoconceptsdevelopedbytheU.S.AdmiralAlfredMahanduringthelate19thcenturyandBritishgeographerSirHalfordMackinderduringtheearly20thcentury.ToMahantheworld'soceanwereitshighways,andwhoevercontrolleditshighwayscouldcontrolthecourseofinternationalrelations.MahanbasesmostofhisysisonGreatBritainanditsRoyalnavy.PartlybecauseoftheurgingsofMahan,theUnitedStatesonGreatBritainanditsfleetduringthelate19thcenturyandactivelysoughtandacquiredterritorialpossessionsinthePacificOcean,includingHawaii,SamoaGuamandPassageInthespringof1720,whenallofLondonwasclamoringforsharesintheSouth ,SirIsaacNewtonwasaskedwhathethoughaboutthemarket.“Icancalculatethemotionsoftheheavenlybodies,butnotthemadnessoftheNewtonshouldhaveconsideredseriouslyhisownwisewords.Havingsoldhis￡7,000ofstockinthe ,helaterboughtbackinatthetopoftheboomandwentdownfor￡20,000.LikealltheothermugpuntersineveryboutCommontoeverybubbleisthedeeply-rootedbeliefthatthistimeitwillbedifferent,thattheriseinthepriceofanassetisrootedinthesoundcommonsenseratherthaninrecklessness,stupidityandgreed.Takethecrashof1929,forexample.Inhisexcellentbookchartingthesadhistoryofbubbles,JohnMoody,thefounderofthecreditagencyintonedin1927thatnoonecanexaminethepanoramaofbusinessandfinanceinAmericaduringthepasthalf-dozenyearswithoutrealizingthatwearelivinginanewTheYaleeconomistIrvingFisherdeclaredafewweeksbeforetheOctobercrashThecreationoftheFederalReservein1913hadabolishedthebusinesscycle,whiletechnologicalbreakthroughshadcreateda“neweconomy”thatwasAsshareprices theirheadyrise,traditionalmethodsofstockmarketvaluationswereabandoned.Itdidnotmatterthatmanyofthestart-upcompaniesofthelate1920swerenotmakinganymoney:whatcountedwasthatsomedaytheysurelywould.SosharepriceswerejustifiedbydiscountedPassageInstead&tryingtoreducethediscontentfelt,trytoraisethelevelorqualityofthediscontent.Perhapsthemostthatcanbehopedforistohavehigh-orderdiscontentintoday’ssociety,discontentaboutthingsthatreallymatter.(76)Ratherthanevaluatingprogramsintermsofhowhappytheymakepeople,howsatisfiedthosepeople e,programsmustbeevaluatedintermsofthequalityofthediscontenttheyengender.Forexample,ifconsultantwantstoassess.whetherornotanorganizationishealthy,hedoesn’task,“Isthereanabsenceof(77)Insteadoftryingtomakegradualchangesinsmallincrements,makebigchanges.Afterall,bigchangesarerelativelyeasiertomakethanaresmallones.Somepeopleassumethatthewaytobringaboutimprovementistomakethechangesmallenoughsothatnobodywillnoticeit.Thisapproachhasneverworked,andonecan’thelpbutwonderwhysuchthinkingcontinues.Everyoneknowshowtoresistsmallchanges;theydoitallthetime.If,however,thechangeisbigenough,can’tbemobilizedagainstit.(78)Managementcanmakeasweeorganizationalchange,butjustletamanager,trytochangesomeone’sdeskfromheretothere,andseethegreatdifficultyheencounters.Allchangeisresisted,sothequestionishowcanthechangesbemadebigenoughsothattheyhavechanceofBuckMinsterFullerhassaidthatinsteadofreformssocietyneedsnewforms;e.g.,inordertoreducetrafficaccidents,improveauto sandhighwaysinsteadoftryingtoimprovedrivers.Thesameconceptshouldbeappliedtohumanrelations.There’saneedtothinkintermsofsocialarchitecture,andtoprovidearrangementsamongpeoplethatevokewhattheyreallywanttoseeinthemselves.(79)Mankindtakesgreatpainswithphysicalarchitecture,andisbeginningtoconcernitselfwiththedesignofsystemsinwhichthehumanbeingisacomponent.Butmostofthesedesignsareonlyforsafety,efficiency,orproductivity.Systemdesignsarenotmadetoaffectthoseaspectsoflifepeoplecaremostaboutsuchasfamilylife,romance,andestheticexperiences.(80)Socialtechnologyaswellasphysicaltechnologyneedtobeappliedinmakinghumanarrangementsthatwilltranscendanythingmankindhasyetexperienced.Peopleneednotbevictimizedbytheirenvironments;theycanbefulfilledbythem.PassageThepricewepayforthissalutarychangeis,nodoubt,great.Wethousandsofoperativeinthefactory,andinthemine,ofwhomtheemployercanknowlittleornothing,andtowhomheislittlebetterthanamyth.Allintercoursebetweenthemisatanend.Rigidcastesareformed,and,asusual,mutualignorancebreedsmutualdistrust.Eachcaseiswithoutsympathywiththeother,andreadytocreditanythingdisparaginginregardtoit.(76)Underthelawofcompetition,theemployerofthousandsisdintothestrictesteconomies,amongwhichtheratespaidtolaborfigureprominently,andoftenthereisfrictionbetweentheemployerandtheemployed,betweencapitalandlabor,betweenrichandpoor.Humansocietyloseshomoge(77)ThepriceWhichsocietypaysforthelawofcompetition,likethepriceitpaysforcheapcomfortsandluxuries,isalsogreat,buttheadvantagesofthislawaregreaterstillthanitscost,foritistothislawthatweoweourwonderfulmaterialbenignornot,wemustsayofit,aswesayofthechangeintheconditionsofmentowhichwehavereferredItishere;wecannotevadeit;oftheeffectofanynewsubstitutesforitproposedwecannotbesure;(78)andwhilethelawmaybesometimeshardfortheindividual,itisbestfortherace,becauseitinsuresthesurvivalofthefittestineverydepartment.(79)Weacceptand e,therefore,asconditionstowhichwe modateourselves,greatinequalityofenvironment;theconcentrationofbusiness,industrialandcommercial,inthehandsofafew;andthelawofcompetitionbetweenthese,asbeingnotonlybeneficialtothefutureprogresstherace.Havingacceptedthese,itfollowsthattheremustbegreatscopefortheexpertiseofspecialabilityinthemerchantandinthemanufacturerwhohastoconductaffairsupongreatscale.(80)Thatthistalentfororganizationandmanagementisrareamongmenisprovedbythefactthatitinvariablysecuresenormousregardsforitspossessors,nomatterwhereorunderwhatlawsorPassageAreyoureallyinlove?Howdoyouknowthedifferencebetweenloveandinfatuation?Thisisoftendifficulttodetermine,fortherearenosetrulessurroundingthedefinitionsofloveorinfatuation.RomanticloveisverymuchapartoftheAmericanwayoflifeandmanyexpectthatsomeday“it”isgoingtohitthemandtheywillknowtheyareinlaveWhataresomeofthedifferencesbetweenloveandGenuineloveismorelikelytoinvolveaprocessof“growing”inloveratherthan“falling”inlove.Thismaysoundterriblyunromantictosomewhoareusedtohearingtalkabout“fallinginlove”orbeing“headoverheelsinlove.”This“falling”isofteninfatuation,andthesheeremotionof“falling”inloveoftenblindsa totheimperfectionsofthelovedone.Wetendtothinkofthelovedoneas“perfect”，“ideal”,orsomeotherdivineimage,Realloveseesthetotal —boththe“perfection”andtheimperfection.Infatuation,then,isasudden,emotionalsensethatonehasdiscoveredthe“perfeet”lover.Ontheotherhand,loverealizesimperfectionsandgrowswithheacceptanceofthoseimper-Loveleadsa toafeelingofsecurityandtrustinthelovedlone.Itusuallyinvolvesafeelingofmutualbenefitarisingfromthenewrelationship.“Weareabletosolveourproblemstogether”isthefeelingoflove,ratherthan Infatuationoftenentailsfeelingsofinsecuritywheneverthe“lovers”areseparated;feelingsofdoubt,fickleness,uncertainty,andfearoflossoftenpanyinfatuation.“WhatwillIdoifIlosehim?”and“Iwonderofshereallymeansitwhenshesaysshelovesme?”expressthefeelingsofInfatuationtendstobemoremanipulativethanlovebecausealastingfeelingofrelationshipprobablyhasnotdeveloped,sothattheindividualsarestillconcernedmainlyabouttheirownneedsandsatisfactions.Conversely,inlove,thefeelingofrelationshipisgenuineandsinceresothatconcernfortheotherPhysicalattractionisanimportantpartofbothinfatuationandlove,butthesuperficialattractionislessimportantinlove,forthecoupleexperiencingloveusuallywillbuildtheirrelationshiponabroaderbasethanmerephysicalPassageItisastonishinghowlittleisknownabouttheworkingofthemind.Buthoweverlittleormuchisknown,itisfairlyclearthatthemodelofthelogic-machineisnotonlywrongbutmischievous.Therearepeoplewhoprofesstobelievethatmancanlivebylogicalone.Ifonlytheysay,mendevelopedtheirreason,lookedatallsituationsanddilemmaslogically,andproceededtodeviserationalsolutions,allhumanproblemswouldbesolved.Bereasonable.Thinklogically.Actrationally.Thislineofthoughtisverypersuasive,nottosayseductive.Itisastonishing,however,howfrequentlythepeoplemostfanaticallydevotedtologicandreason,toacoldreviewofthe“facts”andacalculatedconstructionofthetruth,turnoutnotonlytobeterriblyemotionalinargumentation,butobstinateany“truth”is“proved”——deeplycommittedtoemotionalpositionsthatproverock-resistibletothemostmassiveaccumulationofunsympatheticfactsandIfman'smindcannotbeturnedintoalogic-machine,neithercanitfunctionproperlyasagreatemotionalsponge,tobesqueezedatwill.Allofushaveknownpeoplewhogushasageneralresponsetolife——whogushinseeingasunset,whogushinreadingabook,whogushinmeetingafriend.Theymayseemtolivebyemotionalone,buttheirconstantgushingisadisguiseforabsenceofgenuinefeeling,atorrentrushingtofillavacuum.Itisnot montofindbeneaththegushacold,yticmindthatisastonishinginitsmeticulousnessandruthlessinSomewherebetweenmachineandsponeliestherealityofthemind——blendofreasonandemotion,ofactualityandimagination,offactandfeeling.3.Theentanglementissocomplete,themixturesothoroughlymixed,thatitisprobablyimpossibletoachievepurereasonorpurereasonorpureemotion,atleastforanysustainedperiodoftime.4.Itisprobablybesttoassumethatallourreasoningisfusedwithouremotionalcommitmentsandbeliefs,allourthoughtscoloredbyfeelingsthatliedeepwithinourpsyches.Moreover,itisprobablybesttoassumethatthisstreamofemotionisnotapoison,notevenataint,butisapositivelife-source,astreamofpsychicenergythatanimatesandvitalizesourentirethoughtprocess.5.Therootsofreasonareembeddedinfeelings——feelingsthathaveformedandaccumulatedanddevelopedoveralifetimeof ality-sha.Thesefeelingsarenotforoccasionalusingbutareinescapable.Toknowwhatwethink,wemustknowhowwefeel.Itisfeelingthatshapesbeliefandformsopinion.Itisfeelingthatdirectsthestrategyofargument.Itisourfeelings,then,withwhichwemushcometoPassageTheaimofeducationorcultureismerelythedevelopmentofgoodtasteinknowledgeandgoodforminconduct.Theculturedmanortheidealeducatedmanisnotnecessarilyonewhoiswell-readorlearned,butonewholikesanddislikestherightthings.Toknowwhattoloveandwhattohateistohavetasteinknowledge.1Ihavemetsuch s,andfoundthattherewasnotopicthatmightcomeupinthecourseoftheconversationconcerningwhichtheydidnothavesomefactsorfigurestoproduce,butwhosepointsofvieswereappalling.Such shaveerudition(thequalityofbeingknowledgeable),butnodiscernment;ortaste,Eruditionisamerematterofstuffingfactorinformation,whiletasteordiscernmentisamatteroficjudgment.2.Inspeakingofascholar,thegenerallydistinguishbetweenaman'sscholarship,conduct,andtasteordiscernment.Thisisparticularlysowithregardtohistorians;abookofhistorymaybewrittenwiththemostthoroughscholarship,yetbetotallylackingininsightordiscernment,andinthejudgmentorinterpretationof sandeventsinhistory,theauthormayshownoorigin