高考英语二轮复习阅读理解攻略 【核心考点知识精讲】 主旨大意课件

主旨大意题解题小攻略StrategiesforQuestionsofMainIdeas题型特点01PART主旨大意

考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。1大意类2标题类3目的类主旨大意题包括：设问方式02PART1.Themainideaofthepassageisthat________.2.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?3.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsumupthepassage?4.Whichofthefollowingcansummarisethemainideaofthepassage?5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?6.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.7.WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph1?大意类设问方式：1.Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe________.2.Whichofthefollowingcanbetheheadlineforthepassage?3.Thepassagecanbeentitiled__________.标题类设问方式：知识梳理+例题分析03PART1)主旨大意题

解题方法

主题句定位法Howtofindthetopicsentences?Features：1).相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括性；

2).主题句一般结构简单；3).段落中其他句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展相互题句所表达的思想的。Sample1Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrisingsoquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.(1)主题句在文首

开头主题+论证性细节。

应用文书信

说明文科技文献新闻报道Sample2Somepeoplelikereading,andsomepeoplelikeswimming.Ihavemanyhobbies,suchasreading,skating,andtraveling.Infact,differentpeoplehavedifferenthobbies.MyfriendAnnstudiesveryhard.Soherhobbyisreadingallkindsofbooks.Tonylovesworkingwithhishands,andhishobbyisgardening.

（2）主题句在文中例子/问题（铺垫）---主题提出---

进一步解释说明

说明文科技文献研究报告提示词1)转折关系的词----后but,

yet,

however,

in

fact,actually,

indeed,...

2)

总结性，结论性的词

----后in

brief,inshort,

afterall,all

in

all,tosumup,in

conclusion,

inaword,so,therefore...

3)

表研究成果的词----内容show,indicate,suggest,accordingto...4）举例子的词----前forexample,forinstance,take...asanexample,..5)对疑问句的回答很可能就是文章大意。

提示词1)

主旨大意题主题句定位法主题句在文首主题句在文中

解题方法Sample3

Whenyouarepoor,youcanalsosayyouareveryhappy,becauseyouhavesomethingelsethatcan'tbeboughtwithmoney.Whenyoumeetwithdifficulties,youcansayloudlyyouareveryhappy,becauseyouhavemorechancestochallengeyourself.Soyoushouldalwayssayyouarehappy.（3）主题句在文末事实依据----层层推理----得出结论(主题)

广告类哲理性故事Sample4Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller，cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?（4）主题句在首尾主题---进一步引申----主题议论文1)主旨大意题主题句定位法主题句在文首主题句在文中主题句在文末主题句在首尾

解题方法

(5)高频词围绕某个主题展开的---反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词

Sample5

Everyone

can

experience

anger

sometimes.

But

not

everyone

can

control

itproperly.To

some

people,

controlling

anger

seems

like

the

hardest

thing

in

the

world

to

do.

Control

these

bytalking

to

yourself

in

your

own

mind,when

you

experience

unwanted

feeling.

By

talking

it

over

in

your

ownhead

you

can

work

out

how

you

will

best

deal

with

the

situation.Anger

control

can

also

be

achieved

bycommunicatingwithotherswith

honesty.You

can

effectively

train

yourself

to

respond

to

situations

without

getting

annoyed

about

things.

It

is

important

to

rememberitispossibleforeveryonetogetangry

and

therefore,controlingitistherealchallenge.1)主旨大意题主题句定位法主题句在文首主题句在文中主题句在文末主题句在首尾无明显主题句高频词

解题方法

文章标题的选择或拟定：第一，要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；第二，再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；第三，要注意题目是过大还是过小；第四，要避免下列三种错误：一是概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小)；二是过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；三是以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。

解题方法2)标题式

反向推断法有时候即高效又好用练习1Intheanimalkingdom，weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme，pourcreamintomycoffee，orhelpmetoputonmycoat.AndIhavediscoveredthatitmakesthemhappy.Frommywheelchairexperience，Iseethebestinpeople，butsometimesIfeelsadbecausethosewhoappearindependentmissthekindnessIseedaily...Lastmonth，whenIwasdrivinghomeonabusyhighway，Ibegantofeelunwellanddrovemoreslowlythanusual.PeoplebehindmebegantogetimpatientIputonthecarflashlightsanddroveonatareallylowspeed.Nomoreangryshoutsandnomorehorns!WhenIputonmyflashlights，...Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry，theywaited，knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedon'tfeelthatway.Butthosearefewandfarbetween.Moreoften，itwouldbebetterifwedon'tpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared.30．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．AWheelchairExperienceB．WeaknessandKindnessC．WeaknessandStrengthD．ADrivingExperience【解析】B由第一段中的ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople可知正确答案为B主旨推断法文体推断法

解题方法3)目的类

3)目的类文体推断法

解题方法1.记叙文----tellastoryorlesson;entertainreaders;shareanexperience;showsomething2.说明文、新闻----inform;introduce3.议论文----argue;persuade;4.应用文----providesomeinformationoradvice5.广告----advertise;attractreaders课堂小结04PART遵循四字原则:准全新用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的内涵和外延,把作者的观点准确地表达出来.要排除掉那些片面的选项,选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项,范围不宜过大或过小.所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力,能激发读者的阅读兴趣.精回顾总结课堂练习巩固05PART一、段落大意类1.NooneiscertainwhatiscausingbutterfliesinCaliforniatodisappear,butresearchershavepointedseverallikelyfactors.Theyincludethegenerallossofopenspaces,whichmeansfewerflowersandleavesforfood,aswellaschangingagriculturalpracticesthathavereducedthenumberofbutterfly-friendlyplantsalongtheedgeofcropfields.Theclimatechangeplaysarole,whichproduceshighertemperaturesthatcandryplantsoutandmakethemuneatable.Whichcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthisparagraph?A.OpenspacesinCaliforniadecreasegreatly.B.Changesonagricultureaffectedbutterflies.C.Lackoffoodmakesbutterfliesdisappear.D.Climatechangedrivesbutterfliesaway.2.Thomas’srecord-breakingjourneybeganjustpastmidnightonSunday,September15,2019,whenshedoveintothewatersofftheshoreofDover,England.Thoughtheswimwasinitiallymeanttobeabout80miles,strongcurrentsforcedtheathletetochangecourseseveraltimes,lengtheningthetotaldistancebyabout50miles.Bythetimesheappearedfromthewaterat6:30a.m.localtimeonTuesday,September17,2019,shehadbeeninthewaterfor54hoursand13minutesandswumatotalof133miles!Evenmoreimpressive,Thomasachievedtheastonishingfeatinaregularswimsuit.Heronlyaidswereswimgoggles,onecap,anoseclip,andearplugs.Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlyfocuson?A.Thelongdistanceshecovered.B.Theordinaryequipmentshepossessed.C.Therecord-breakingtimeshestayedinwater.D.Theimpressivedeterminationshedisplayed.二、文章大意1.（2018全国I卷C篇）Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.

Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.2.Twofriendshaveanargumentthatbreaksuptheirfriendshipforever,eventhoughneitheronecanrememberhowthewholethinggotstarted.Suchsadeventshappenoverandoverinhighschoolsacrossthecountry.Infact,accordingtoanofficialreportonyouthviolence,"Inourcountrytoday,thegreatestthreattothelivesofchildrenandadolescentsisnotdiseaseorstarvationorabandonment,buttheterriblerealityofviolence".Giventhatthisisthecase,whyaren'tstudentstaughttomanageconflictthewaytheyaretaughttosolvemathproblems,drivecars,orstayphysicallyfit?Firstofall,studentsneedtorealizethatconflictisunavoidable.Areportonviolenceamongmiddleschoolandhighschoolstudentsindicatesthatmostviolentincidentsbetweenstudentsbeginwitharelativelyminorinsult(侮辱).Forexample,afightcouldstartoverthefactthatonestudenteatsapeanutbuttersandwicheachlunchtime.Laughteroverthesandwichcanleadtoinsults,whichinturncanleadtoviolence.Theproblemisn'tinthesandwich,butinthewaystudentsdealwiththeconflict.

Oncestudentsrecognizethatconflictisunavoidable,theycanpracticethegoldenruleofconflictresolution(解决):staycalm.Oncethestudentfeelscalmer,heorsheshouldchoosewordsthatwillcalmtheotherpersondownaswellRudewords,name-calling,andaccusationsonlyaddfueltotheemotionalfire.Ontheotherhand,softwordsspokenatanormalsoundlevelcanputoutthefirebeforeitexplodesoutofcontrol.Afterbothsideshavecalmeddown,theycanuseanotherkeystrategy(策略)forconflictresolution:listening.Listeningallowsthetwosidestounderstandeachother.Onepersonshoulddescribehisorherside,andtheotherpersonshouldlistenwithoutinterrupting.Afterward,thelistenercanasknon-threateningquestionstoclarifythespeaker'sposition.Thenthetwopeopleshouldchangeroles.Finally,studentsneedtoconsiderwhattheyarehearing.Thisdoesn'tmeantryingtofigureoutwhat'swrongwiththeotherperson.Itmeansunderstandingwhattherealissueisandwhatbothsidesaretryingtoaccomplish.Forexample,ashoutingmatchoverapeanutbuttersandwichmighthappenbecauseonepersonthinkstheotherpersonisunwillingtotrynewthings.Studentsneedtoaskthemselvesquestionssuchasthese:Howdidthisstart?WhatdoIreallywant?WhatamIafraidof?Astheissuebecomesclearer,theconflictoftensimplybecomessmaller.Evenifitdoesn't,carefulthoughthelpsbothsidesfigureoutamutualsolution.

Therewillalwaysbeconflictinschools,butthatdoesn'tmeanthereneedstobeviolence.AfterstudentsinAtlantastartedaconflictresolutionprogram,accordingtoEducatorsforSocialResponsibility,"64percentoftheteachersreportedlessphysicalviolenceintheclassroom;75percentoftheteachersreportedanincreaseinstudentco-operation;and92percentofthestudentsfeltbetteraboutthemselves'.Learningtoresolveconflictscanhelpstudentsdealwithfriends,teachers,parents,bosses,andcoworkers.Inthatway,conflictresolutionisabasiclifeskillthatshouldbetaughtinschoolsacrossthecountry.Thearticleismainlyabout___________.A.Thelivesofthechildren B.Thecauseofargumentsinschools.C.Howtoanalyzeyouthviolence D.Howtodealwithschoolconflicts.3.LeftoverAgain?Hurray

Hereisthedeal:You’reashungryasahorseandyouwantadeliciousmealfromafinerestaurant,butyou’realittlelowonfunds.Sowhatdoyoudo?IfyouhappentoliveinEurope,theanswerisaseasyaspie:Youpulloutyoursmartphoneortablet,andtapTooGoodToGo,Europe’smostpopularapp.Approximately23,000restaurantsandfoodsellersposttheirleftoverofferingsontheappforhalftheirusualcost.Whyallthisincrediblegenerosity?Unbelievably,one-thirdoftheworld’sfoodisthrownaway,andnearlyonebillionpeopledon’thaveenoughtoeat.Besides,burningwastedfoodreleasesharmfulcarbondioxideemissionsintotheatmosphere,whichcontributestoclimatechange.That’swhyenvironment-mindedcompaniesaroundtheworldarecreatingappsforphones,tablets,andothersmartdevicesthatconnectuneatenfoodwithpeoplewhowantorneedit.

Afteralongdayatwork,Anne,a34-year-oldstudent,pullsouthersmartphoneandchoosesanoodledish－pastawithmushrooms.ThensheheadstoarestaurantonthebanksoftheSpreeRiver,wheretheownerpacksherdinnerandalsooffersherascoopoffreeicecream,whichisarewardforbringingherowncontainer.Indeed,therearemanyprogramsservingthesamemissionaroundtheworld.InAmerica,peopleareusinganappcalledFoodForAll.Onehourbeforearestaurantcloses,itsstaffcanpostleftovermealstotheappforupto80percentoffmenuprices.Theappalsoallowscustomerstodonateleftovermealstoothers.IntheNetherlands,77,000peoplehavedownloadedanappcalledNoFoodWasted.Thisprogramallowsgrocerystoreworkerstoshareproductsthatareapproachingtheirexpirationdateswithcustomerswhomightneedthem.Somecountriesaretakingtheircommitmenttoreducingfoodwasteastepfurther.FranceandCzechRepublic,forexample,havelawsthatprohibitrestaurantsandgrocerystoresfromthrowingawayfood.Instead,workersarerequiredtodonatethatfoodtocharity.Sothinkaboutiftheremightbeabetteruseofyouruneatenvegetables.Theplanetwillthankyou.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?A.RestaurantscanpostleftovermealsontheappFoodforAll.B.Appsaredesignedconnectingleftoverfoodwithpeopleinneed.C.Storessharefoodapproachingtheirexpirationdateswithcustomer.D.It’spopularforpeopletobuyfoodthatmightotherwisebethrownaway.三、文章标题

AFromnowon,neverspendyourprecioustimethinkingofreasonsforyourfailuresandshortcomings.Instead,realizethattheseedsofsuccesswereplantedwithinyouwhenyouwereborn.Onlyyouhavethepowertomakethoseseedsgrow.Theseeds,andthepowertogrowthem,

arecontainedinthemostawesomemachineevercreated：thehumanmind.Successisachoiceandnotachance.Youwerebornawinner.Youwerebornrich.Youcanbeasuccessifonlyyoumaketherightchoice.Youcannotbesuccessfulwithoutfirstdevelopingyourself-esteem.Yourlevelofself-esteemisalwaysbasedonthedegreeofcontrolthatyouareabletoexerciseoveryourself,andthusoveryourlife.Peoplewithlowself-esteemarepeoplewhodonotbelievethattheyhaveanypower,orresponsibilityfortheirlives.Theyaretheperennial(长期的)victimsandmartyrs.Theyareleavestossed(摇摆)bythewindsofchanceblownaboutwithanysuddenchangeintheweather.

Youcanexercisecontroloveryourlifeonlytothedegreethatyoubelievethatyouareresponsibleforeverythingthathappensinyourlife.Failuresthinkthateverythinghappensbyaccidentandchance.Successfulpeoplerealizethattheyareresponsible.Everythinghappensasaresultofsomething.Ifwecanidentifythecause,wecancontroltheeffect.Weareresponsibleforwhatwechoosetothinkandbelieve.Onegenerallyrisestothelevelthatoneexpects.Weareresponsibleforsettingourexpectations.Oursuccessisdependentuponourlevelofconfidence.Ifyouassociatewithpositive-thinkingpeople,youaredefinitelygoingtoachievesuccess.Onthecontrary,theoppositehappens.Weareresponsibleforfinding,planting,andnurturingtheseedsthatcontainfuturevictory,bornfromsetbacks.Inshort,inallareasofyourlife,whethertheybefinancial,physical,emotional,orspiritual,youareresponsible.Onceyourecognizethis,acceptit,andfirmlybelieveit,youareontheroadtosuccess.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Successisachoice. B.Thesecretsofsuccess C.Developourconfidence D.Howtoachievesuccess.B

MywifeandIwereatacrowdedgrocerystorenotlongago.Itwasaweekdayevening,coldandwetandtense.Peoplewerecarelesslyblockingaisles,complainingandcuttingoneanotheroffwiththeircarts.Atonepoint,twowomenquarreledforseveralminutesaftercollidinginthefreezersection.Thingsgotworseatthecheckoutline.Thecashierscannedaman’sdiscountcard,buthemisreadthesavingsonherscreenasanadditionalcharge.Hedecidedshewasactingintentionallyandbegantoargue.Othercustomerslookedawayasthecashiertriedtoreasonwithhim.Shecalledamanager,whotookhimtocustomerservice.Shaken,shemovedtothenextcustomerinline.We’veallwitnesseduncomfortablesceneslikethisinpublicplaces.MyreactionwhenIseethemisbothpersonalandprofessional.Iamadataanalystandsociologistwhostudieshowandwhypeopleinteractwithoneanother--orwhytheychoosenotto.Tome,thegroceryscenewasanotherexampleofhowourtrustinothershasfaded.Butitwasalsoateachablemomentonhowwecanrebuildourfaith—startingwithjustoneperson.Therefore,mywifeandIreachedthedisturbedcashier.Igrabbedabottleofwaterfromanearbycoolerandhandedittoher.WelearnedhernamewasBeth.“Wefeltbadabouthowthatmantreatedyouandwantedtobuythisforyou.”Isaid.Beth’sfacelitup,andwetalkedasshescannedouritems.Shetoldusshehadbeenworkingthateveningthroughseverefootpainandwouldbehavingsurgerylaterthatweek.Wewishedherwellinherrecovery,andshethankedusasweleft.Thatisthebalancingact,themomentofrespondingsocialandemotionalpainwithhealing,thatwilladduptorestoretrustacrosstheUnitedStates.Youcanstartthatpatterninsomeoneelse’slife,eveninaplaceasordinaryastheneighborhoodgrocerystore.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AMiserableCashier. B.AHelpingHand.C.LearningtoTrustAgain. D.Startinganewlife.C

HenryStanleyisperhapsbestknownforhisexpeditionintoAfricatofindDr.DavidLivingstone,butthat’snottheonlyrescuemissionheundertook.InDecember1886,StanleysetoffintoAfricaonwhatwouldbehislastjourney:anattempttofindandbringhomeaGermanzoologistnamedEduardSchnitzer.Schnitzerhadtakenthename“EminPasha,”inanattempttobebetterreceivedbythosehewaslivingamong.Pashawascatalogingahostofrecently-discoveredplantandanimallifeformswhenfightingbrokeoutintheSudan.PashawithdrewtoEquatoria,ataboutthesametimetheEminPashaReliefCommitteewasformed.InadditiontothechiefgoalofbringingPashahome,StanleywasalsounderordersfromtheKingofBelgiumtoopenupsomenewtraderoutesinthearea.

TheroundaboutroutetheCommitteeendeduptakingmeantthatbythetimetheyfinallyfoundPashamanymembersoftheexpeditionweredead.Thosethatdidsurvivewereworn,ill,andstarvingbythetimetheyfoundPashawho,incomparison,waswell-dressed,clean,and—bysomeaccounts—smokingathree-year-oldcigarwhentheyfinallyfoundhim.Hewasinneedofsomesupportandsupplies,buthehadneitherintentnordesiretoleavethearea.Argumentsarose,causingafirmhatredbetweenStanleyandPasha.Stanleyf