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2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?Theanswermaybearesounding“yes!”1helpingyoufeelcloseand2topeopleyoucareabout,itturnsoutthathugscanbringa3ofhealthbenefitstoyourbodyandmind.Believeitornot,awarmembracemightevenhelpyou4gettingsickthiswinter.Inarecentstudy5over400healthadults,researchersfromCarnegieMellonUniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocialsupportandthereceiptofhugs6theparticipants’susceptibilitytodevelopingthecommoncoldafterbeing7tothevirus.Peoplewhoperceivedgreatersocialsupportwerelesslikelytocome8withacold,andtheresearchers9thatthestress-reducingeffectsofhugging10about32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.11amongthosewhogotacold,theoneswhofeltgreatersocialsupportandreceivedmorefrequenthugshadlesssevere12.“Huggingprotectspeoplewhoareunderstressfromthe13riskforcoldsthat’susually14withstress,”notesSheldonCohen,aprofessorofpsychologyatCarnegie.Hugging“isamarkerofintimacyandhelps15thefeelingthatothersaretheretohelp16difficulty.”Someexperts17thestress-reducing,health-relatedbenefitsofhuggingtothereleaseofoxytocin,oftencalled“thebondinghormone”18itpromotesattachmentinrelationships,includingthatbetweenmotherandtheirnewbornbabies.Oxytocinismadeprimarilyinthecentrallowerpartofthebrain,andsomeofitisreleasedintothebloodstream.Butsomeofit19inthebrain,whereit20mood,behaviorandphysiology.1[A]Besides[B]Unlike[C]Throughout[D]Despite2[A]equal[B]restricted[C]connected[D]inferior3[A]view[B]host[C]lesson[D]choice4[A]avoid[B]forget[C]recall[D]keep5[A]collecting[B]affecting[C]guiding[D]involving6[A]on[B]in[C]at[D]of7[A]devoted[B]attracted[C]lost[D]exposed8[A]along[B]across[C]down[D]out9[A]imagined[B]denied[C]doubted[D]calculated10[A]served[B]restored[C]explained[D]required11[A]Thus[B]Still[C]Rather[D]Even12[A]defeats[B]symptoms[C]errors[D]tests13[A]highlighted[B]increased[C]controlled[D]minimized14[A]presented[B]equipped[C]associated[D]compared15[A]assess[B]generate[C]moderate[D]record16[A]inthenameof[B]intheformof[C]inthefaceof[D]inthewayof17[A]attribute[B]commit[C]transfer[D]return18[A]unless[B]because[C]though[D]until19[A]remains[B]emerges[C]vanishes[D]decreases20[A]experiences[B]combines[C]justifies[D]influences拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗?答案也许是响亮的“是的”。除了能帮助你感到和自己在乎的人关系密切之外,事实证明拥抱还可以给你的身心健康带来许多好处。不管你信不信,温暖的拥抱在冬天可以帮助你避免生病。最近,宾夕法尼亚州卡耐基梅隆大学的研究人员对超过400名健康成年人进行了研究。他们在让这些实验对象接触感冒病毒后,检测了“感觉到社会支持”和“受到别人拥抱”这两点对他们患上常见感冒的敏感性的影响。感觉到更多社会支持的人更不容易患感冒,研究人员推算出,这种对健康的有益影响,大约有32%是由拥抱所产生的减压效果所带来的。甚至在已经患上感冒的人群中,感觉得到更多社会支持和频繁得到拥抱的人的症状也更轻。“拥抱可以保护那些处在压力之下的人免受与压力有关的、愈发增长的感冒的风险,”来自卡内基大学的心理学专家谢尔登·科恩观测道。拥抱“能制造密切,也能帮助产生面对困难时,有人来帮助你的感觉。”一些专家将拥抱所产生的减缓压力的健康好处归因于拥抱所释放的催生素,其通常被称为“结合激素”,由于它能促进依附关系,涉及母亲与新生婴儿之间的依附关系。催生素重要产生在大脑的中低部,其有一部分会被释放进血液里。但尚有一部分会留在大脑里,影响人们的情绪、行为及生理。SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Firsttwohours,nowthreehours—thisishowfarinadvanceauthoritiesarerecommendingpeopleshowuptocatchadomesticflight,atleastatsomemajorU.S.airportswithincreasinglymassivesecuritylines.Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityproceduresinreturnforincreasedsafety.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804,whichterroristsmayhavedownedovertheMediterraneanSea,providesanothertragicreminderofwhy.Butdemandingtoomuchofairtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturnunderminespublicsupportfortheprocess.Anditshould:WastedtimeisadragonAmericans’economicandprivatelives,nottomentioninfuriating.Lastyear,theTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)foundinasecretcheckthatundercoverinvestigatorswereabletosneakweapons—bothfakeandreal—pastairportsecuritynearlyeverytimetheytried.Enhancedsecuritymeasuressincethen,combinedwithariseinairlinetravelduetotheimprovingeconomyandandlowoilprices,haveresultedinlongwaitsatmajorairportssuchasChicago’sO’HareInternational.Itisnotyetclearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairlinesecurityhasbecome—butthelinesareobvious.Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreaseinairlinetravel,sotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscreenersontheline.Partoftheissueisthatairportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.Anotherfactormaybethatmorepeoplearetryingtooverpacktheircarry-onbagstoavoidchecked-baggagefees,thoughtheairlinesstronglydisputethis.ThereisonesteptheTSAcouldtakethatwouldnotrequireremodelingairportsorrushingtohire:EnrollmorepeopleinthePreCheckprogram.PreCheckissupposedtobeawin-winfortravelersandtheTSA.Passengerswhopassabackgroundcheckareeligibletouseexpeditedscreeninglanes.ThisallowstheTSAtofocusontravelerswhoarehigherrisks,savingtimeforeveryoneinvolved.TSAwantstoenroll25millionpeopleinPreCheck.Ithasnotgottenanywhereclosetothat,andonebigreasonisstickershock:Passengersmustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheirbackgroundchecks.Sincethebeginning,thispricetaghasbeenPreCheck’sfatalflaw.Upcomingreformsmightbringthepricetoamorereasonablelevel.ButCongressshouldlookintodoingsodirectly,byhelpingtofinancePreCheckenrollmentortocutcostsinotherways.TheTSAcannotcontinuedivertingresourcesintounderusedPreChecklaneswhilemostofthetravelingpublicsuffersinunnecessarylines.Itislongpasttimetomaketheprogramwork.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804ismentionedto________.[A]stresstheurgencytostrengthensecurityworldwide[B]highlightthenecessityofupgradingmajorUSairports[C]explainAmericans’toleranceofcurrentsecuritychecks[D]emphasistheimportanceofprivacyprotection22.Whichofthefollowingcontributionstolongwaitsatmajorairport?[A]Newrestrictionsoncarry-onbags[B]ThedecliningefficiencyoftheTSA[C]Anincreaseinthenumberoftravelers[D]Frequentunexpectedsecretchecks23.Theword“expedited”(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto________.[A]faster[B]quieter[C]wider[D]cheaper24.OneproblemwiththePreCheckprogramis___________.[A]Adramaticreductionofitsscale[B]Itswrongly-directedimplementation[C]Thegovernment’sreluctancetobackit[D]Anunreasonablepriceforenrollment25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]LessScreeningforMoreSafety[B]PreCheck-aBelatedSolution[C]GettingStuckinSecurityLines[D]UnderusedPreCheckLanesText1全文翻译以前是2小时,现在是3小时——这就是航空当局建议旅客提前到达机场赶国内航班的时间,至少美国一些大的机场是这么建议的,由于安检队伍正变得越来越长。美国人现在乐意忍受费时的安检程序,以换取更高的安全性。被恐怖分子袭击而坠入地中海的埃及航空804号航班给了大家为什么这么做的一个悲剧提醒。但是对飞机乘客规定太多或者在安全保障方面的成效局限性反过来又会减少公众对这一程序的支持。其就会演变成:浪费的时间耽误了美国的经济和私人生活,也会使乘客感到愤怒。去年,美国运送安全管理局在一次秘密检查中发现,管理局的便衣调查员在尝试偷运武器的时候(无论真假),屡次通过了安检。随后,机场加强了安检措施,同时经济复苏和低油价也导致了国际航班的增长,这些因素就导致涉及芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场在内的重要机场的安检队伍变长。目前,安检措施是否变得更加有效尚不得而知,但安检队伍的确变长了。导致这一问题的部分因素是政府没有预料到乘飞机出行的乘客数量会猛增,所以美国运送安全管理局现在正紧锣密鼓地在各机场增长新的安检人员。另一个因素是,机场只有这么多空间,能容下的安检队伍有限。尚有一个因素也许是,越来越多的人想要过度打包他们的随身行李以避免行李安检费用,尽管航空公司对此强烈反对。美国运送安全管理局可以采用的一个不需要改造机场或仓促招聘人员的措施,那就是鼓励更多的乘客参与预检项目。预检对游客和美国运送安全管理局而言是双赢的选择。通过背景检查的乘客有资格使用快速安检通道。这能使美国运送安全管理局能重点检查具有高风险的乘客,从而节省了其别人的时间。美国运送安全管理局计划将2500万乘客纳入预检项目。然而,这一计划尚未达成预期目的,其中的一个重要因素就是定价太高。乘客必须每五年支付85美元进行背景审核。从一开始这一价格就是预检项目的重大缺陷。接下来的改革也许会把价格调整到合理的水平。但是国会应当通过资助预检项目或以别的方式来减少成本的方式直接参与到价格调整中去。在大部分的游客得忍受不必要排队的痛苦之时,美国运送安全管理局不能继续将资源投入到未充足使用的预检通道中去了。要想让预检项目真的开始起作用,那还需要很长的时间。Text2“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,”wroteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii’slastreigningmonarch,in1897.StarwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.ProtestshaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterTelescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanity’sviewofthecosmos.AtissueistheTMT’splannedlocationonMaunaKea,adormantvolcanoworshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepiko,thatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheavens.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld’smostpowerfultelescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea’speakrisesabovethebulkofourplanet’sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectforsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation.Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheireagernesstobuildbiggertelescopes,theyforgotthatscienceistheonlywayofunderstandingtheworld.TheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKea’sfragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheisland’sinhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast;itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.Yetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothedawnofcivilization.ThesamecuriositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii’sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploretheheavens.CallstodisassemblealltelescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asifansweringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescope’svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.TolimitthenumberoftelescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.26.QueenLiliuokalani’sremarkinParagraph1indicates_________.[A]itsconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomy[B]theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety[C]theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancienttimes[D]herappreciationofstarwatchers’featsinhertime27.MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedueto__________.[A]itsgeographicalfeatures[B]itsprotectivesurroundings[C]itsreligiousimplications[D]itsexistinginfrastructure28.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause________.[A]itmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallife[B]itremindsthemofahumiliatinghistory[C]theirculturewillloseachanceofrevival[D]theyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKea29.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintoday’sastronomy__________.[A]isfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiians[B]helpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworld[C]mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture[D]willeventuallysoftenHawaiians’hostility30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof________.[A]severecriticism[B]passiveacceptance[C]slighthesitancy[D]fullapprovalText2全文翻译“古时候的夏威夷人是天文学家,”夏威夷最后一任执政君主利留卡拉尼女王在1897年写道。观星宿者过去是夏威夷社会中最受尊敬的人物。悲哀的是,现在的夏威夷不再如此。一座有望改变人类宇宙观的巨大天文台“30米望远镜”的修建计划引发了剧烈的抗议。抗议的焦点是30米望远镜在冒纳凯阿火山计划的选址,该休眠火山被一些夏威夷人供奉为阳光,其将夏威夷岛屿连接至天堂。但冒纳凯阿火山也是一些世界上功能最强大的望远镜的所在地。处在大西洋之中,冒纳凯阿火山的顶峰可以远远升到我们星球的浓密大气层之上,那里的地质条件可以使天文望远镜获得无比清楚的图像。反对在冒纳凯阿火山上建造望远镜并非新鲜事。一小部分直言不讳的夏威夷人和环保主义者长期以来都认为这些望远镜的存在是对这片神圣土地的不尊重,同时也是对“夏威夷曾经作为主权国家却被占领”这一痛苦事实的提醒。一些人指责道,天文学家也对现在的争议负有一定的责任。他们渴望建造更大的天文望远镜,却忘了科学不是了解世界的唯一方式。他们没有始终将对冒纳凯阿火山脆弱生态系统的保护和捍卫该火山对岛屿居民的神圣意义置于优先位置。夏威夷文明不是历史遗产,今日,它是正在复兴的生动文化。然而,科学也有文化史,其根源可以追溯至文明诞生之初。抱着希望发现地平线之外东西的好奇心,初期的波利尼西亚人初次踏上了夏威夷海岸,而同样的好奇心则鼓舞今天的天文学家去探索天堂。那些规定拆除冒纳凯阿火山上所有望远镜或严禁未来所有发展的呼吁忽视了一个事实,那就是天文学和夏威夷文化都在探寻解答有关于我们是谁、我们来自哪里以及我们到哪里去这样的宏大问题。也许这就是我们探索繁星天空的因素,仿佛我们正在回应一个原始的召唤,去了解我们自己以及我们真正的祖先起源。天文学界正在做出妥协,他们改变了对冒纳凯阿火山的使用方式。他们在岛上选了一个尽也许隐蔽的地方来修建30米望远镜观望台,并尽也许避免对考古和环境导致影响。为了限制冒纳凯阿火山上望远镜的数量,旧的望远镜在达成使用年限时就会被移除,并让它们的原址回归到自然状态。因此,任何人都应被欢迎在冒纳凯阿火山拥抱他们的文化遗产,研究天空的繁星。Text3RobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry’sGDPmeasures“everythingexceptthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile.”WithBritainvotingtoleavetheEuropeanUnion,andGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakersforoverhalfacentury.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK’sGDPhasbeentheenvyoftheWesternworld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.Ifeverythingwasgoingsowell,thenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry’seconomicprospects?Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowell-beingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDP,over40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperforming.Whileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberofconsistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2023globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,majoreconomieshavecontinuedtodecline.Yetthisisn’tthecasewithallcountries.SomerelativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivilsociety,incomeequalityandtheenvironment.Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerregardedasthesolemeasureofacountry’ssuccess,theworldlooksverydifferent.So,whatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,itisnolongerenough.Itdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalqualityoreducationoutcomes–allthingsthatcontributetoaperson’ssenseofwell-being.ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoadeclineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.Butpolicymakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthansimplyworryingaboutGDPfigurescouldavoidtheforecasteddoomandmayevenseeprogress.RobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe_________.[A]praisedtheUKforitsGDP[B]identifiedGDPwithhappiness[C]misinterpretedtheroleofGDP[D]hadalowopinionofGDP32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that________.[A]theUKisreluctanttoremolditseconomicpattern[B]GDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedintheUK[C]theUKwillcontributelesstotheworldeconomy[D]policymakersintheUKarepayinglessattentiontoGDP33.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualstudy?[A]Itissponsoredby163countries.[B]ItexcludesGDPasanindicator.[C]Itscriteriaarequestionable.[D]Itsresultsareenlightening.Inthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggeststhat_________.[A]theUKispreparingforaneconomicboom[B]highGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdecline[C]itisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDP[D]itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissues35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]HighGDPButInadequateWell-being,aUKLesson[B]GDPFigures,aWindowonGlobalEconomicHealth[C]RebortF.Kennedy,aTerminatorofGDP[D]Brexit,theUK’sGatewaytoWell-beingText3全文翻译罗伯特·肯尼迪曾说过,一个国家的GDP能衡量“除了使生活变得故意义的事之外的任何事物。”由于英国投票决定脱离欧盟,其GDP预计会出现下跌。现在是时候来思考肯尼迪所说的话了。有关对GDP及其有用性的质疑已经困扰政策制定者超过半世纪了。许多人认为GDP是一个有瑕疵的概念。其衡量一些无关紧要的事物,而没有衡量一些重要的事物。最近的衡量结果表白,英国的GDP因其低失业率以及高增长而令西方世界羡慕。假如一切进展得如此顺利,那为什么1.7亿人在被警告说脱欧将会影响国家经济前景的情况下还要投票支持脱离欧盟呢?最近一份调查了各国和它们将经济增长转换为幸福感能力的年度报告也许会对上述问题有一定的启示性作用。在163个被调查的国家中,英国在保证将增长转化为公民生活水平提高方面是表现得最差的国家之一。这次调查并没有将衡量重心放在GDP上,其还涉及到了涉及健康、教育以及公民社会参与度等40多项不同的指标,以求对接受调查的国家的表现做一个更加全面的评估。尽管这些国家都面临挑战,但仍然存在许多连续性的主题。的确,自2023年全球衰退以来,经济复苏缓慢,但重要经济体在医疗和教育领域的关键性指标呈现出继续下滑的态势。然而,这并不是所有国家面临的情况。一些相对贫困的欧洲国家在公民社会、收入平等以及环保等指标上都取得了显著的进步。这是富裕国家需要学习的经验:当GDP不再被视为衡量国家成功的唯一标准时,这个世界会变得与众不同。所以,肯尼迪的言外之意是,尽管GDP是最常用的衡量一个国家经济活动的方法之一,但作为衡量指标,GDP已经不够用了。其并不涉及一些重要的因素,比如环境质量或教育成果这些能提高人类幸福感的事物。意料中全世界及英国经济增长的受挫会导致我们幸福感和经济增长所依赖的平常服务有所下滑。但那些将重心重新放在如何提高幸福感上,而不是简朴考虑GDP数据的政策制定者将会避开可以预见的风暴,并能看到进步。Text4Inarareunanimousruling,theUSSupremeCourthasoverturnedthecorruptionconvictionofaformerVirginiagovernor,RobertMcDonnell.Butitdidsowhileholdingitsnoseattheethicsofhisconduct,whichincludedacceptinggiftssuchasaRolexwatchandaFerrariautomobilefromacompanyseekingaccesstogovernment.Thehighcourt’sdecisionsaidthejudgeinMr.McDonnell’strialfailedtotellajurythatitmustlookonlyathis“officialacts,”ortheformergovernor’sdecisionson“specific”and“unsettled”issuesrelatedtohisduties.Merelyhelpingagift-givergainaccesstootherofficials,unlessdonewithclearintenttopressurethoseofficials,isnotcorruption,thejusticesfound.Thecourtdidsuggestthatacceptingfavorsinreturnforopeningdoorsis“distasteful”and“nasty.”Butunderanti-briberylaws,proofmustbemadeofconcretebenefits,suchasapprovalofacontractorregulation.Simplyarrangingameeting,makingaphonecall,orhostinganeventisnotan“officialact”.Thecourt’srulingislegallysoundindefiningakindoffavoritismthatisnotcriminal.Electedleadersmustbeallowedtohelpsupportersdealwithbureaucraticproblemswithoutfearofprosecutionforbribery.“Thebasiccompactunderlyingrepresentativegovernment,”wroteChiefJusticeJohnRobertsforthecourt,“assumesthatpublicofficialswillhearfromtheirconstituentsandactontheirconcerns.”Buttherulingreinforcestheneedforcitizensandtheirelectedrepresentatives,notthecourts,toensureequalityofaccesstogovernment.Officialsmustnotbeallowedtoplayfavoritesinprovidinginformationorinarrangingmeetingssimplybecauseanindividualorgroupprovidesacampaigndonationorapersonalgift.Thistypeofintegrityrequireswell-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparency,suchasrecordsofofficialmeetings,rulesonlobbying,andinformationabouteachelectedleader’ssourceofwealth.Favoritisminofficialaccesscanfanpublicperceptionsofcorruption.Butitisnotalwayscorruption.Ratherofficialsmustavoiddoublestandards,ordifferenttypesofaccessforaveragepeopleandthewealthy.Ifconnectionscanbebought,abasicpremiseofdemocraticsociety—thatallareequalintreatmentbygovernment—isundermined.Goodgovernancerestsonanunderstandingoftheinherentworthofeachindividual.Thecourt’srulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstbothcorruptionandofficialfavoritism.36.Theunderlinedsentence(Para.1)mostprobablyshowsthatthecourt_________.[A]avoideddefiningtheextentofMcDonnell’sduties[B]madenocompromiseinconvictingMcDonnell[C]wascontemptuousofMcDonnell’sconduct[D]refusedtocommentonMcDonnell’sethicsAccordingtoParagraph4,anofficialactisdeemedcorruptiveonlyifitinvolves___________.[A]leakingsecretsintentionally[B]sizablegainsintheformofgifts[C]concretereturnsforgift-givers[D]breakingcontractsofficially38.Thecourt’srulingisbasedontheassumptionthatpublicofficialsare_________.[A]justifiedinaddressingtheneedsoftheirconstituents[B]qualifiedtodealindependentlywithbureaucraticissues[C]allowedtofocusontheconcernsoftheirsupporters[D]exemptfromconvictiononthechargeoffavoritism39.Well-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparencyareneededto__________.[A]awakentheconscienceofofficials[B]guaranteefairplayinofficialaccess[C]allowforcertainkindsoflobbying[D]inspirehopesinaveragepeople40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecourt’srulingis__________.[A]sarcastic[B]tolerant[C]skeptical[D]supportiveText4全文翻译美国最高法院推翻了对前弗吉尼亚州州长罗伯特·麦克唐纳的贪腐指控,法官罕见地一致通过了这一判决。但最高法院是强忍着对麦克唐纳行为道德的鄙视做出这一判决的,其涉嫌接受了一家想要接近政府的公司送给他礼物,涉及劳力士手表和法拉利汽车。最高法院的这一判决认为,在麦克唐纳案中,法官并未告知陪审团只要关注其“公务行为”,或者说应当只对这位前州长在某些“特定”且“并未解决”的职责范围内的问题所做的决定进行判决。法官认为,除非蓄意对相关政府官员施加压力,否则仅仅帮助送礼的公司接触政府官员不能算是腐败。最高法院的确认为,帮忙牵线政府人员并以此收受好处的行为令人“反感”和“讨厌”。但根据反贿赂法,腐败指控的成立一定要有证据证明官员给送礼人带来了实质性的好处,比如帮其批准了一项协议或规定。仅仅安排见面、打一个电话或举办一次活动并不属于“公务行为”。法院将这种牵线行为鉴定为偏袒而非犯罪看上去是合乎法理的。被选举的领袖应当被允许帮助自己的支持者解决政务问题,而不用紧张自己背上贪污的指控。最高法院的首席大法官约翰·罗伯茨写道,“代议制政府下的基本条约”意味着公职人员应听取选民意见,并以选民的利益行事。但是这个判决强化了保证接触政府公平的需要,这重要是针对公民和他们所选举的代表的,而不是法院的。官员不能因个人或组织为其选举活动提供募捐或私人资助而在提供信息或安排与官员见面方面表现出偏袒。这种正直规定具有有关政府透明度方面的切实执行的法律,比如政府会议的记录、游说的规定以及有关每位被选举领导财产来源信息的相关规定。虽然在与政府官员接触的渠道上发生偏袒行为也许会煽动公众对腐败的反感。但这种偏袒行为不一定就意味着腐败。更确切地说,政府官员必须避免对普通人和富人采用双重标准,或者说对他们在接触政府官员这一问题上被区别对待。假如与官员的关系可以被买卖,民主社会的基本信条(即政府应对人人平等)就会受到损害。良好的治理依靠的是对每个个体内在价值的理解。在打击腐败以及行政不公方面,法院的这一判断是一次进步。PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedbox.ParagraphsBandDhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Thefirstpublishedsketch,“ADinneratPoplarWalk”broughttearstoDickens’seyeswhenhediscovereditinthepagesofTheMonthlyMagazine.Fromthenonhissketches,whichappearedunderthepenname“Boz”inTheEveningChronicle,earnedhimamodestreputation.[B]TherunawaysuccessofThePickwickPapers,asitisgenerallyknowntoday,securedDickens’sfame.TherewerePickwickcoatsandPickwickcigars,andtheplump,spectacledhero,SamuelPickwick,becameanationalfigure.[C]SoonafterSketchesbyBozappeared,apublishingfirmapproachedDickenstowriteastoryinmonthlyinstallments,asabackdropforaseriesofwoodcutsbythethen-famousartistRobertSeymour,whohadoriginatedtheideaforthestory.Withcharacteristicconfidence,DickenssuccessfullyinsistedthatSeymour’spicturesillustratehisownstoryinstead.Afterthefirstinstallment,DickenswrotetotheartistandaskedhimtocorrectadrawingDickensfeltwasnotfaithfulenoughtohisprose.Seymourmadethechange,wentintohisbackyard,andexpressedhisdispleasurebycommittingsuicide.Dickensandhispublisherssimplypressedonwithanewartist.Thecomicnovel,ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub,appearedseriallyin1836and1837,andwasfirstpublishedinbookformin1837.[D]CharlesDickensisprobablythebest-knownand,tomanypeople,thegreatestEnglishnovelistofthe19thcentury.Amoralist,satirist,andsocialreformer.DickenscraftedcomplexplotsandstrikingcharactersthatcapturethepanoramaofEnglishsociety.[E]Soonafterhisfather’sreleasefromprison,Dickensgotabetterjobaserrandboyinlawoffices.HetaughthimselfshorthandtogetanevenbetterjoblaterasacourtstenographerandasareporterinParliament.Atthesametime,Dickens,whohadareporter’seyefortranscribingthelifearoundhimespeciallyanythingcomicorodd,submittedshortsketchestoobscuremagazines.[F]DickenswasborninPortsmouth,onEngland’ssoutherncoast.HisfatherwasaclerkintheBritishnavypayoffice–arespectableposition,butwithlittlesocialstatus.Hispaternalgrandparents,astewardandahousekeeperpossessedevenlessstatus,havingbeenservants,andDickenslaterconcealedtheirbackground.Dickens’smothersupposedlycamefromamorerespectablefamily.YettwoyearsbeforeDickens’sbirth,hismother’sfatherwascaughtstealingandfledtoEurope,nevertoreturn.Thefamily’sincreasingpovertyforcedDickensoutofschoolatage12toworkinWarren’sBlackingWarehouse,ashoe-polishfactory,wheretheotherworkingboysmockedhimas“theyounggentleman.”Hisfatherwasthenimprisonedfordebt.Thehumiliationsofhisfather’simprisonmentandhislaborintheblackingfactoryformedDickens’sgreatestwoundandbecamehisdeepestsecret.Hecouldnotconfidethemeventohiswife,althoughtheyprovidetheunacknowledgedfoundationofhisfiction.[G]AfterPickwick,Dickensplungedintoableakerworld.InOliverTwist,hetracesanorphan’sprogressfromtheworkhousetothecriminalslumsofLondon.NicholasNickleby,hisnextnovel,combinesthedarknessofOliverTwistwiththesunlightofPickwick.ThepopularityofthesenovelsconsolidatedDickens’asanationallyandinternationallycelebratedmanofletters.D41.42.43.44.B45.PartB文章大意本文节选自《查尔斯·狄更斯传记》,本文重要介绍了英国19世纪最伟大的小说家查尔斯·狄更斯的生平及其初期踏上文学之路的背景。全文翻译查尔斯·狄更斯也许最为人所熟知的身份是英国19世纪最伟大的小说家。一位道德家、讽刺作家以及社会改革者。狄更斯设计了复杂的细节以及能反映英国社会全貌的角色。狄更斯出生于英格兰南部的海滨城市朴茨茅斯。他的父亲是英国海军军需处职工,这是一个受人尊敬、却没什么社会地位的职位。他的祖父母均是仆人。作为仆人,他们的社会地位更加卑微。狄更斯日后隐瞒了他们的背景。然而,狄更斯出生的前两年,他的外公因偷窃被捕,随后逃离至欧洲,从此再没回来过。家庭与日俱增的贫穷迫使狄更斯在12岁的时候辍学,去Warren’sBlacking仓库打工,这是一家鞋油工厂,在那里,其他童工嘲笑他是“最年轻的绅士”。随后,他的父亲因无法偿还债务而入狱。他父亲坐牢以及自己鞋油厂打工经历的耻辱给狄更斯导致了巨大的伤害,也成了他最深处的秘密。他没将这些事告诉妻子,尽管这些事情为其小说的创作提供了不为人知的素材。在父亲释放后不久,狄更斯找到了一份更好的工作——法律事务所的助理。为了在日后找到速记员或议会记者的工作,他自学了速记法。同时,狄更斯还以记者独有的视角记录着身边的生活,特别是滑稽或荒诞的事物,狄更斯写成短篇小说投稿给了一些不知名的杂志社。当狄更斯看到自己第一篇短篇小说《白杨路的主餐》公开发表在《月刊杂志》的时候,他潸然泪下。自那以后,他以笔名“博兹”在《记事晚报》上发表的短篇小说为他赢得了一定的赞誉。在《博兹札记》发表之后,一家出版商邀请狄更斯以每月连载的形式来写故事,以此作为著名艺术家罗伯特·西摩某个木刻画系列的故事背景,这一想法最初是由西摩提出来的。由于特有的自信,狄更斯反而更坚持认为西摩的画作应当描绘他写的故事,他的这个规定最终得到了满足。在刊载了一期之后,狄更斯写信给西摩,规定他修改一副狄更斯认为不完全忠于其表述的画作。西摩对此作出了调整,其之后走进自家后院,并以自杀的方式表达了不满之情。之后,狄更斯和出版商立即启用一位新的艺术家接着完毕工作。喜剧小说《匹克威克外传》在1836年至1837年间以连载的形式刊登,并于1837年初次以图书的形式发表。正如我们今天所知道的那样,《匹克威克外传》的成功确立了狄更斯的名声。当时出现了匹克威克外套、雪茄,而体型丰满、佩戴眼镜的英雄萨穆埃尔·匹克威克则成了全国名人。《匹克威克外传》之后,狄更斯的写作进入到了一个更加阴郁的世界。在《雾都孤儿》一书中,他描写了一个孤儿从济贫院到伦敦贫民窟的生活经历。其后一部小说《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》则融合了《雾都孤儿》的黑暗和《匹克威克外传》的阳光。这些小说的风靡巩固了狄更斯作为举国乃至全世界最出名的作家地位。PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ThegrowthoftheuseofEnglishastheworld`sprimarylanguageforinternationalcommunicationhasobviouslybeencontinuingforseveraldecades.(46)ButevenasthenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurthertherearesignsthattheglobalpredominanceofthelanguage
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