骨学双语课件

1李文春教授

DepartmentofAnatomy

HubeiUniversityofMedicine

系统解剖学SystematicAnatomy2【目的和要求】

绪论

1．掌握系统解剖学的定义，人体的标准姿势、方位术语、轴和面。

2．熟悉人体的分部和器官系统。

3．了解系统解剖学的任务、分科及发展简史。骨学

1．掌握骨的分类；椎骨的一般形态；胸骨的分部及重要标志。颅的组成、脑颅和面颅各骨的名称；颅整体观的重要结构。上肢骨、下肢骨的位置和形态及上、下肢骨的重要体表标志

2．熟悉骨的构造；各部椎骨的主要特征；肋的组成、形态结构。

3．了解骨的化学成分和物理性质，骨的发生和发育，骨的可塑性。腕骨、掌骨、指骨及跗骨、跖骨、趾骨的位置和排列。3人体解剖学教研室基本情况省级重点学科省级精品课程湖北省“楚天学者计划”设岗学科湖北省教学名师(本校唯一）项仕孝教授5台湾学生用书

6台湾的解剖教学

7澳大利亚悉尼大学的解剖教学

9本校建成7个虚拟解剖实验室软件功能演示操作演示三网络版：湖北医药学院/图书馆/数字资源/VHDissector5.0可视化人体解剖学软件10systematicanatomy

macroanatomy

巨视解剖regionalanatomyhistology

microanatomycytology

微视解剖

embryologysurgicalanatomysurfaceanatomyX-rayanatomysectionalanatomylocomotiveanatomy

Humananatomy

division[mækrəuə'nætəmi]

[﹐maikrəuə'nætəmi]

11

解剖学的应用

13世界上首颗人造心脏照片

1969年曾跳动三天14用天然平台制造人工心脏取得成功美国科学家利用全器官脱细胞化（wholeorgandecellularization）方法，在实验室中制成了大鼠和猪的人工心脏。这一成果有望为人类人工心脏制备提供新的方法。相关论文发表于《自然—医学》（NatureMedicine）上。15英科学家用胚胎干细胞3D打印人体器官据国外媒体报道，科学家离培育重要器官又近一步，不久可能使从人到人的移植成为历史。专家已研发出三维打印技术，可用胚胎干细胞制造人体组织。这种由爱丁堡赫瑞-瓦特大学开发出的方法意味着病入膏肓的病人可轻易获得肝脏、心脏和其他器官。17四、Thepartsandsystemsofthebody

Ⅰ.Thehumanbodyisdividedintotenparts.theheadtheneckthethoraxthebacktheabdomenthepelvisandperineum

theupperlimbsthelowerlimbs['θɔ:ræks][﹐peri'ni:əm

]18Locomotorsystem运动系统Alimentary(Digestive)

system消化系统Respiratorysystem呼吸系统Urinarysystem泌尿系统Reproductivesystem生殖系统Endocrinesystem内分泌系统Circulatorysystem脉管系统Senseorgans感觉器Nervoussystem神经系统Ⅱ.Thereareninesystemsinhumanbody[﹐æli'mentəri]19五、Theanatomicalposition,termsofdirection,axisandplanesⅠ.Anatomicalposition

解剖学姿势

Humanbodyissupposedtobeintheerectposture,withthefaceandtoesforward,thearmshangingbythesidesandthepalmsofthehandsdirectedforward,theheelsneartoeachother.[hi:lz][﹐ænə'tɔmikəl]尸体摆标准姿势21Ⅲ.Theaxisandplanesverticalaxisaxissagittalaxisfrontalaxissagittalplaneplanesfrontalplane

horizontalplaneverticalsagittalfrontal[﹐hɔri'zɔntəl]22六、人体解剖学的学习方法（1）形态与功能结合。（2）局部与整体结合。（3）理论与实际结合。授课形式：理论＋实验实验课穿白大衣《人体解剖学实验教程》思考题实验课当堂提问考核，占总成绩30％23爱护尸体25Thelocomotorsystemconsistsofbones,jointsandmusclesoriginbellytendoninsertion26Chapter1Osteology

骨学206

Accordingtothelocationofthebones,itcanbedividedintoskull,bonesoftrunk,bonesoflimbs.Theformertwoformtheaxialbone.Section1Thegeneraldescription[﹐ɔsti'ɔlədʒi

]292.ShortbonesTheshortbonesdistributeinwristandfoot.303.Flatbones

Theydistributeinskullandchest.skullchest31

4.IrregularbonesTheirregularbonesarevariedinshape,suchascranialbonesandvertebrae.sinusvertebrae32Thelivingbonesconsistofbonysubstance骨质,periosteum

骨膜andbonemarrow骨髓.PeriosteumBonysubstanceBonemarrow二、Thestructureofbones[﹐peri'ɔstiəm

]331.Bonysubstance(1)Compactbone:坚实致密，配布于骨表面。(2)Spongybone：呈海绵状，配布于骨的内部，由骨小梁组成。342.PeriosteumItcoversthesurfaceofthebone(exceptthearticularpart),itconsistsoftwolayers:anouterandaninnermembrane.Periosteum骨膜剥离太多骨折难以愈合增高术[ɑ:'tikjulə

]353.Bonemarrow

Bonemarrowisfoundinthemedullarycavitiesoflongbonesandwithinspacesinspongybone.

Therearetwokindsofbonemarrow,redandyellow.

RedmarrowYellowmarrow

骨髓穿刺部位？36三、Thechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofboneorganicinorganic

Livingbonesareplastictissueswithorganicandinorganic.[﹐ɪnɔ:'ɡænik

]37Section2Theaxialbone中轴骨一、Thebonesoftrunk躯干骨

Thebonesoftrunkincludethevertebrae,thesternumandtheribs,whichprovideframework(支架)

forthevertebralcolumn(脊柱),thethoraciccage(胸廓)andthepelvis(骨盆).[θɔ(:)'ræsik]38(一）Thevertebrae椎骨

Inachild,thenormalnumberoftheseparatevertebraeis32or33.Cervical颈vertebrae:C7Thoracic胸vertebrae:T12Lumbar腰vertebrae:L5Sacral骶vertebrae:S5Coccygeal尾vertebrae:Co3~4CTLSCo[kɔk'sidʒiəl

]391.Thegeneralfeaturesofvertebraevertebralbody椎体

vertebralforamenvertebralcanalvertebralarch椎弓

pedicleofvertebralarch

intervertebralforamen

laminaeofvertebralarch

spinousprocessSevenprocessestransverseprocesses

articularprocesses402.Themaincharacteristicsofvertebraeineachregion(1)Thoracicvertebrae胸椎

①thebodyisheart-shaped.②therearecostalfovea.③articularfacetsofarticularprocessesarerelativelycoronary.④thespinousprocessarelonganddownwardsloping

①②③④['kɔrənəri]41(2)Cervicalvertebrae颈椎

①thebodyissmall.②articularfacetsofarticularprocessesarerelativelyhorizontal.③vertebralforamenislargeandisnearlytriangular.④therearethetransverseforamen.⑤thespinousprocessareshortandbifid.

①②③④⑤[trai'æŋɡjulə]42

Luschka关节颈椎病

4344

⑥

thefirstcervicalvertebraeisknownas

atlas

寰椎.

⑦thesecondcervicalvertebraeisknownas

axis

枢椎.

⑧theseventhcervicalvertebraeisknownasvertebraprominens隆椎.

['ætləs]['æksis]45

(3)Lumbarvertebrae腰椎

①thebodyislarge.②vertebralforamenistriangular.③articularfacetsofarticularprocessesarealmostsagittal.④thespinousprocessarestrong,short,squareandhorizontal.①②③④46(4)Thesacrum骶骨

promontory

岬

anteriorsacralforaminasacralhiatus骶管裂孔

sacralcornu骶角(5)Thecoccyx

岬['prɔməntəri]47(二）Thesternum胸骨

Itconsistsofthreeparts,themanubrium柄,body体

andxiphoidprocess剑突

sternalangle胸骨角[mə'nu:bri:əm

]bodyxiphoidprocesssternalangle['zifɔid]48(三）Theribs

12pair

1.GeneralfeaturesRibs1～7calledtrueribs真肋Ribs8～12calledfalseribs

假肋Ribs8～10toformcostalarch

肋弓Ribs11～12calledfloatingribs浮肋

492.Characteristicsofrib

costalbonecostalheadcostalneckcostaltubercleshaftofribcostalangle

costalgroove

costalcartilage

['tju:bəkl]

二、Theskull颅Theskullcontains23bones.Theskullisdividedintotwoparts:cerebralcranium（脑颅）

andfacialcranium(面颅)面部的年龄变化

frontalbone额骨

ethmoidbone筛骨

Unpairedsphenoidbone蝶骨

occipitalbone枕骨

parietalbone顶骨

paired

temporalbone颞骨(一）Thecerebralcranium

Thecerebralcraniumconsistsofeightcranialbones.

maxillae上颌骨

palatinebone

腭骨

pairedzygomaticbone颧骨

bonesnasalbone鼻骨

lacrimalbone泪骨

inferiornasalconchae下鼻甲

vomer犁骨Unpairedmandible下颌骨

boneshyoidbone舌骨(二）Thefacialcranium

Thefacialcraniumarefifteeninnumber.(二）Thefacialcranium

1.Themandible

2.Thehyoidboneangleofmandible55世界首例3D打印下颌移植手术技术人员可根据移植患者的具体需求来设计骨骼部件的效果图，然后利用高精度的镭射枪来熔解钛粉，并将它们一层层地喷涂叠加起来，最终形成一个立体的人造骨骼部件成品。通过3D立体打印技术制作人造骨骼对于医疗移植技术的未来发展来说是至关重要的，因为它可以贴合各种需求制作出复杂精细的骨骼或软组织构造，提高移植手术的速度和成功率。长方脸圆脸方脸瓜子脸下颌角与面型的关系按流行的分类方法，中国人的脸形可分为方脸、圆脸、长方脸、长圆脸，其中以长圆脸俗称瓜子脸最受青睐。

芳龄24岁的林小姐下颌角向外膨隆，形成一典型的国字脸。这张脸要是男子汉倒能显出几分粗犷，几分威严，但却给爱美的林小姐凭添无数烦恼。怎么办呀！

短脸、方脸通过整形可以变成漂亮的瓜子脸。

下颌角肥大矫正术(三）Theskullasawhole颅的整体观

1.Thesuperioraspectoftheskull

coronalsuture冠状缝

sagittalsuture矢状缝

lambdoidsuture人字缝

Theskullisgenerallyovoidwhenfromabove,andiswiderbehindthaninfront.Itformedbyfourcranialbones.

2.Theposterioraspectoftheskull

Themostoutstandingfeatureoftheoccipitalboneisexternaloccipitalprotuberance枕外隆凸.Theridge骨嵴

passingoneachsidelaterallyoftheprotuberanceisthesuperiornuchalline上项线

3.Theinternalsurfaceofthebaseofskull

Itisdividedintothreefossa.Thesearetheanterior,the

middleandtheposteriorcranialfossa.frontalcrest额嵴

foramencecum盲孔

cristagalli鸡冠

cribriformplat筛板

cribriformforamina筛孔

(1)Theanteriorcranialfossa颅前窝

Inthecenteristhehypophysialfossa

垂体窝.Infrontofthe

hypophysialfossa

isthe

opticcanal视神经管.Lateraltothehypophysialfossa

isthe

carotidsulcus

颈动脉沟.Thereareaseriesofforaminainthelateralportionofthemiddlecranialfossa:

foramenrotundum圆孔,foramenovale卵圆孔

foramenspinosum棘孔

(2)Themiddlecranialfossa颅中窝Itisthelargestanddeepestofthethreecranialfossa.Thelowestpartofthefossapresentstheforamenmagnum枕骨大孔，

Therearehypoglossalcanal舌下神经管内口abovetheanterolateralmarginoftheforamenmagnum.

(3)Theposteriorcranialfossa

Behindtheforamenmagnum,therearetheinternaloccipitalprotuberance枕内隆凸,

sulcusfortransversesinus横窦沟,sulcusforsigmoidsinus乙状窦沟,

jugularforamen颈静脉孔.

internalacousticpore

内耳门Cristagalli鸡冠Cribriformplate筛板Cribriformforamen筛孔Hypophysialfossa垂体窝Opticcanal

视神经管Dorsumsellae鞍背Superiororbitalfissure眶上裂Foramenlacerum破裂孔Foramenovale卵圆孔Foramenspinosum棘孔Trigeminalimpression三叉神经压迹Foramenrotundum圆孔Foramenmagnum

枕骨大孔Hypoglssalcanal

舌下神经管内口Sulcusfortransversesinum横窦沟Sulcusforsigmoidsinus乙状窦沟Jugularforamen

颈静脉孔Internalacousticpore

内耳门Posteriorcranialfossa颅后窝Internaloccipitalprotuberance

枕内隆凸Clivus斜坡

4.Theexternalsurfaceofthebaseofskull

incisiveforamen切牙孔

greaterpalatine

foramen腭大孔

posteriornasalapertures鼻后孔

occipitalcondyle枕髁

hypoglossalcanal舌下神经管外口

jugularforamen颈静脉孔

styloidprocess茎突

stylomastiodforamen

茎乳孔70研究显示爱情有助于缓解疼痛

疼痛实验

研究人员在美国斯坦福大学招募15名本科生，让他们手握一个物体，这一物体在电脑控制下会慢慢加温，温度会使受试者感到轻微疼痛。

与此同时，受试者分别观看自己热恋对象和一名熟人的照片。研究人员对受试者的大脑进行功能性核磁共振(fMRI)扫描，记录大脑活动。

实验结果显示，爱情的方法可缓解疼痛。

“爱情止痛药”作用于大脑的奖励中心，刺激大脑深部组织，抑制疼痛感。

5.Thelateralviewofskull

externalacousticpore外耳门

mastoid

process乳突

zygomaticarch

颧弓

temporalfossa颞窝

infratemporalfossa颞下窝

pterion

：inthetemporalfossa,thearea,wherethefourbones,frontal,parietal,temporalandsphenoid,isknownaspterion翼点.['(p)tiəriɔn]翼点硬膜外血肿74颅内血肿微创穿刺引流术

6.Thefrontviewofskull(1)theforehead额区

superciliaryarch眉弓

(2)theorbits眶

①orbitalopening眶口

supraorbitalforamen(notch)眶上孔

infraorbitalforamen眶下孔②orbitalapex:opticcanal视神经管口③superiorwall:lacrimalfossa泪腺窝

④

medialwall:lacrimalsacfossa泪囊窝,nasolacrimalcanal

鼻泪管⑤inferiorwall:infraorbitalfissure眶下裂⑥

lateralwall:supraorbitalfissure眶上裂

(3)thebonynasalcavity

nasalseptem

鼻中隔

superiormiddleconchae甲

inferiorsuperiormiddlemeatus道

inferior

sphenoethmoidalrecess

蝶筛隐窝

(4)theparanasalsinuses鼻旁窦

①thefrontal额

sinuses

②theethmoidal筛sinuses

③thesphenoidal蝶sinuses

④themaxillary上颌sinuses

(5)theoralcavity骨性口腔(四）Theskullatbirth（自学）

anteriorfontanelleposteriorfontanelleSection3Theappendicularskeleton附肢骨ThebriefintroductionIncludethebonesofupperlimbsandlowerlimbs.Becauseoftheerectstanding,theupperlimbsarereleasedfromweightbearingandbecometheorgansoflabour.sothatthebonesofupperlimbsare

lighterandsmaller

inshapeandsize.thebonesoflowerlimbsareveryheavy

andstrong.[,æpən'dɪkjəlɚ]一、Bonesofupperlimbs上肢骨

Composition:Shouldgirdle

clavicle锁骨

scapula肩胛骨Bonesoffreeupperlimb

Inarm:

humerus肱骨Inforearm:ulna尺骨radius桡骨

Inhand:carpal腕骨、

metacarpals掌骨phalanges指骨（一）上肢带骨

1.锁骨clavicle

内侧端：胸骨端外侧端：肩峰端锁骨骨折多在中、外1/3交界处。（上面观）（下面观）83

Theweakestpartoftheclavicleisatthejunctionofthemiddleandlateralthirds

骨折部位2.肩胛骨scapula

位置：贴于胸廓后外面

前面：肩胛