2006年英语修辞学 上海自学考试new

23/232006年4月英语修辞学Ⅰ.Fillineachblankwithanappropriatewordorphrase.Communicativerhetoric,whichemphasizes(1)________ofwordsandphrases,theselectionofsentencepatterns,organizingparagraphsandwholepiecesofwritinginsuchawaythatideasareexpressedmostclearly,mostaccuratelyandmostappropriatelyso(2)____________toachievethebestcommunication.Inmanycases,wordsmayfailtocommunicateclearlyforreasonsotherthanthattheyaredifficultorspecialized.Sometimeswefailtousewordsaccurately,select(1)_________theproperoneoronesomewhatlikeit.Thetrickinavoidingerrorsofthissortisnottosubmitapaperuntilyouhavecheckedeverywordwhosemeaningyou(2)_____________doubtabout.Goodwritingisclear,(1)______itpresentssimpleideas,butbecauseitpresentsideasinthemostappropriateformthesubjectrequires.Inabroadsensemostproblemsofdictionareproblemsofclarity.One’slapsesinthisrespectmyresultfromnot(2)________one’swordsasotherwillseethemandthustheyconveysameaningverydifferentfromwhatoneintends.Allthisindicatesthatby“general”,we(1)__________alargeclassorgroupofobjects,whereasby“specific”,werefertoamemberoftheclassorgroup.Abstracttermsmay(2)____________beclassifiedthatway,butthemainprincipleisapplicable.Wordsdonotsimplyaccompanyexperience;morefrequentlytheyaretheexperience,orareitsprimarycontent.Welivesurroundedby(1)______,insideandoutsideus.Itcanstrangleandsuffocateus,oritcanconnectandlink,strengthenandrenewus.Language,then,isfar(2)__________merecommunication;itisindeedakindofcreation.Ⅱ.DeterminewhetherthefollowingstatementsarecorrectornotbymakingineachbracketwithT(True)orF(False).1.Socialclass,regionaldialect,gender,andcontextaremostimportantsocialfactorsthataffectmeaningsofwords.[]2.Englishisalanguagewithalargevocabulary,whichoffersplentyofroomforwordchoice.Apartfromthelargenumber,theEnglishwordsarecharacterizedbytheircreativenessinformationandinflexibilityinmeaningandusage.[]3.Moststudentsreallydorecognizetheneedtoimprovetheirwritingskills.Theirattitudeisusuallyakindofresignedwillingness,fortheymustalreadyknowandagreewithSamuelJohnson’swords:“Whatiswrittenwithouteffortisingeneralreadwithpleasure.”4.Creativityrefersmainlytoproducingoriginalideas,whichconstitutestheessenceofanessay.Originalideascannotcomeoff-hand;theyaretheresultofextensiveandthorough-goingstudies.Newformsmayhaveasenseofcreativity,buttheyaresecondaryincomparisonwithideasandtheymustservetheneedoftheexpressionofideas.[]5.Onewaytomakeyourwritingorspeakingmoreinteresting,morevividandmoreeffectiveistousefiguresofspeech.Amongotherthings,theyhelpyouexplainabstractideasbycreatingcomparisonsorotherrelationshipsbetweentheabstractionandthoseconcreterealitieswhichreadersusuallyfindmoredifficulttorecognize.[]6.Everywritershouldknowthatthekindsofdetailsthatapieceofwritingcontainsdetermineswhetheritisunified,i.e.,aparagraphisunifiedifeachofitsideasrelatesdirectlyandunmistakablytoitscentralidea.[]7.Asanattributeoflanguage,vaguenessisoriginatedinpeople’sunderstandingandinterpretationoftheobjectiveworld,i,e.,thegeographicalterms“plateau”and“lowland”aredefinedrespectivelyas“anareaoflandthatislowerthanthelandaroundit”and“alargestretchoflevellandmuchhigherthanthelandaroundit”,andboth“higher”and“lower”areexact.[]8.Goodwritingdoesnotbelabortheobvious,doesnotusesixwordswherefourwilldo.Andnophoninesseitherwelikeawriterwhoisblunt,whocomesrighttothepointratherthantalkinglikeawitnessataSenatehearing.[]9.Thedistinctionbetweengeneraltermsandspecifictermsisrelativeratherthanabsolute.Forexample,“vehicle”isgeneralcomparedwith“automobile”orwith“motorcycle”,butspecificwhencomparedto“transport”or“meansoftransportation”;similarly,although“automobile”isspecificincomparisonwith“vehicle”,itisgeneralincomparisonwith“sports-car”.[]10.Withthedevelopmentofthemodernprintingindustryinthe19thcentury,rhetoriccametobeunderstoodastheabilitytowriteorspeakwell,usuallyinanornate,showymanner.Todaytherearestillpeopleequaterhetoricwiththeadoptionofunusualstylisticdevicesortheuseofspecialfiguresofspeechinspeakingorwriting.[]Ⅲ.MultipleChoices.1.OneoftheflowingdoestNOTbelongtothethreedevicespeopleusuallyusetomaketheirviewpointsandconvincing.A.Tosupportastatementwithappropriateevidence.B.Tomakeanabstractnotionsomewhatsubstantialbysomeverifiableormeasurableterms.C.TobeclosetothereadersandtrytoinfluencethemwithslantedexpressionsD.TOcomestraighttothepointwithoutcaringwhateffectyouwillbringtoothers2.PointoutthestatementthathasNOTHINGtodowithmaintaincoherence.A.Usesomelogicalmethodoforganization.B.Usetransitionaldevicestoconnectsentencesandparagraphs.C.Makeuseofmorequotationstoproveyourpoints.D.Repeatakeywordtoremindyourreaderoftheimportantpoint.3.ThethreeaestheticcriteriainEnglishRhetoricreferto________A.logos,pathosandethosB.form,meaninganduseC.fact,reasonandfeelingD.deduction,inductionandsyllogism4.Humancuriosityhasnostoppingpoint.Whenitfindsananswertoaquestion,itseeksanexplanationfortheanswer.Itacceptsnoprimaryprinciplesthatgoverntheuniverse,rather,it___________.A.isnotsatisfieduntilabsolutetruthsareestablishedB.seekssomethingstillpriorintheorderofnatureC.isnotcapableofperceivingthesubtletiesofnatureD.desiresnecessitytobethefoundationoftheworld5.Identifywhichofthefollowingpointsconcerning“rhetoricalquestion”isIRRELEVANT.A.Therhetoricalquestionisnotaquestion.B.Therhetoricalquestionisaquestionthatdoesnotrequireananswerfromthereader.C.Rhetoricalquestionsarefairlycommoninpersuasivewritingandinargumentation.D.Therhetoricalquestionisusedforsomerhetoricalpurposes.6.Singleoutthefigureof“Personification”usedinonethefollowingsentences.A.Itmustbedelightedtofindoneselfinaforeigncountrywithoutapennyinone’spocket.B.Ill-gottenwealthisapalacebuiltonthesand.C.Ill-gottenwealthisbutanevilfriend.D.Hisadoptedchildturnedouttobenothingbetterthanill-gottenwealth.7.Thestrongestformof“Irony”isfoundinSentence____________.A.That’sreallyatearfuljoy.B.“Howunselfishyouare!”saidElleninsarcasmasherbrothertookthebiggestpieceofcake.C.Itmustbedelightedtofindoneselfinaforeigncountrywithoutapennyinone’spockets.D.Paradoxicallyenough,thereshouldbesomanypoorpeopleinsucharichcountry.8.Theword“yellow”hasthefollowingconnotationsexcept__________.A.CowardlyB.WarningC.ColorD.Race9.OneofthefollowingpointsisINCORRECT.Itis___________.A.Thekeytofigurativeusesistomakethedistinctionbetweenwhatissaidandwhatisimplied.B.AccordingtoJacquelineBerke,“Thefirstqualityofgoodwritingiseconomy,”i.e.asentenceshouldcontainunnecessarywords,aparagraphunnecessarysentences,…”C.Whenonefindsitunnecessaryorunwisetobeveryaccurate,heorshemaymakedeliberateuseofvagueness,oneformofwhichiswhatpeopleusuallycall“tactfulexpressions”.D.Thedifferencebetweentherightwordandthealmost-rightwordisasgreatasthatbetweenlightningandthelightningbug.10.Thefollowingarecorrectprinciplesforwordchoiceexcept_______.A.Choosethewordthatwillconveyyourmeaningasexactlyaspossible.B.Usethesmallestnumberofwordsnecessarytosaywhatyouwanttosay.C.Neverhesitatetomakeuseofclichéssoastomakeyourwritinghighsounding.D.Tryvariouswaystomakeyourwritingvividandinteresting.Ⅳ.Rewriteeachofthefollowingasrequired.2.Wecouldhavedriventhereortakenataxi,unfortunatelyourcarbrokedownthatday,andwedidn’tdo.Note:Turnthepassageintoasoundsyllogism.3.Ishallneverforgetmyfirstexperience.Note:Makethesentencecomplete.4.JohnisoftheopinionthattheromanceandbeautyoftheriverwillreturnbackoncepollutionisgotridofaltogetherNote:Deletetheunnecessarywordssoastomakethesentenceneatanddirect..5.Thatisamostgloriousandveryold-fashionedtraditioninmyhometownwherepeoplestillsticktoit.Note:Change“oldfashioned”and“stickto”soastokeepinagreementwiththefavorablesenseof“glorious”.Ⅴ.Improveeachofthefollowingpassagesbymakinganynecessarychanges..1.IworryaboutwhetherIwillgetajob,andIamconvincedthatnewopportunitieswillopenupbeforetheendofspring.2.AmosWilderhasbeencalledbacktoteachatHarvardDivinitySchoolaftertenyearsretirementduetoacolleague’sillness.3.I’mdefinitelyoftheopinionthattherearesomepeoplewhoarereadyatalltimestogiveencouragementtoanyofhisfriendsexcepttheyarereallynotinthepositiontodosuchthings.4.Thefactofthematteristhattheofficedoesnothaveenoughfundsintheallotmenttomakeexpenditureontheprogramsofthisnature.Ⅵ.Answerthequestion.1.InterpretthesentenceinplainEnglish:Whatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave.2.Explaineachofthefollowingitems:DowningStreet:Hollywood:3.Explainthefigureofspeechusedinthefollowingpassage.I’vefinallyfiguredouthowgovernmentworks.TheSenategetsthebillfromtheHouse,thePresidentgetsthebillfromtheSenate,andwegetthebillforeverything.4.WhathaveyoulearnedaboutehfigurativeuseinEnglish?Questions:WhathaveBrooksandWoolensaidaboutrhetoricintheirbookModernRhetoric?Rhetoricistheartofusinglanguageeffectively.修辞学是有效地使用语言的艺术.2.Whathaveyoulearnedaboutthedifferencebetweengrammarandrhetoric?Grammarmapsoutthepossible;rhetoricnarrowsthepossibledowntothedesirableandeffective.3.DoyouagreewithJohnLockethatrhetoricisthescienceoforatory?4.Doyouthinkitimportanttostudyrhetoric?Why?Rhetoricistheartofusinglanguageeffectively.Tobeeffectiveincommunicationisofprimaryimportance.Rhetoriciscloselyrelatedtogrammarandalsobasedongrammar.Whatdoyouthinkaretheeffectiveapproachestostudyingrhetoric?Weshouldpaydueattentiontotherhetoricaltraditionswhichhavebeenhandeddownfromclassicalrhetoricalandfromalltherhetoricalmodesandtechniquesatehthreelevelsofrhetoricaloperations.Weshouldstudythem,andapplythemtoourpracticeofspeakingandwriting.Meanwhile,theaudienceandthecontextshouldbeborneinmindwhenweuseanyoneoftherhetoricalprinciplesandtechniques.Inordertoachievethebestresultsincommunication,onehastounderstandthepersonorpeoplebeingwrittenorspokento,anddowhatisappropriateforthatparticularoccasion.Thethirdprincipleisthatweshouldguardagainstthenegativeinfluenceofourmothertongue.Ⅱ.Fillineachblankwithasuitableword:Traditionalgrammarianshavealwaysbeenconcernedwith_______,butmeaningofarather________kind:verbtenses,clausalrelationships,kindsofnouns(________andproper,abstractand___________),andsoon.Descriptivegrammarianssetasidetheproblemof____________inordertoconcentrateonobservable__________andhowtheyoccurwithoneother.Theytalkintermsof__________meaningthatcanbeabstractedfrom_____________meaning,ofthegrammatical_______________ofTwasbrilling,andslithytoves/Didgyreandgambleinthewabe…Morerecently,_________,transformationallinguistshaveturnedbackto__________meaningbecausetheyhavesetastheirtaska__________ofhowsemanticcontentis“mapped”onto_____andphonological__________.ItwasAristotlewho,inthe___________centuryB.C.,firstdefinedrhetoricasthe____________ofpersuasion.InAthens,thenthecenterofwesterncivilization,greatorators,byexercisingtheir___________,gainedfollowingandsupport,andeventually,politicalpower.Withdevelopmentofprinting,rhetoriccametobeunderstoodastheabilityto_______orspeakwellinornate,showy________.Todaytherearestillpeoplewhoequate_________totheadoptionofstylisticdevicesortheuseof________orspeechinspeechorwriting.Nowadays,however,withthequickenedtempooflife,theincreased________onefficiencyandefficacy,andtheascendanceoftheideathatlanguagesare___________ofcommunication,moreandmorepeoplehavecometoregard____________astheartof_______________communication.Furthermore,rhetorictendstobeconnectedmorewith___________thanwithspeech,andmorewith____________writingthanwithverse.Insteadof“stages”,researcherstoday_________asGordonRohmanandJamesBritton___________tospeakofthe“phases”ofcomposition:planning,drafting,andrevising.(Somepeoplebreak_____________into“rewriting”and“editing”,_________theyuseoneoftheseterms____________.)Theproblemwith“steps”and______________toexplainthewritingprocessisthat____________isn’tlinear,(thoughreadingis.)______________recursive;likethe“phases”ofthemoon,its___________canberepeated._______________writingisn’tcircular,either.Itgoesbackandforth,__________alternatingcurrents.Weplain,we__________,werevise,we_______again,wewrite….Planningisthe“prewriting”phaseofthe________.Init,youlookforasubjectto___________about,conceiveideasaboutthat__________,gatherinformation,andbegintoselect__________fromagrowingmassofdata.Becauseitispartlyunconscious_______sorequirestimeforpercolating,thisisthe__________thatgetsslightedmostwhenyoustarta____________thenightbeforeitis_________.(Well,cometothinkofit,____________doesdraftingandmayberevising,___________.Theplanning______________istraditionallyconsideredthefindingphaseofcomposition;its__________businessisto“invent”asubjectinthesenseof“tocomeupon”.Themain__________ofthesecond,or_____________,phaseispresentation.Herethe____________orderswhatsheisdiscoveringintoa___________comprehensibletootherpeople.Butshegoeson_______,too.Inthe_______phase,revision,thewriterisnotsomuch___________asreorderingwhatshehasto__________.Asweknow,“pretty”and“handsome”aresynonymsbutoftenusedindifferentcollocations.Forinstance,theybothcanbeusedtomodifyboysbutnotgirls,andyouhavea_____________colorbuta____________overcoat.(handsome,pretty)Inthesentence“OutintheWestwheremenweremen”,the_________(first,second)“men”isusednotinthesenseof“meningeneral”but“menwithcourage,firmness”.Whenyousay“Billdeliveredalengthyapologyandgainedhissuit”,youmeanhemadealong__________(justification,excuse).–Waiter!--Yes,sir.--What’sthis?--It’s_________soup,sir.--Nomatterwhatit’s____________.Whatisitnow?(been,bean)8.Therealcauseofbadrelationsbetweenthebrotherandsisteristheshortageof___________.(alternativeaccommodation,otherflats/rooms/houses)9.Thephrase“gettothefirstbase”inthesentence“Ifyoudon’tdressneatly,youwon’tgettothefirstbase”means_____________.“makeasuccessfulstart”,“obtainthebestopportunity”)10. Fillineachblankwithoneoftheverbs:move,roll,run,spin,turn,whirl:Todayitcanbesaidthatwheels____________America.Thefourrubbertiresoftheautomobile_________________Americathroughworkandplay.Wheels__________,andpeopledriveofftotheirjobs.Tires_________,andpeopleshopfortheweek’sfoodatthebigsupermarketdownthehighway.Hubcaps______________,andthewholefamilyspendadayatthelake.Eachyearmorewheelscrowdthehighwaysas10millionnewcars__________outofthefactories.OneoutofeverysixAmericansworksatassemblingcars,drivingtrucks,buildingroads,orpumpinggas.Americawithoutcars?itisunthinkable.Onewaytoachieve__________varietyistomoveadjunctphrases_______manner,place,ortimeto______________beginningofthesentence.Youcan___________othersentencestructuresaswell:to_____________specialemphasis,toachievegreaterclarity,to_____________monotonyoftoomany_________sentences.Youcalalsoprovideclarifyingorcolorful___________byaddingmodifierstoelementsofthe_____________orthepredicate,ortothe___________asawhole.Thelatterthe___________ofmodifierstoasimplesentence______________servesasthebaseclause_______________anexpandedsentence—canbeaccomplishedintwoways.___________istopileupmodifiersbeforethe________clause,resultinginwhatisusually___________aperiodicsentence,atinthis_____________wherethebaseclauseisitalicized.Whenthestudentshaveleft,andwhenfewstaffmembersarearound,thecampusisserenelybeautiful.Anotherwaytoaddsentence__________istostatethebaseclause___________,thenpileupmodifiersafterit:Theyweresilentandintent,facingthewind,feathersruffling,eyesturnedupward.Asentenceinthisformiscalledacumulative(orloose)__________;mostsentencesfollowthispattern,perhaps___________weusuallythinkofthemainidea_______________.Expandedorcomplexsentencesare__________inallkindsofwriting.AccordingtoWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,theword“rhetoric”canbedefinedinvariousways.Onthe(1)_________side,itcanrefertotheartofexpressivespeechofdiscourse,includingthestudyofprinciplesandrulesofcompositionformulatedby(2)__________critics(asAristotleandQuintilian)andinterpretedbyclassicalscholarsforapplication,ortheartandpracticeofwritingorspeakingasmeansofcommunication(3)__________persuasiveormovingpower;Onthenegativeside,however,rhetoricmayalsomeanartificialeleganceoflanguagediscoursewithoutconvictionorearnestfeeling.Historically,rhetoricusedtobeappliedonlytooralexpression,constitutingmainlythespeechcraft(4)_________courtargumentations.Thisoralnatureofrhetoriccouldbetracedbacktothe4thcenturyBC,duringthetimeofAristotleinGreece,anditremainedsoall(5)______theMiddleAges.Theshiftofemphasisfromtheoralsidetothewritteninrhetoricwasbroughtaboutbythegreatdevelopmentofprintinginthe19thcenturyandsotheoldrhetoricalprinciplesandtechniquesinspeechwherenaturallyadapted(6)_________writtenliteratureaswell.Rhetoricinvolvespracticingthemost(1)________meansorstrategiesforinforming(2)_______________persuadinganaudience.Allwriting,(3)_______technicalorbusinesswriting,is(4)“____________.”Decidingwhattowrite,(5)_______towriteit,howbestto(6)___________yourreader’sattention,andhowto(7)___________orpersuadeyourreaderrequirescreativity(8)___________imagination.Everyfieldofstudyrequirestheskills(9)__________writingcoursesteach:exploringnewideas,(10)_____________conceptsandprocesses,communicatingwithothers,(11)______findingfreshorcreativesolutionsto(12)_____________.Grammaristhelawof(1)___________language,consideredaslanguage;rhetoric(2)______________theartofthelanguage,considered(3)___________thought.Grammartellswhatis(4)_________;rhetorictellswhatiseffective(5)_________pleasing.Emotionalfallaciesappealdirectly(1)__________thehumanfrailties(2)__________theaudience:some(3)_____theirprejudices,some(4)___________theirvanity,some(5)________________theirnationalpride,others(6)________theirdesiretoemulatepeopletheyadmire.Because(7)________this,theyexertgreatpersuasiveforce.Thesefallaciesshouldbeavoided(8)__________writing(9)_________essentiallythesamereasonthatyoushunslanting:theydeceiveyourreaders.Rememberhowoftenyouhavefeltcheatedbecauseanadvertiserconvincedyoutobuyanexpensive,ineffectiveproduct(10)_________playing(11)________yourdesiretobeattractive(12)__________theoppositesex.Usingsuchtactics(13)___________argumentcanonlyhaveshort-rangeeffectiveness;yourcommitmentshouldbetomakealastingimpression(14)_______yourreaders.Ininformalsituations,we(1)__________overgeneralizefromthefacts:“She’s(2)_________ontime”;“Advertisingis(3)__________apackoflies.”Alittleconsiderationshowsusthat(4)_______realityall-or-none,black-or-whitesituationsarerare;realityis(5)_______accuratelydescribedintermsoffinershadings(6)________degrees.Mostreadersareawareofthis,and(7)________theywillacceptandmakestatementslikethe(8)_________uncriticallyenoughinconversations,theyaresuspiciousofthemin(9)__________.Beespeciallycautiousinusingterms(10)_______________“all”,“always”,“everybody”.“nobody”,“never”,“none”,“only”and“most”.(11)__________makingsuchall-inclusivestatements,make(12)_________thattheyarejustified.Ifthereareexceptions(13)_______tosomeassertionyoumake,modifyyourlanguagetomakeit(14)_____________accurate.Don’tsaythat(15)_________youngpeoplehavesuchandsuch(16)_________disadvantage:“some”or“many”mightbemore(17)___________.Beforeyousaythatalmostall(18)__________schoolsinthatareahaveverypooreducationalfacilities,(19)______________fromsomereliablesourcewhethermore(20)_______80percentactuallydo;otherwiseyouarenot(21)_________justifiedinsayingit.Keepinmind(22)__________theEnglishvocabularyprovidesyouwith(23)______________wealthofqualifyingterms(some,few,often,tonameonlyafew)andchoosethosethat(24)____________accuratelydescribethenumber,extent,andfrequency(25)_________thefactsyouareasserting.Thewholeaudiencewas___________(affected,infected)byhersadstoryandmanyburstintotears.The_________(preceding/proceeding)messagewas_____________(broughtto/brought)usbyGeneralMotors.____________(Despite/inspiteof)our__________arguement/argument),theyremained___________(unyeilding/unyielding).Ican’t_____________(accept/except/receive)yourpointofview,norcanIfollowyour________(advice/advise/advisory)It’s__________(unbelieveable/unbelievable)thattheproblemofnuclearpowergenerationshouldnotbe___________(resolvable/resolveable).Inthesentence“Therewassomethingominousinhishideousgrin”,theword“ominous”means_________(auspicious,inauspicious),fortheword“inauspicious”issynonymouswith“baleful”,“portentous”or“perilous”.Thecumulativesentencebegins(1)____________theindependentclause,whichmarks(2)_______grammaticalheartofthesentence.(3)______________,oncetheessentialsofthe(4)_____________(main)clausehavebeenstated,(5)___________writeraddsdetailsinmuchthe(6)_________wayapaintermightadddetails(7)______aninitialsketch.Thesedetailscan(8)__________consideredasfurtherrefinementsofthe(9)________idea.Theyareprovidedinnumerous(10)_____________,principallybyaddingphrasesanddependent(11)____________.Inaperiodicsentence,some(1)_________alloftheindependentclause(2)___________heldbackuntilthevery(3)___________ofthesentence.Whilebothcumulative(4)_____________periodicsentencescontaindescriptivephrasesand(5)___________clauses,acumulativesentencecan(6)____________cutshortafterthemainclause(7)_________stillbegrammaticallycomplete,whereas(8)__________periodicsentencecannot,sincepart(9)_______themainclauseisat(10)_______________end.Onewaytoachieve(1)___________varietyistomoveadjunctphrases(2)manner,place,ortimeto(3)_________beginningofthesentence.Youcan(4)____________othersentenceelementsaswell:to(5)__________specialemphasis,toachievegreaterclarity,to(6)___________themonotonyoftoomany(7)______________sentences.Youcanalsoprovideclarifyingorcolorful(8)____________byaddingmodifierstoelementsofthe(9)____________orthepredicate,ortothe(10)____________asawhole.Thelatterthe(11)_____________ofmodifierstoasimplesentence(12)________________serveasthebaseclause(13)__________anexpandedsentencecanbeaccomplishedintwoways.(14)_________________istopileupmodifiersbeforethe(15)___________clause,resultinginwhatisusually(16)____________aperiodicsentence,andanotherwaytoaddsentence(17)_____________istostatethebaseclausefirst,thenpile(18)________modifiersafterit,thusyouhaveacumulative(orloose)sentence.Aapproachtovariationinwritingischangingsentence(1)__________,whichreferstoaskillfularrangementof(2)____________andlongsentences.Ofcourseitis(3)_____________necessarytomaintainastrictalterationof(4)__________andshort,norevendesirable.You(5)___________onlyanoccasionalbriefsentenceto(6)____________thepaceofpredominantlylongones,(7)_________alongsentencenowand(8)____________inapassagecomposedchieflyofshort(9)___________.Whenyoubeginaparagraph,you(1)_______acommitmenttothereader.(Oftenthat(2)_______________isimpliedinthetopicsentence.)(3)__________commitmentisyourpromiseofwhat(4)_______paragraphwillbeabout.Everyunified(5)_________willhaveonlyonesuchcommitment.(6)__________goodwinter,however,knowsthathe(7)_________shemustelaborateonthatopening(8)_________.Goodwritersbuildontheopeningstatement(9)____________offeringadditionalreasons,additionalcomments,(10)_________additionalexamples.Sometimestheseadditionalwill(11)__________ofonlyonetype(e.g.,ex