2023年考研英语真题

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ｔhｅｐlａｎet,andoｕrsｐeciｅｓ,tｏmakeevidence-baseｄｆorecastsaｂouｔthｅsituａtionsinｗｈichourｄesceｎｄanｔswillfinｄｔhｅｍselvｅｓ.Thiｓlｏｎgpｅrｓpectiｖemakestheｐessｉｍisticviewｏfoｕrprｏspｅｃｔsseemmorｅliｋelytｏｂeapassｉngfaｄ.Tobesｕre,thｅfuｔureｉsnoｔaｌｌrosy.Ｂｕtｗeaｒｅｎowｋnowledgeableｅｎouｇhｔoreduｃｅmaｎyoｆｔhｅｒｉｓksthattｈrｅａtenedtｈｅexｉsｔeｎｃeofeａrlierhumans，andtoiｍpｒｏvethelotｏfｔhoseｔocomｅ.31．Oｕrviｓionofｔｈefuｔureusｅdtｏbeiｎspireｄｂy_＿____.[A]ouｒdｅｓｉｒeforlivesoffulfｉllmeｎt［B]oｕrfａithｉｎscｉeｎceaｎｄtｅchnoｌogy[C]ouｒawarｅnesｓｏfpotenｔｉalriｓｋs［D］ｏｕrbeｌieｆinｅqualｏppｏｒｔｕnity32．TｈeIＵCN’s“ＲｅdList”sｕｇｇesttｈaｔhｕmaｎｂeinｇare_＿___＿.［A］asustaiｎedspecies[B]athｒeaｔｅｎtoｔhｅenvｉrｏｎment[C]ｔhewoｒld’ｓｄominaｎtpｏwer[D］amｉsplａｃｅdrace33.ＷhichoftheｆollowｉnｇｉsｔｒueaｃcoｒdingtoＰaｒagraph5?[A]Arｃhelpslｉmitthｅscｏpeoｆｆｕturoloｇicalsｔuｄies．[B]Ｔechｎｏlogyofｆeｒsｓoｌuｔionstｏsｏｃialｐroblem.[C]Ｔｈeiｎtｅrestinｓcieｎｃefictｉonｉsonthｅrise．[Ｄ]OurImmediatｅfｕtuｒeｉsｈardｔｏｃonceive.3４.Toeｎｓurethefuturｅofmankinｄ,iｔiscrucｉalｔo______.[A]explｏreourｐlａnet’ｓabｕndａntresｏｕrces[B]ａｄoｐｔanoptiｍisｔicvieｗoftheworld[C］drａwonｏurｅxperiencｅfroｍthｅpaｓt[D]curboｕｒａｍbitiｏntoreshapｅhistｏrｙ35.Ｗｈichoftheｆｏllｏwiｎｇｗouldｂethebｅsttitleｆortheteｘt?［A］UnceｒtaiｎtyaboutOuｒFuture[B]EｖoluｔionoｆtｈeHumanＳpeｃies[Ｃ]ThｅEｖer－bｒighｔＰrospectｓｏfＭankiｎｄ[D］Sciｅnｃe，ＴeｃhnoｌｏgyａnｄHuｍaｎityText4Ｏnafiveｔothreevote,theSupreｍeCouｒｔｋｎockedoｕtmuchofAriｚonａ’siｍmigraｔionlawMonｄay-aｍｏｄeｓｔｐoｌicyvicｔoｒyfｏrtheＯbamaAｄminｉｓｔraｔｉoｎ.BｕtontｈｅmorｅimportantmａｔteroｆtheConｓｔiｔution,tｈedeｃiｓiｏnｗasaｎ８-0defｅaｔfortheAdmｉnisｔｒatｉoｎ’sｅfforｔtoupｓeｔｔｈｅbalanceofpowｅrbｅtweentｈefederalgoｖernmentａnｄtｈｅsｔates.InAriｚonaｖ.ＵniｔeｄStａtes,theｍajorｉtｙｏverｔurｎedthｒeeofthefourｃontｅｓteｄｐｒovisiｏｎsofArizona’sｃontroversｉalplaｎtohavestaｔeandlocａlｐoｌiceenforcｅｆｅderａｌimmigratiｏｎｌａｗ．TheConstiｔutiｏｎａlprｉnｃｉplesｔhaｔWａｓhiｎgtonａloｎeｈａｓthepowｅrtｏ“establishaｕｎiforｍRuleoｆＮａtｕraliｚatioｎ”ａnｄthatfedｅraｌlａwｓpｒeｃeｄesｔatelａwsaｒenoncontrovｅrsial．Ａrｉzｏnａhadattｅｍptedtoｆａshionstaｔeｐｏlｉciesｔｈａtrａnｐａｒaｌleltotｈｅｅxｉstinｇfｅdeｒalonｅs.ＪusｔiｃeＡnthonｙKeｎnｅdy,joinedbｙChｉefJusｔiceJohnRobertｓaｎdtｈeCourｔ’sliｂeｒａｌs,rｕledtｈatthｅｓtaｔeflewtooｃｌoseｔｏthefederaｌsun.Ｏnthｅoverturnedpｒｏvｉsionsｔhｅmajorｉｔｙｈeｌdｔｈecｏngresshaddelibｅrａtely“ｏcｃupiｅdthefｉｅｌd”ａndArizonaｈadthusinｔrudedonthｅｆederａl’sprivilegｅdpoｗers.Ｈowevｅr,ｔｈeJｕsticessaidtｈaｔＡrｉｚonapｏlｉｃewouｌｄbealloｗedtoｖeｒｉfyｔhelegalstatusｏｆpeoplｅｗｈoｃｏmeiｎcontａctｗithlａｗenforceｍent.That’sbecauseCongｒesshａｓalwayｓenvisiｏnedｊointfederal-staｔeiｍmｉｇratioｎeｎｆorcemenｔandexpliｃｉtlyencｏｕrａgｅsstａteｏｆfiｃersｔosｈareiｎｆormaｔionandcｏoｐerａｔeｗithfｅdｅralcolleagueｓ.TwoofthethｒeeoｂjectingJusticｅ-SamueｌＡlitｏａｎdClaｒenceThomａｓ-agｒｅedｗiththisCｏnstｉtｕtioｎallogiｃbuｔｄisagｒeeｄaboutｗhichＡrizoｎarｕleｓｃonｆｌictedwｉthｔｈefeｄeralstaｔute.TｈeonlyｍajorobjectｉoncameｆromJｕｓticeAntoniｎＳcaｌia,wｈoofferedanevｅnmｏｒerｏbustdeｆenseofstaｔeｐrｉvｉlegｅsgoingbackｔotｈealｉｅｎandSeditionAcｔs．The8-０oｂjectiontoPresidentObamaｔurｎsonwｈａｔJustｉcｅSaｍuｅlAlitoｄeｓcribeｓinhｉsobjectiｏnaｓ“aｓｈocｋiｎgaｓｓeｒtｉonaｓｓertionoffederaleｘecuｔivｅpower”.TheWhiｔeＨｏuseａrｇuedｔｈatArｉzoｎa’slawｓcｏnflicｔｅdｗithitsenfoｒｃemeｎtpｒioｒiｔiｅｓ，ｅveniｆstatｅlａｗｓcomplｉedwithfederalstatutesｔotheletｔeｒ.Ｉnｅfｆect,ｔheWｈitｅHｏuseclaiｍｅdｔｈatitcouｌｄｉnvalidateａnyotherwiselegitimateｓtaｔeｌawtｈatitdｉsａgreeswｉｔh.Someｐowerｓdｏbｅlｏngexclusiｖｅlytoｔｈefeｄerａlgovｅrｎmeｎt,ａndｃｏntｒｏlofｃｉtizenｓhipanｄtheborｄerｓisamongthem．ButiｆCongrｅｓswanｔedtｏprevenｔｓtatesfroｍusingthｅｉｒownreｓourｃestocheｃkimmigｒationsｔaｔus，ｉtcｏuld.Itneverdidso.Theadminiｓｔｒaｔionwasinessenｃeassertingｔhａtbｅcaｕsｅｉtdidn’twａnttocarｒyｏuｔConｇreｓs’siｍmigraｔionwｉsｈes,nostateshouldbeａｌlowedtｏdosoeitｈer．EveｒｙJuｓticeｒigｈtｌyｒejｅctedthisｒeｍａrkabｌeｃlａiｍ.３6.TｈreeprovｉsionsofArizonａ’splanwerｅoｖeｒturnedbecaｕsｅｔhｅｙ[A]depriveｄthｅｆeｄeｒalｐolｉcｅofCｏnstｉtutionaｌｐｏweｒs.［B］disturｂｅｄthepowｅｒbaｌancebetｗｅendｉｆｆｅrentｓｔaｔes.［C]ovｅrsｔｅｐpedｔheauthorityofｆedeｒａliｍmigｒatiｏnlａｗ.[Ｄ］coｎtradicteｄbｏｔｈtｈefederaｌandsｔａｔeｐolｉcies．３7.ＯｎｗhichofｔheｆolｌｏｗingdidtheJusticesａgｒeｅ,ａccorｄinｇｔoParaｇraph4?[A]Fｅdｅraloffiｃｅrs’duｔytoｗithhｏldimmigranｔｓ’iｎfoｒmaｔｉon.［B]Stateｓ’indeｐｅｎｄｅnｃeｆｒoｍｆederalimｍｉgrａtioｎｌaｗ.［C]Sｔaｔeｓ’legitimａｔerｏleinimｍｉgratｉｏnｅnｆorcｅｍｅnｔ.［Ｄ]Cｏngrｅｓs’sinterveｎtioniniｍｍiｇｒａｔionenfoｒcｅment.38．ItcaｎbeｉnｆerｒedfｒomＰａrａgraph5ｔhatｔheＡｌｉenaｎdSｅdｉtｉonＡｃts[A]vioｌatedｔｈｅConｓtituｔion.[Ｂ]undｅrｍｉnedｔhesｔates’intｅreｓtｓ．[C]supporteｄtheｆedｅralｓtａtute.[D]stoodｉnfａvoroｆthestates.3９.TheWhitｅHouseｃlaimｓthaｔitsｐｏｗerｏfenｆoｒceｍent[A]outwｅiｇhｓtｈatheldbythestates.[B]isdｅpendentonｔｈestatｅｓ’sｕppｏrt.[C]isｅsｔａｂlishedｂyfederalstａtutes．[Ｄ]rarelｙgoeｓaｇaiｎststaｔelａｗs.４0．Ｗhaｔcanbelearnedfｒomｔhelastpａｒagrａpｈ?[Ａ]ImmiｇrationiｓｓuｅsaｒeｕsualｌydeｃidedbｙCoｎｇrｅss.[Ｂ]JuｓｔｉｃesintenｄedtｏｃｈecｋthepoweｒoftheＡｄｍinｉsｔrｓtion.[C]ＪuｓtiｃeｓwanｔedtostrengthｅniｔsｃoordiｎａtionwithCｏngｒeｓs.［D］ＴheAdｍinistraｔｉonｉsdominantｏvｅｒiｍmｉgraｔiｏｎissｕeｓ.PartＢDirｅctions：Inthefolloｗinｇａrticle,somｅｓenteｎceｓhavebeenremoved.ForQｕeｓtions4１-45,chｏoseｔheｍostsｕｉtableｏnefromthelｉstA-Ｇtoｆitintoeaｃhofｔｈenumbeｒｅdbｌaｎk.Thｅrｅarｅtwｏexｔrachｏiceｓ,ｗhiｃhdoｎｏtfitinａnyofthegaps.ＭａrkyoｕraｎsweｒsonAＮＳＷERSHEEＴ1.(1０points）Theｓocｉalｓｃｉenceｓareｆｌoｕｒiｓhing．Asｏf２0２3,therewereａlmostｈａlfamillionｐrofessioｎａｌsoｃiａlsｃientiｓtsfromａｌｌfieldｓintheｗorld，wｏrkiｎgbotｈinsｉdeａndoutｓiｄeacaｄemｉa．AcｃordingｔｏtｈeWｏrldSｏcｉalScienceRepoｒt20２3,tｈenumberoｆsocial-ｓｃiencestudentsworldwidehａsswoｌｌenbyaｂoｕt11%ｅｖeryyeａｒsince20２3.Ｙｅtｔhiｓenoｒmｏusｒeｓouｒceiｎnotcontributｉngｅnoｕghtotodａy’ｓglobａｌchalｌengeｓiｎcludingｃlimatｅchaｎge,securiｔy,susｔaｉnabｌedevｅlopｍentandhｅａlth.(４1)＿___＿___Humanityｈastheneceｓsａryaｇｒｏ－ｔechｎologｉcaltｏolsｔｏｅradｉcatehunger，fromｇeｎetｉcallｙengineeｒedcropstoarｉfiｃｉalfertiｌｉzeｒs.Heｒe,too,ｔheproblｅmsareｓociａl：ｔheoｒgaｎizａtｉｏnandｄistｒｉbuｔioｎoffood,ｗeaｌthandｐrｏspｅrity．(42）______＿_Tｈisｉｓashame—thecoｍmunityｓhoｕldbegraｓｐiｎgｔheopportunｉｔytoraisｅiｔsinfluencｅintｈeｒealｗoｒld.ＴｏpaｒapｈraｓethegreatsｏｃialｓciｅntｉsｔJoｓephSchumpeter:therｅisnoｒadｉcalinnovationｗｉｔhｏuｔcｒeaｔiｖeｄeｓtructioｎ．Tｏday,ｔhesoｃialｓciｅncｅｓａrｅlａrgeｌｙfｏｃusedoｎdｉsｃiｐlinａrｙpｒobｌemsandinｔｅrnａｌｓcｈoｌarｌydebates，rａｔherthａnontoｐiｃsｗitｈeｘterｎalimｐact.Ａｎalysesｒevealthａtthenumberofpaｐｅrsincluｄinｇthekeywords“ｅｎvｉｒonmentalｃｈanged”or“cliｍatechange”ｈaveincｒeasｅdraｐidlｙsince２02３，（4３)__＿＿_＿__Wｈeｎsoｃialsｃieｎtｉstsdｏtacklepｒacｔicalｉssueｓ,theirsｃｏpeisｏｆteｎloｃal:BelgiｕmiｓinterestｅdmainlyintheｅｆfeｃtsofｐoveｒtyonBeｌgiumfoｒexamplｅ．Anｄwhetｈerｔｈｅcｏｍmuｎiｔy’ｓworkｃontrｉｂutｅsｍｕchtｏanｏverａllaccuｍuｌatｉoｎofknowlｅｄgｅiｓdoubtｆul．Thｅprｏblｅmisｎotnecｅssａrilytheamountofavailaｂlefunｄinｇ（44）__＿__＿.Ｔhisisaｎadeｑｕaｔｅａｍountsoloｎgaｓiｔisaimedintheriｇｈtdireｃtion．Socialscｉentｉstｓwhocomplａinaboutalackｏffundingｓｈｏｕｌdnotexｐeｃtmoｒeintoday’secｏnomiccｌimate.Thetriｃｋiｓｔｏdiｒectthesｅfunｄsbｅtter.TｈeEuropeanＵniｏnFrａmeworkfuｎdiｎｇpｒogramsｈaｖｅlonghａdacategoryspｅciｆicaｌｌyｔaｒgeｔedatsocｉaｌscｉentists.Thｉｓyear,itwａspｒopoｓeｄtｈatsystembｅchangeｄ:Horizｏn２023,anｅwpｒoｇｒamtobｅｅｎａｃteｄin2０２３,woｕldｎotｈavesｕｃhaｃaｔegorｙ,Thiｓhasresulteｄinprotestsfrｏｍsociａlｓcieｎtｉsts.Butｔheintｅｎtionｉsnｏttoneglｅctsocｉａlscieｎce;rａther，thecｏmpｌｅｔeopposｉte.(45）___＿＿_＿_Thatｓｈｏｕｌｄcreateｍoreｃollaboｒatｉveendｅａｖoｒsａndheｌptodｅvｅlopｐrojecｔsaｉmedｄireｃtlyatｓolｖinggloｂaｌｐｒｏbｌｅmｓ．［A]Ｉtcｏuｌdbethatweａreｅvolvingtｗocommｕnitiｅsｏｆsｏciaｌsciｅnｔists：oｎetｈaｔisdiｓｃipｌine-orｉeｎｔedａｎdpuｂlｉshingiｎｈｉghlyspｅｃiaｌｉzedjournalｓ，ａnｄoｎｅthaｔiｓｐrｏblｅm-orｉeｎtｅdaｎdpublishiｎgelｓｅwhere，suchaspｏｌicybrieｆs.[Ｂ]Hoｗｅveｒ,ｔhｅｎumｂersarestilｌsmalｌ:ｉn2０23,aｂout1,６00oｆthe100，000sｏｃial-sciｅnｃｅsｐaperspubｌishｅdgloｂallyinclｕdedonｅoftｈeseKeywoｒds.[C]Theｉdｅａiｓtoｆｏｒcｅsocialｔoinｔegｒatethｅiｒｗorkwithotｈｅrcatｅgoriｅs,includingｈｅａlthaｎddemogｒaphiccｈangefｏodｓecuriｔy,ｍarineresearcｈandthebｉo-ｅcoｎoｍｙ,ｃlｅａr,ｅfficｉeｎｔeneｒgy；andincｌｕsive,innovativeａnｄseｃuｒesocieties.[D]Tｈeｓoｌutｉonｉstochangethemindsetoftheacaｄｅmｉccｏmmｕnitｙ,ａndｗhatitｃonsidｅrｓtobeiｔsmaingoal．Gｌobaｌchallengeｓａndsoｃiａｌiｎnoｖationoughttoreceiveｍuchｍｏｒeaｔtentiｏｎfrｏmsｃｉeｎtists,esｐeｃｉallytheｙoungonｅs.[Ｅ］Theseissuesalｌhａvｅrootcauｓesinhumanｂehａvior．allrequirebｅhaviorａｌｃhangｅａnｄsｏciaｌiｎnovations,asｗeｌlasteｃhnｏloｇiｃaldevelopmeｎt．Sｔemｍingclimatechanｇe，foｒeｘample,ｉsasmuchaboutｃhangingcｏnｓｕｍptiｏnpatｔerｎsanｄprｏｍotiｎｇtaｘaｃcｅptanceasitisaｂoutdeｖeｌopiｎgcｌｅanｅnergy.[Ｆ]Despｉtetｈｅｓeｆactors,mａnyｓociaｌscientistsｓｅeｍｒｅｌｕctａnttotacklｅsｕcｈproｂlems．AndinEｕｒｏｐe，sｏmeａreupiｎaｒmsoveｒaｐroｐｏsaltodrｏｐａspecificfundｉnｇcａtegoryfoｒｓocｉal-scｉenｃeｒｅｓeａrｃhandtointｅgraｔeｉｔwithiｎｃｒoss-ｃuttiｎｇtopｉcsofｓuｓｔaｉnａbleｄeveｌopmｅnｔ．[Ｇ］Duｒiｎgtｈelate１9９０ｓ,nationaｌspeｎdiｎgonsocｉalsciｅnceｓaｎdtheｈumａnitiesasａpｅｒceｎtageｏｆalｌrｅsearcｈanddｅvelopmeｎtfｕnds-iｎcludｉnｇgoverｎmｅnｔ,hｉghｅreducａｔion，nｏn-prｏｆｉｔanｄcoｒporaｔe－vａriedｆromaｒｏｕnd4%ｔｏ25%;inｍｏｓtEuropeａnnatｉｏｎs,ｉtiｓabｏut1５％.SecｔionＩIＩTranｓlatｉonDｉrｅctｉons:TｒａnsｌaｔｅｔhefｏllowiｎgｔextfroｍEnglishtｏChinｅsｅ．WritｅyourｔｒanｓlatiｏnonANSWERSHＥET2.（10poｉnｔs)Itisspeculatedｔhaｔｇaｒdensariｓefromaｂasiｃneeｄinｔheindiｖidｕａlsｗｈｏmadethem:ｔheneeｄfｏｒｃｒｅativeexpression．Thereisnodoubtthａtgａrdeｎseviｄｅｎｃeaniｍpｏｓsibleurｇetｏcｒｅaｔe,ｅｘｐreｓs,faｓｈioｎ,ａｎｄbeautifyandｔhatｓelｆ-ｅxpressionisabａsicｈumanｕrgｅ；(46)Yeｔｗhenonelooksatthｅｐhoｔogｒａｐhsoｆthegardencreatedbyｔhｅｈoｍeless，itstrｉkｅsｏnｅthａt,foralltheirdiｖerｓityofstyles,ｔｈｅsｅgａrdeｎsspeakoｓvａriousｏｔherfundaｍentalurges,ｂeyondthatofdeｃorａtionandｃreativeｅｘｐrｅssiｏn.Onｅoｆthｅseurgeｓhａｄtodowithｃrｅaｔiｎgａｓtａtｅofpeaceinｔhｅmidstofturbｕlence,ａ“stiｌlpointｏftheturｎingwｏｒld，”tｏborｒｏwａ