2023届高三英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第四讲主旨大意题课时作业

主旨大意题A(2023·长春监测)LifeintheInternetageislonely—orisit?That’swhatexpertsinhumaninteractionaredebatingafteranewStanfordAccordingtothestudy,themoretimepeoplespendonline,thelesstheycanspareforreal­liferelationshipswithfamilyandfriends.Theresearchersasked113peopleabouttheWeb’sinfluenceondailyactivities.36%ofthosepeopleareonlineformorethanfivehoursaweek.“AsInternetusebecomesmorewidespread,itwillhaveanincreasinglyisolating(孤立的)effectonsociety，〞saysRobertKraut,oneoftheresearchers.ScholarsandWebloverscriticizedthestudyforstretchingitsdatatomakethe“isolating〞point.While13%ofregularWebusersadmittedthelossoftimewithlovedones，60%reportedwatchinglessTV.Thesurveyalsoshowsthate­mailisthemostpopularonlineactivity.Ifsomeofwebheads(网虫)spendwhatwasoncepassiveTVtimekeepingcompanywithfriendsviae­mails,“that’samovetowardgreaterconnectedness，〞saysPaulResnick，aprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan.Thisisn’tthefirstclaimthattheWebshouldbecriticized.A1998reportmonitored73Pittsburgh­areafamilies’Internetuseforayear.PeoplewhousedtheInternetmore“talkedlesstofamilymembersandreportedbeinglonelierandmoredepressed，〞saysRobertKraut.“It’struethattherehavebeenbigdeclinesinsocialconnectednessoverthepastdecades,butthosedeclinesbeganbeforetheInternetwasinvented，〞saysThomasPutnam.AsAmitayEtzionisays,theInternetgivesusadifferentkindofsociallife—notbetterorworsethanbefore,butjustdifferent.[解题导语]本文介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究，即网络是否会导致社会孤立以及来自社会各界的讨论。1．WhoclaimedthattheWebhadnegativeinfluence?A．RobertKraut. B．PaulResnick.C．ThomasPutnam. D．AmitayEtzioni.A解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“AsInternetusebecomesmorewidespread,itwillhaveanincreasinglyisolating(孤立的)effectonsociety，〞saysRobertKraut,oneoftheresearchers.可知，罗伯特·克劳特认为随着网络使用越来越广泛，网络会导致社会孤立效应。应选A项。2．Theunderlinedword“This〞inPara.4refersto________．A．thestudyconductedbyStanfordB．thesurveymadebytheUniversityC．theconclusioninareportwrittenin1998D．theopinionexpressedinBowlingAloneA解析：词义猜想题。画线词所在句句意为：这不是第一次有人称网络应该受到批评。这仍然是罗伯特·克劳特的观点，也就是斯坦福大学开展的调查研究的结果。应选A项。3．Fromthepassagewelearnthat________．A．watchingTVusedtotaketimeawayfromstayingonlineB．36%ofWebusersspendmorethanfivehoursaweekonlineC．theWebwasblamedmorethanonceforcausinganisolatingeffectD．theWebhasthesameinfluenceasthetelephoneandthetelevisionC解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句Thisisn’tthefirstclaimthattheWebshouldbecriticized.可知，因为网络使人们之间的联系减少，不止一次有人对此进行谴责。应选C项。4．Thepassagemainlydiscusses________．A．howwecanmakeabetteruseoftheInternetB．whethertheInternetcausesanisolatingeffectC．howdeclinesinsocialconnectednessappearD．whatadifferentlifetheInternetbringstousB解析：主旨大意题。文章以一项调查研究入题，进行了关于网络是否会导致社会孤立效应的讨论。应选B项。B(2023·广东佛山检测)Thetimesarechanging.OnThursdayOctober13th,singer­songwriterBobDylanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature,markingthefirsttimethehighly­eyed­onliteraryawardhasgonetosomeonewhoismainlyseenasamusician,andgivingrisetoheateddiscussions.The75­year­oldwontheprize“forhavingcreatednewpoeticexpressionswithinthegreatAmericansongtradition〞，theSwedishAcademysaid.“For54yearshehasbeenatit,reinventinghimself，〞saidSaraDanius,theacademy’spermanentsecretary.“BobDylanwritespoetryfortheear.Butit’sperfectlyfinetoreadhisworksaspoetry.〞AndwhilemanyDylan’sfanshavefoundgreatdelightatthenews,othersonlineandintheliterarycommunityare__cross__withtheCommittee,sayingtheawardhasskippedoverfictionwritersforthesecondyear.NewYorkTimesBookRevieweditorPamelaPaulsaiditwasgoodnewsbutpointedouthowmany“deserving〞noveliststhereare.DirectorMartinScorseseputoutastatementsayinghewas“overjoyed〞thatDylanwasawardedtheprize.“Dylan’spoetry,hismusicalgenius,hasmeantsomuchtomepersonallyandtogenerationsofpeoplearoundtheworld，〞Scorsesesaid.“Hisworkhasinfluencedandshapedculture,andhehasneverstoppedexploringandgrowingasanartist.TheNobelCommitteehasgivenDylanaformofrecognitionthatfitshisroleinourculture—inworldculture.〞DylanwonaPulitzerPrizein2023forhis“greatinfluenceonpopularmusicandAmericanculture〞.He’sthefirstAmericantowintheliteraryNobelsinceToniMorrisonin1993.[解题导语]作为一名歌手，鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖的消息让很多人大感意外，从而引发热议。5．WhydoesBobDylan’swinningtheNobelPrizecauseheateddiscussions?A．Hecreatedpoeticexpressions.B．Heisknownasamusician.C．Hereinventshimself.D．Heis75yearsold.B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的markingthefirsttimethehighly­eyed­onliteraryawardhasgonetosomeonewhoismainlyseenasamusician可知，正是因为鲍勃·迪伦是一位歌手，所以获得诺贝尔文学奖才引发热议。应选B项。6．WhichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpartinParagraph4?A．Arethankfulto. B．Aresatisfiedwith.C．Areangrywith. D．Areworriedabout.C解析：词义猜想题。第四段开头的AndwhilemanyDylan’sfanshavefoundgreatdelightatthenews中while表示“尽管〞，引导让步状语从句，所以后面的othersonlineandintheliterarycommunityare__cross__withtheCommittee中的arecrosswith与foundgreatdelight意思应该相反。再根据最后的sayingtheawardhasskippedoverfictionwritersforthesecondyear可判断，arecrosswith应表示“对……生气〞，而不是D项中的“担忧……〞。应选C项。7．WhatcanweknowaboutDylanaccordingtoMartinScorsese?A．DylaninfluencesMartinalot.B．Dylanishappywiththeaward.C．Dylanisapoetratherthanamusician.D．Dylanbenefitsalotfromworldculture.A解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的Dylan’spoetry,hismusicalgenius,hasmeantsomuchtomepersonallyandtogenerationsofpeoplearoundtheworld可知，鲍勃·迪伦对他影响很大。应选A项。8．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．AbriefintroductiontoBobDylan.B．ThereasonforBobDylan’ssuccess.C．BobDylan’sinfluenceonAmericanculture.D．DifferentviewsonBobDylan’swinningtheNobelPrize.D解析：主旨大意题。文章开头就点明了鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖引起了热议，接着说明了不同的人对此事的不同态度。应选D项。C(2023·江西名校联盟检测)BiologistRobertPitmanandhiscolleaguestrackedorcas，orkillerwhales,andhumpbackwhalesoffthecoastofWesternAustralia.Toresearchfurther,thescientistsattachedatrackertoafemaleorca,whichallowedthemtousesatellitestomonitorhermovements.Theyfollowedherforsixdays.Duringthattime,theorcaattackedeightyounghumpbackwhales.Duringthesevenattacks,theorcakilledthehumpbackwhalecalf(幼兽)onthreeoccasions.Butthestorydoesn’tendthere.Humpbackwhalesthemselvesarepopularlythoughttobelargebutgenerally,passivecreatures.Pitman’sstudyfindingsmayletpeoplethinkotherwise.Whenchasedbyorcas,humpbackwhalesareknowntotrytooutswimorcas.Theyarethoughttodothisathighspeedsothattheorcascan’tkeepup.Onsomeoccasions,thehumpbackwhalessoughtoutprotection.Theyswamtoshallowwater,nearbyreefs,orevenundertheresearchers’boats.Thesewaysoftenreducedtheattack.Butatothertimes,thehumpbackwhalesdecidedtostayandfight.Astheorcasapproached,themotherhumpbackwouldsometimesmovehercalftoherside,orliftitoutofthewaterusingherheadorflippers.Shealsoblewhugebreathsofairtodisturbtheorcas,andlungedorchargedatthem,slashing(劈)andslappinghertailandflippers.Perhapsmostsurprisingly,humpbackwhalesalsohaveadultescorts(护卫队)thattrytoprotectcalvesthatarenottheirown,joiningthemotherindefendingthesmallerwhale.Theseescortwhaleseitherchargedattheorcas,orplacedthemselvesbetweentheattackersandcalves,slashingtheirtailsandflippers.Despitetheeffortsofthemotherwhalesandescorts,theorcasweremoreoftenthannotsuccessfulintheirattacks.Butthepresenceoftheescortsdidreducehowmanytimesawhalecalfwaskilled.[解题导语]本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是科学家使用科学仪器来观察杀人鲸是如何追杀驼背鲸及后者是如何还击和保护幼小的驼背鲸的。9．What’sthepurposeofthescientists’furtherresearch?A．Tokeeparecordofwhales’livinghabits.B．Toobserveorcas’huntinghumpbackwhales.C．Toseewhatlife­or­deathbattleswhalesmayface.D．Tofindoutthetechniquesorcasusewhenhunting.B解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Toresearchfurther...tousesatellitestomonitorhermovements.Theyfollowedherforsixdays.Duringthattime,theorcaattackedeightyounghumpbackwhales.〞可知，科学家进行进一步研究的目的是观察杀人鲸追杀驼背鲸的活动。应选B。10．Whydidthehumpbackwhalesswimtoshallowwater?A．Toavoidbeingattacked.B．Tohuntforfood.C．Toprotecttheiryoung.D．Totrickthechasers.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Onsomeoccasions,thehumpbackwhalessoughtoutprotection.Theyswamtoshallowwater,nearbyreefs,orevenundertheresearchers’boats.〞可知，驼背鲸游至浅水区是出于自身的平安考虑，为了防止被攻击。应选A。11．WhatismainlytalkedaboutinParagraph4?A．Whyhumpbackwhalesfallvictimtoorcas.B．Howhumpbackwhalesprotecttheircalves.C．Thegreatmotherloveofhumpbackwhales.D．Smallerhumpbackwhales’waysofsurviving.B解析：段落大意题。根据第四段的内容可知，本段主要讲的是在面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸是如何进行还击来保护自己的幼崽的。故B项最能概括本段的主旨要义。12．WhatdoesPitman’sstudyfind?A．Orcasaresuccessfulintheirattacks.B．It’snoteasyfororcastoobtainfood.C．Humpbackwhalesswimfasterthanorcas.D．Humpbackwhalescouldbeactiveanimals.D解析：推理判断题。由第二段中的“Humpbackwhalesthemselvesarepopularlythoughttobelargebutgenerally,passivecreatures.Pitman’sstudyfindingsmayletpeoplethinkotherwise.〞可知，驼背鲸一般被认为是大型的、通常被动的生物，Pitman的研究发现可能会让人不这么认为。下文接着讲了面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸所采取的一些应对方式，其中包含积极迎击。应选D。专题强化训练16主旨大意题——标题归纳类[学生用书P107(单独成册)]A(2023·江西师大附中、临川一中联考)“Myneighbordoesn’tspeakEnglish,butherkindnessneedsnotranslation.〞AngieMorris,an81­year­oldCanadianwomanwhogrewupinwartimeBritainandnowlivesinVancouver,BritishColumbia,wasdescribinghowhernext­doorneighbor,Ms.Wing,a68­year­oldChinesewoman,voluntarilycooksmealsforhereveryday.Shecalledit“theultimatehome­deliveryservice〞．Morris’smoving,first­personnarrativewhichwaspublishedlastweekbytheCanadiannewspaperTheGlobeandMail,hasgonepopular，withmorethan24，000onlinereposts.“Iknowwhatisinsidethepapercarrierbag，〞shewrote.“Athermoswithhotsoupandastainless­steelcontainerwithamealofrice,vegetablesandeitherchicken,meatorshrimp，sometimeswithakindofpancake.Thishasbecomeanalmostdailyoccurrence.〞WingstartedheractofkindnesswhenshelearnedthatMorrishadtoundergoheartsurgery.Shetookituponherselftobeginfeedingherneighbor,eventhoughthetwowomenhavenowayofcommunicatingverbally.WingspeaksonlyMandarin,andMorris’sMandarinislimitedtonihao(hello)．“Sohereweare,twograndmothersaworldawayfromwherewewereraised,neitherofusabletospeaktheother’slanguage,butcommunicatingonewayoranother(withsomehelpfromtechnology).Thedoorbellkeepsringingandthereisthefamiliarbrownpapercarrierbag,handedsmilinglytomebyWing，〞Morriswrote.Readersandnetizensaroundtheworldhavebeentouchedbythisrelationshipthatcrossesnationalboundariesandfocusesonhumankindness.“Youknowthatmostpeopleinthisworldjustwanttoliveagoodlife，〞onereadercommented.“IcomefromoldIreland,soIcantellyouathingortwoaboutconflict.Thepointis,mostpeopleareverygoodwithbigheartsandwanttheirchildrentogrowupsafeandinplaceslikethiscountrycanoffer.〞[解题导语]互为邻居的两位老人温女士与安吉·莫里斯虽然语言不通无法交流，但温女士在得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，主动为其做饭。她的善举感动了很多读者和网友。1．WhydidMs.WingcookmealsforMorris?A．Morrishadsomehealthproblems.B．Wingwasanexpertcook.C．Ms.Winghadnothingelsetodo.D．Theywereraisedinthesameplace.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句WingstartedheractofkindnesswhenshelearnedthatMorrishadtoundergoheartsurgery.可知，温女士因为知道莫里斯要做手术，所以做饭给她吃。应选A项。2．WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeMs.Wing?A．Kind-hearted. B．Sensitive.C．Communicative. D．Arrogant.A解析：推理判断题。通读文章可知，温女士一直自愿为邻居做饭，所以推断她是一位善良、热心的女士，应选A项。sensitive意为“敏感的〞；communicative意为“爱说话的，好社交的〞；arrogant意为“傲慢的；自大的〞。3．Whatcanbeconcludedfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Mostpeopleinthisworldarehavingagoodlife.B．Peoplefromdifferentcountrieseasilyhaveconflicts.C．OldIrelandisaplacewherechildrencangrowupsafe.D．PeopleareimpressedandmovedbyMs.Wing’sbehavior.D解析：细节理解题。根据文章第七段以及第八段网友的留言可知，很多读者和网友都被温女士的善举所感动，感受到了跨越国界和语言的人性之善。应选D项。4．Whatcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?A．AVoluntaryCook.B．ServingYourNeighbor.C．KindnessBeyondLanguage.D．NutritiousMeals.C解析：标题归纳题。文章主要讲述一位来自中国的温女士虽与邻居莫里斯言语不通，但是得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，一直自愿为她做饭，这一超越语言和国界的善举感动了很多读者和网友。由此可知，C项最适合用作文章标题。B(2023·河北衡水中学高三大联考)ScientistsinBritainhavemanagedtoteachbumblebees(大黄蜂)topullstringstogettofoodandthenpassonwhattheyhavelearnedtoothersintheircolony(群体)—showingahighlevelofintelligencedespitetheirtinybrains.ResearchersatQueenMaryUniversityofLondonsaidtheexperiments,oftenusedtotesttheintelligenceofapes(猿)andbirds,showedforthefirsttimethatsomeinsectsareuptothetask，andcanalsopassskillsonthroughseveralgenerations.Thefindingsaddtotheevidencesuggestingtheabilityfor“culturespread〞—theabilitytolearnandpassonknowledgeandskills—maynotbeexclusivetohumans.Intheresearch,publishedinthejournalPLOSBiologyonTuesday,thescientistswereabletotrain23outofagroupof40beestopullstringswiththeirlegsandfeet.Thestringswereattachedtodiscs—orartificial“flowers〞—containingfoodattheircenterbutplacedunderatransparentscreen.Thebees,spottingthefoodbeneaththescreen,learnedtopullthe“flowers〞outbypullingthestringwiththeirlegsandfeettobeabletogettoit.Fromanothergroupofbeesgiventhechancetosolvethetaskwithoutanytraining,onlytwoof110weresuccessful.Anothergroupofbeeswasthenallowedtoobservethetrainedbeespullingthestrings,and60percentofthemsuccessfullylearnedtheskill.Finally,trainedbeeswereputincolonies,andthescientistsfoundthetechniquespreadsuccessfullytoamajorityofthecolony’sworkerbees.LarsChittka,aQueenMaryUniversityprofessorwhoguidedtheproject,saidtheteamisinterestedinfiguringoutthebrainprocessesbehindthebees’learningandteachingskills.[解题导语]本文介绍了大黄蜂经过训练可以习得某种技能，还会传播自己所学的技能。5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exclusive〞inParagraph3probablymean?A．Ordinary. B．Unique.C．Beneficial. D．Widespread.B解析：词义猜想题。第二段中提出，不仅猿和鸟类有学习和传播知识的能力，一些昆虫也有这样的能力。第二段和第三段中的关键词also和addtotheevidence提示，这种能力并非人类独有的。应选B项。6．Whatdidtheresearchersfindaboutbees?A．Beeslearnbestininsects.B．Beesareascleverasbirds.C．Beesareborngoodlearners.D．Beescanbetrainedtolearnskills.D解析：细节理解题。依据第四段中的thescientistswereabletotrain23outofagroupof40beestopullstringswiththeirlegsandfeet可知，科学家发现大黄蜂经过训练可以学会技能。应选D项。7．Whatmaytheresearchteamfocusonnext?A．Whatelsebeescando.B．Wherebeeslearnskills.C．Howbeesteachothers.D．Howbees’brainswork.D解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一句．..theteamisinterestedinfiguringoutthebrainprocessesbehindthebees’learningandteachingskills.可知，科研团队对大黄蜂学习和传播技能的大脑思考过程很感兴趣，因此，接下来他们应该会研究大黄蜂大脑的工作原理。应选D项。8．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．SmallBees,GreatAbilitiesB．BeesCanLearnandTeachC．BeesAreSmarterD．LetBeesLearnB解析：标题归纳题。综合全文尤其第一段可知，文章主要介绍了一项科学发现，即大黄蜂经过训练可以学习并传播所学技能，应选B项。C(2023·安徽百所重点高三二模)Ihadthehonourofbeingelectedchiefofmytribe(部落)．Withthetitlecamegreatresponsibility.ItwasmyjobtomakepeacewiththeMaoriTamakitribe,whosevillagewevisited.Theirsoldiersjumpedfromacanoeandfacedusdownwithfiercecrying,stickingeyesandmuchnoiseofsticks.Theylaidapalmleafonthegroundand,ashead,Iwasforcedtoacceptthispeaceofferingbypickingitup,thentouchingnoseswiththeirchief.“Kiaora，〞hesaid,welcomingusintothewoodlandhomeofhispeople.My“tribe〞wasmyNewZealandcoachtourgroup,whohadforcedmeintobeingtheirleader.We’dbeenwarnedthattheceremonywasaseriousoccasionandthattolaughorevensmilewouldbeconsideredrudetotheTamaki.Afterthatitwasnon­stopfunastheydemonstratedtheirancientcustomsandIreceivedinstructioninperformingthehaka,thewardanceimmortalized(使不朽)bytheAllBlacksrugbyteam.Thentheypulledourdinneroflamb,beefandvegetablesoutoftheground.Ithadbeenslow­cookedintheheatjustbelowthesurfaceinthegeothermal(地热的)areaofNorthIsland,aMaoritraditionknownasahangithatgoesbackanextremelylongperiodoftime.Obviously,thisformofitisputonfortouristsbutitwashugelyenjoyable.Thejourneybacktothehotelwasalo