医学英语医英immunesystem课件

Lymphatic/ImmunesystemGangXINDepartmentofMicrobiologyandImmunologySmallpoxdeathsofanestimated

300to500million

peopleEdwardJenner1749-1823"Father"ofImmunology1979.10.26TheannouncementbytheWHOthatsmallpoxwasthefirstdiseasethathadbeeneradicatedworldwidebyaprogramofvaccinationLouisPasteur1822-1895The“Father”oftheModernMicrobiologyVaccines:1880,chickencholera1881,anthrax1885,rabiesconsciouslyimmunesystemWhatisit?Whereisit?Howdoesitwork?Whatisimmunity?immunityImmunesystemImmuneresponseImmunologyImmunologistImmunodeficiencyImmunocompromisedIMMUNITY←←IMMUNIS(EXEMPT)Latin:ProtectionfromlegalprosecutionNow,inmedicalterms:freeofdisease.HIVandAIDSHIV-humanimmunodeficiencyvirusAIDS-acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromeARC:AIDS-relatedcomplexARCis"A

prodromal

phaseofeffectsphaseofinfectionwithHIV.Symptomscanincluderecurringfever,unexplainedweightloss,swollenlymphglands,diarrhea,orfungalinfectionofthemouth.CandidainfectionsOpportunityInfectionandCancerFungal,bacterial,viralandprotozoalinfectionThemostfrequentopportunistictumour,Kaposi'ssarcoma,isobservedin20%ofpatientswithAIDS.MalignantlymphomasarealsofrequentlyseeninAIDSpatients.Kaposi’ssarcomaKaposi'ssarcomaontheskinofanAIDSpatient.

lymphomaFunctionsofImmunesystemimmunedefencedefenseagaistinfectiousdiseasesimmunesurveillancekillcancercellsimmunehomeostasis

maintaininternalequilibrium

ImmuneorgansCentralimmuneorgansThesiteofgeneration,differentiationandmaturationoflymphocytesincludingbonemarrowthymusBonemarrowHematopoieticstemcellMyeloidprogenitorLymphoidprogenitorFunctions:ThesiteofgenerationofallcirculatingbloodcellsThesiteofBcellmaturationhemo-+G.

poiēsis,

amaking

PeripheralimmuneorgansandtissuesThesitewherelymphocytesareresidentandresponsetoforeignantigensLymphnodesSpleenMALT(mucosal-associatedlymphoidtissue)SALTLymphnodesLymphnodes-Smallbean-shapedglandsLymph-fluidwithinlymphaticvesselsLymphaticvessel-LymphnodesMajorgroupsoflymphnodesarelocatedinthetonsils,armpits,neck,groinandmediastinum.Functions:FilterharmfulsubstancesfromthetissuesJohn,15/Mtoothachesinleftsideoffaceonedaylaterneckalsostartedtohurt(onlyontheleftside)aftertakingthepenicillinfor2days,toothhasforthemostpartstoppedhurtingandfacedoesn'tachenearlyasmuchhisneckseemsmoreswollen.atoothabscessandlymphnodeswereswollenimmunesystemisworkingovertimefightingtheabscess

SitesforLymphNodesName Location DrainsfluidfromAxillary Armpits ArmsCervical

Neck HeadandneckInguinal

Groin LegsandpelvisMediastinal

Chest WithinchestcavitySpleenintheupperleftabdomenFunctions:majorsiteofimmuneresponsetoblood-borneantigensFiltersoutanddestroysoldredbloodcells,recyclingtheironMALT(mucosal-associatedlymphoidtissue)Tonsil（扁桃体）,Peyer’spatch（派氏集合淋巴结）,appendix（阑尾）GALT(Gut)NALT(nasal)BALT(bronchial)Functions:LocalimmuneresponseSecretoryIgA(sIgA)ImmunecellsHematopoieticstemcellMyeloidprogenitorLymphoidprogenitorLympoid:Tlymphocyte;Blymphocyte;NaturalkillercellMyeloid:neutrophil;basophil;eosinophil;monocyte;redbloodcellNeutrophilAlsocalledpolymorphonulcear(PMN)leukocyte.ThemostabundantpopulationofcirculatingWBCsandtheearliestphagocyticcellstoappearinthebacterialinfectionFunctions:phagocytosis,intracellularkilling,inflammationandtissuedamage.Neutrophils

phagocytosisMonocytesandmacrophagesAfterenteringintotissue,monocytesdifferentiateintotissuemacrophages.Playcentralrolesininnateandadaptiveimmunity,andareimportanteffectorcellsfortheeliminationofmicrobes.Functions:phagocytosis,intracellularandextra-cellularkilling,tissuerepair,antigenpresentationMonocytesandmacrophagesmacrophagesEosinophilscytoplasmicgranulesthatareeasilystainedbyeosinorotheraciddyes.associatedwithparasiticinfectionandallergicreactions.Basophils

cytoplasmicgranulesthatareeasilystainedbybasicdyes.associatedwithparasiticinfectionsandallergicreactions.TandBLymphocytesNaturalKiller(NK)cellsalsoknownaslargegranularlymphocytes(LGL)killinfectedandmalignantcellsMoleculesAntibodyComplementsCytokinesAntibody&ImmunoglobulinPlasmacellNeutralizationClassesofIgIgG;IgA;IgM;IgE;IgDComplementsystemcytokinesecretedproteinsthatworkasmediatorsofimmuneandinflammatoryreactions.Cytokinesprovideamechanismforcellsoftheimmunesystemto“talk”tooneanothertocoordinatearesponseHowdoestheimmunesystemwork?InnateandadaptiveimmunityFirstlineofdefense(nonspecific)secondlineofdefenseinnateimmunityBarriersTheskinisanimportantphysicalbarrierthatprotectstheentirebodyfromexternalpathogens.Theacidinthestomachservesasanaturalkillerordestroyerofpathogensthatenterthedigestivetract.circulatingcells(phagocytes，NKcells)bloodproteinsandcytokinesInnateandadaptiveimmunityAdaptiveimmunity3Phases,2TypesSpecificacquired57①

Recognition②

Activation③

EffectorHumoralimmunityCell-mediatedimmunityInnateandAdaptiveImmunityDose1Dose2:1monthDose3:6monthsHBVvaccine:61TheprimaryimmuneresponseFourphasesoftheprimaryresponse

alagphasewherenoantibodyisdetectedalogphaseinwhichtheantibodytiterriseslogarithmicallyaplateauphaseduringwhichtheantibodytiterstabilizesaphase(decline)duringwhichtheantibodyisclearedComparisonofPrimaryandSecondaryResponsesHighaffinity63PrimaryandSecondaryResponsesdiffersignificantlyThepropertiesoftheprimaryandsecondaryantibodyresponsesdiffer.Theprimaryresponsehasalonglagperiod,alogarithmicriseinantibodyformation,ashortplateau,andthenadecline.IgM

isthefirstantibodyclassproduced,followedbyagradualswitchtootherclasses,suchasIgG.Thesecondaryresponsehasashorterlagtime,amorerapidlogarithmicphase,

alongerplateauphase,andaslowerdeclinethantheprimaryresponse.MostlyIgG

andotherisotypesareproducedinthesecondaryresponseratherthanIgM,andtheaverageaffinityofantibodyproducedishigher.Naturalimmunityoccursthroughcontactwithadisease.

Artificial:contrivedbyartratherthannature

Artificial/naturalimmunizationPassive/activeimmunityPassiveimmunityResultswhenapersonreceivesprotectivesubstancesproducedbyanotherhumanoranimalActiveimmunityDevelopsimmunityfollowingdirectexposuretopathogenlocaltreatmentofthewoundvaccinationadministrationofrabiesimmunoglobulinpost-exposure

prophylaxisLymphaticsystemLymphaticandimmunesystemLymphaticSystemNetworkofvesselsthatpicksupexcesstissuefluid,cleansesit,andreturnsittocirculatorysystemPicksupfatsabsorbedbydigestivesystemImmuneSystemFightsdiseaseandinfections

LymphaticsystemThelymphaticsystemconsistsofaconductingnetworkoflymphaticvessels,lymphaticorgansandlymph.Themajor(encapsulated)lymphaticorgansarethelymphnodes.AnatomyandPhysiologyFirst,removesexcesstissuefluidCollectsexcesstissuefluidthroughoutbodyPurifiesitasitpassesthroughsystemReturnsittocirculatorysystemAnatomyandPhysiologySecond,lymphvesselsaroundthesmallintestineassistwithfatabsorptionPicksupabsorbedfatsDeliverstocirculatorysystemTheselymphvesselsarecalledlacteals(乳糜管)AnatomyandPhysiologyThird,lymphaticandimmunesystemsworktogetherFormagroupofcells,tissues,organs,&moleculesDefenseagainstpathogensIncludingforeigninvadersandowncellsthathavebecomediseasedLymphatic&ImmuneCombiningFormsadenoid/o adenoidsimmun/o protectionlymph/o lymphlymphaden/o lymphnodelymphangi/o lymphvesselLymphatic&ImmuneCombiningFormspath/o diseasesplen/o spleenthym/o thymustonsill/o tonsils tox/o poison-globulin globalproteinWordBuildingwith

adenoid/o&immun/o–ectomyadenoidectomysurgicalremovalofadenoids–itisadenoiditisinflammationofadenoids–logistimmunologistimmunityspecialistlymphadenectomysurgicalremovalofalymphnode;donetotestformalignancyormetastasisLymphatic&ImmuneVocabularyallergenantigencausinganallergicreactionallergistphysicianwhospecializesintestingforandtreatingallergiesallergyhypersensitivitytoacommonsubstanceautoimmunediseasediseaseresultingfromimmunesystemattackingitsownbodyisifapathogen;examplesincluderheumatoidarthritisandsystemiclupuserythematosusLymphatic&ImmuneVocabularyhivesappearanceofwhealsaspartofallergic