passage OF UNIT 3现代大学英语第四册

TextofUnit32/6/2023StructureofthetextPart1(para.1)about:Theauthor’spropositionofthegeneralpracticeofthinking. Part2(paras.2-21)about:Theauthor’sanalysisoffivenon-rationalfactorsinthedeterminationofpeople’sopinions.Part3(paras.22-25)about:Theauthorencouragesreaderstodiscoverthefacts,tothinkinaclear,freshandrationalwaytillgetthetruth.StructureoftheTextManderlistsfivesourcesformanyofourgroundlessbeliefs：1)Resultofearlyenvironment；2)Parroting；3)Self-interest；4)Sentimentalassociations；5)Fashion．Para1.L1:

Infuturewearegoingtofollowthepractice—untilitbecomesahabit—ofclassifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgrounds.ground:(usu.pl.)thefoundation/underlyingconditionforanargument,abelief,oranaction;acauseorgoodreasonforsth.e.g.Nposition:n.astatementexpressinganopinion观点，见解，主张e.g:Thepropositionissoclearthatitneedsnoexplanation.注意：propositionpreposition(介词)

Probablyweshallbeastonishedatthenumberofpropositions

metwithineverydaylife

whichweshallfinditnecessarytoclassasgroundless.tobeastonishedat;tobesurprisedat;tobealarmedat;tobeamazedat;tobeastoundedatmetwith:encountered;experiencedclassas:classifyastoregardas;todescribeas;toacceptas;toviewas;toconceiveas;torecognizeasPara1.L4:Para1.L6Theyrestuponmeretradition,oronsb’sbareassertionunsupportedbyevenashadowofproof…restupon:tobebasedon;depend/relyon基于,以...为基础bareassertion:strongstatementswithoutthesupportofproofashadowof:theslightesttraceof一丁点,少许e.g.Ashadowofasmiletouchedhismouth.Thereisnotashadowofjustificationforyourbehavior.Sheknewbeyondashadowofdoubtthathewaslying..

bare:

a.naked;notcoveredwithorprotectedbyanything;empty;justefficient,mere…e.g.barearm/feet/wall/necessities/facts

thebarebranchesofwintertrees

Thefridgewascompletelybare.

Phrases:withyourbarehands:

withoutweaponsortoolsbareyoursoul:

totellyourdeepestandmostprivatefeelingsbareyourteeth:

toshowyourteethinafierceand

threateningway

barefaced:a.showingthatyoudonotcareaboutoffendingsb.oraboutbehavingbadlye.g.abarefacedliePara2,L3

Ithasnowbecomeoneofourregularhabitsofthought.Perhapssomebody-somewhere-sometimetoldusacertainthing,andquiteuncriticallyweacceptedandbelievedit.uncritically:ad.inawaythatisunwillingtocriticizesb./sth.ortojudgewhethersb./sth.isrightorwrong不愿批评地,不置可否地,不得罪人地e.g:Heacceptedherdicissionsuncritically.同根词：criticize,v批评,评论critical,v批评的,关键的criticism,n批评,评论Para3,L1

ButifthestaunchestRomanCatholicandthestaunchestPresbyterianhadbeenexchangedwhen(theyare省略形式)infants,andiftheyhadbeenbroughtupwithhomeandallotherinfluencesreversed(为独立主格结构，作状语),wecanhadverylittledoubtwhattheresultwouldhavebeen.句中，两个if均引导虚拟假设条件句，对过去的情况进行假设staunch：a.strongandloyalinsb.'sopinionsandattitude坚定的,忠实的e.g:HeisastaunchChristian.staunchlyad.坚定地,忠实地staunchnessn.坚定,忠实Para3,L3

It

isconsistentwithallourknowledgeofpsychology

toconcludethateachwouldhavegrownupholdingexactlytheoppositebeliefs

tothoseheholdsnow…

beconsistentwithsth.与...一致:Whatyousaynowisconsistentwithwhatyousaidlastweek.

beinagreement/harmonywithsth

2/6/2023Para3.L7If

wehadgrownupinacommunitywherepolygamyorhead-hunting,orinfanticide,orgladiatorialfighting,ordueling,wasregardedasthenormalandnaturalthing—thenweshouldhavegrownuptoregarditas“obviously”naturalandperfectlymoralandproper.

polygamy：一夫多妻制head-hunting：割取敌人头颅作为战利品infanticide：杀婴罪,杀婴犯gladiatorialfighting：角斗士格斗dueling：决斗2/6/2023Para4.L2

Wecontinuedoingit,moreorlessunconsciouslyallourlives:hence,totakeonlythemoststrikingexamples,theenormousinfluenceofnewspapersandtheeffectivenessofskilfuladvertising.striking:1.interestingandunusualenoughtodrawattention引人注目的,异乎寻常的,显著的astrikingfeature显著的特征2.verycharming,ofteninanunusualway妩媚动人的，标致的，俊秀的strikinggoodlooks姣好的面容strikev.罢工,给...印象,碰撞strikinglyad.引人注目地,妩媚动人地Muchof

whatpassesassuch

isnot,strictly,thinkingatall.Itisthemere“parroting”ofideaspickedupbychanceandadoptedasourownwithoutquestion.Mostpeople,mostofthetime,aremereparrots.whatpassesassuch:

whatpeopletakeasthinkingpassas=passfor:beacceptedase.g.Hespeaksthelanguagesowellhecouldeasilypassas/forGerman.parrot:

n.

鹦鹉;onewhoimitatesthewordsoractionsofanother,especiallywithoutunderstandingthem

v.torepeatwhatsb.elsehassaidwithoutthinkingaboutwhatitmeans

2/6/2023Para4.L5

Itisthemere“parroting”ofideaspickedupbychanceandadoptedasourownwithoutquestion.Para4.L6

Butas

weleavechildhood,wetendtoacceptonlysuchnewideasas

fitinwiththeideaswealreadyhold;andallconflictingideasseemtous“obviously”absurd.tendto:趋于Recentlawshavetendedtogivemorefreedomtothepress.fitinwith:与...合得来,适应Dotheseplansfitinwithhisarrangements?

Ifwetendtoacceptsuchnewideasasfitinwiththeideaswealreadyhold,theyare,strictlyspeaking,nolongernewideas.Thereforeitisoftenthecasethatwhenwesaywearethinking,wearereallyrearrangingourdeeply-rootedprejudices.

Thedogmamaynotbethatofanyparticularindividual:itmaybeadogmaticstatementwhichhasbeenpassedfromonepersontoanother,fromgenerationtogeneration,perhapsforhundreds—perhapsforthousands—ofyears.(para5)

Dogma:n.教条，信条Dogmatic:adj.教条的，武断的Dogmatically:adv.教条的，武断的Inthatcase,itispartofoursocialinheritancefromsomeperiodinthepast.(para5)Incase

conj.万一；假使inthecaseof

至于，在…的情况下incaseof

万一；如果发生；假设inthiscase

既然这样，假若这样inanycase

无论如何inthatcase

既然那样insomecase

在某种情况下specialcase

特例，特殊情况innocase

决不particularcase

特例；特定情况ineachcase

在不同情况下Butweshouldfullyfacethefactthatbeliefswhicharemerelyinheritedfromthepastmusthaveoriginatedatatimewhenmanknewmuchlessthantheyknewtoday.Sothefactthatabeliefis“old”isnoargumentinitsfavor.(para5)Initsfavor对它有利infavorof

有利于；支持；赞同domeafavor

帮个忙好么；给我点面子inyourfavor

以你方为受益人haveafavor

劳驾；请您帮个忙Butweshouldadmitthatthebeliefspassedontousbyourancestorsarebasedonthelimitedknowledgeoftheoldtime.Theirbeliefsmustbelackofstrongsupportssinceitiscertainthatweknowmuchmorethanourancestorsdid.Therefore,weshouldnotadoptabeliefjustbecauseitisold.Weneedespeciallytobeonourguardwhenwecomeacrosspropositionswhichseemtobe“obviously”true.(para6)Beonsb.’sguard警惕；提防；警戒Beonyourguard—therearemanythieveshere.Onguard站岗；执勤Offguard不警惕；不提防；不警戒Whenwefindourselvesentertaininganopinionaboutwhichthereisafeelingthateventoenquireintoitwouldbeabsurd,unnecessary,undesirable,orwicked–wemayknowthatthatopinionisanon-rationalone.(para7)find

ourselvesentertaining:

torealizethatoneisunconsciouslydoingsthEntertainv.心存，怀有（想法、感觉等）

toentertainadoubt/suspicion

持怀疑态

entertainanidea

考虑一个主意

entertainfewillusions

几乎不抱幻想Weentertaindoubtstowardshimbecauseofhisunusualbehavior.enquireinto:

tofindoutmoreinformationabout;toinvestigateWemustenquirefurtherintothematter.wicked:

morallybad;evil;inSpokenEnglishitcanmeanmischievous

Whenwefindthatwehavetheveryfeelingthatourcertainopinionissuretobetrueandthatweshouldnotquestionitsvalidityandthatifwedosoitwouldseemveryridiculous,needless,objectionable,orevenevilofus,weshouldcometotheconclusionthatthisopinionisnotarationalonesincearationalopinionisonethatisopentoquestionandchallenge.Whenwearetemptedtosaythatanygeneraltruthisso“obvious”thatitwouldbeabsurdeventoquestionit,weshouldrememberthatthewholehistoryofthedevelopmentofhumanthoughthasbeenfullofcasesofsuch“obvioustruths”breakingdownwhenexaminedinthelightofincreasingknowledgeandreason.(para8)temptsbtodosth

引诱temptsb.fromsth.诱使某人离开某事；引诱某人放下某事

odoingsth.引诱某人做某事In(the)lightofsth考虑到；鉴于inthelightofexperience

根据经验Inthelight

offurtherresearch,hechangeshisplan.Breakdown:toceasetobeuseful,tofailtofunctionForinstance,foragesnothingcouldhaveseemedmoreobvious,moreutterlybeyondquestionthanthepropositionthatslaverywasnatural,reasonable,necessary,andright..(para8)Beyondquestion毫无疑问；毋庸置疑Hishonestyisbeyondquestion.Withoutquestion\outofquestion毫无疑问Outofthequestion不可能；不允许；不值得讨论Thereisnodoubt\beyonddoubt毫无疑问Againformorethantwothousandyears,itwas“impossibletoconceive”theplanetsasmovinginpathsotherthancircles.（para9）Conceivev.想出；（主意；计划等）；想象；构想；设想Heconceivedanewplanveryquickly.Conceivableadj.可想象的；可信的Conceptn.概念；观念Conceptionn.构想

Otherthan:Ihavenoambitions

other

than

tohaveahappylifeandbefree.Furthermore,forovertwothousandyears,itwas“impossibletothink”thattheplanetsmovinginpathsinsteadofcircles.Theage-longstruggleofthegreatestintellectsintheworldtoshakeoffthatassumptionisoneofthemarvelsofhistory.（para9）Shakeoff摆脱Hewentoutforawalktoshakeoffhisdepression.Getridofsb.\sth.摆脱；丢弃；扔掉Beridofsb.\sth.摆脱

Ittookmanyscientistsofgreatestlearninghundredsofyearstostruggleagainsttheassumptionthattheplanetsmovedincircles.Thesuccessofgettingridofthatassumptionisoneofthemiraclesinhumanhistory.ThestrugglebetweentheRomanCatholicChurchand17th-centuryItalianphysicistandastronomerGalileohasbecomesymbolicoftheclashbetweenauthorityandintellectualfreedom.

Galileorefusedtoobeyordersfrom

Rome

toceasediscussionsofhistheoriesandwassentencedtolifeimprisonment.Itwasnotuntil1992thatapapalcommissionacknowledgedthatthechurchwaswrong.

Manymodernpersonsfinditverydifficulttocreditthefactthatmencanevenhavesupposedotherwise.(para10)creditthefact:

believethefactCredit

isthefruitofhumancivilization.otherwise:

differentlyManymodernpeoplearehardtobelievethatforsometimemenhadeverthoughttheywerethinkingwiththeirhearts.Yetitistruethattheancientpeoplereallythoughtinthatway.Thattheearthmustbeflat,formerlyseemedsoobviousandself-evidentthattheverysuggestionofanyotherpossibilitywouldhavebeen—andwas—regardedasajoke.（para11）

self-evident显而易见的；不言而喻的Itis

self-evident

thatwewillneverhaveenoughresourcestomeetthedemand.

Itwasfortwothousandyears“takenforgranted”as“obvious”thataheavyweightmustfallfasterthanalightone.Anassumedordogmaticpropositionwhichhadbeenuniversallyacceptedas“obvious;”andwhich,whenchallenged,wassupportedbyreferencetoadogmaofAristotle.（para.12）

Take

forgranted:认为理所当然；对……不予重视，不把……当回事It

will

help

you

better

understand

tenses,

prepositions,

and

allthe

other

parts

ofspeech

we

normally

take

for

granted.Thereare

three

things

in

life

that

cannotbetaken

for

granted

health,

wealth

andlove.

Take

them

for

granted

and

they

willbe

lost.词根：sume=take,表示"拿,取"同根词assume假装;假定,设想;承担;呈现,采取

(as加强动作+sume拿,取→拿住→认为是……[假定],承担)consuming强烈的,分量重的

(consume使着迷+ing……的→adj.强烈的,分量重的)presumable可假定的

(presume[v.假定,假设,认为,揣测,滥用,擅自行动]+able……的→adj.可假定的)resumable可恢复的

(resume恢复+able……的→adj.可恢复的)n.consumer消费者,用户

(consume消耗+er人→n.消费者,用户)v.consume消耗;吃完,喝光;[with]使着迷;烧毁

(con共同+sume拿,取→全拿完→消耗[完],沉迷于)resume再继续,重新开始;再用;恢复

(re再+sume拿,取→重新拿起→再用;恢复)UntilGalileoactuallydemonstratedthecontrary,nothingcouldhaveseemedmorebeyond

possibilityordoubt.(para.12)demonstrate:v.①.~sth.(tosb)证明，论证；示范，演示②.表达，表现，显露demonstrateaphilosophicalprinciple③.~(againststh)集会示威，游行示威demonstration

n.demonstratethecontrary:

toprovethatthecontraryistruebymeansofademonstrationbeyondpossibilityordoubt:beimpossibleorunquestionable

Itwasapropositionthathadbeenuniversallyacceptedasanobvioustruth.Wheneveritwaschallenged,itwouldbeprovedtruewiththestrongsupportofAristotle’stheory,oneofthemostfirmlyhelddogmas.ItwouldneverbequestionedordoubtediftherewasnoGalileowhoprovedthatthecontrarywastruebymeansofademonstration.Propositionswhichareacceptedblindly,withoutquestiononthegroundsofmereassumptionordogma,needtobefrankly

recognizedassuch.Progressinhumanthoughtseemsto

consistmainlyingetting

ridofsuchideas.(para13)

Consistin……：tohaveabasisin;toliein;tobefoundin在于，存在于

e.g.Happinessconsistsinappreciatingwhatyouhave.

Consistof……：

tobemadeoforcomposedof由……组成或构成

e.g.TheirdietconsistedlargelyofvegetablesWeadoptandclingtosomebeliefsbecause—orpartlybecause—it“pays”ustodoso.But,asarule,thepersonconcernedisaboutthelastpersonintheworldtobeabletorecognizethisinhimself.(para.14)clingto:

tobeunwillingtogetridofsth.,orstopdoingsth.e.g.Throughoutthetrialshehadclungtothebeliefthathewasinnocent.Hehadonelasthopetoclingonto.paysbtodosth:

tobringbenefitoradvantagetosbtodosthe.g.Itpaystotellpeoplethetruth.

Itpaystoforgiveothers.

Itdoesn’tpaytoworktoohardattheexpenseofyourhealth.

asarule:一般说来，通常e.g.Igotobedearlyasarule.我通常睡得早。Itwouldbequitewrongto

attribute

allopinions---evenpoliticalopinions---toself-interest.(L.6,para.14)attribute/ascribesth.tosb.sth.把…归因于；认为…是由于

I

attribute

oursuccesstohim.Itiswrongtobecynicalandthinkthatallbeliefsarebasedonself-interest.However,wemustadmitthatselfinterestisaverypowerfulfactor.

Butwemayextendthetermtocoveralsohisinterestinsocialposition;(L.2Para.15)extend:①涉及(范围);延伸(距离);延续(时间)②延长;使延期

③扩大…的范围或影响extensionn.延长,扩大extendablea.可延伸的,可延长的

Thereismanyamanwhoisunconsciously

compelledtoclingtoabeliefbecauseheisa“somebody”insomecircle—andifheweretoabandonthatbelief,hewouldfindhimselfnobodyatall.(L.6,para.15)compel:①toforcesb.todosth.强迫，迫使②tocauseacertainreaction引起反应compellinga.引人入胜的，非常强烈的，令人信服的Herlatestbookmakes

compelling

reading.Thereisa

compelling

logictohismaintheoryPara17:

asimilarcase:desiretojustify(findingexcuses)cowardice:n.fearorlackofcourage惧怕;胆小coward：胆小鬼;懦夫;胆怯者cowardly：

a.懦弱的;胆小的tosb.’ssatisfaction①使某人满意②使某人确信或信服Para18:

Sentimentalassociation

(definition)

Andconverselyinthecaseofonewhohaspleasantrecollections

ofhisfather,hismother,ateacherperhaps,orsomeotherpersonwhoplayedabigpartinhisearlylife.(L.5,para.18)conversely:ad.usedwhenonesituationistheoppositeofanother相反地;反过来converse①a.逆向的;颠倒的;相反的②n.相反的事物③v.交谈conversionn.转变;改变recollection:n.①theabilitytoremembersth；theactofrememberingsth记忆力;回忆;记忆②athingthatoneremembersfromthepast往事;回忆的事recollectv.记起;记得;回忆起Para19:Itsinfluenceonpeople’sthought

Antagonismtoamanusuallyproducessomeantagonismtohisopinions;antagonism:对立/对抗情绪hostility;dislike;resentment

Whatkeensatisfactionwefindinbelittlingtheopinions,orattackingtheopinions,ofsomebodyofwhomwearejealous,orofsomebodyagainstwhomwebearagrudge!

(L.3,para.19)belittle:tomake…seemunimportant贬低，小看grudge：①n.怨恨，嫌隙BejealousofJealousyBearagrudgeagainst10.…howlargelyouropinionsonthemeritsofcertainauthors,orpoetsorcomposers,aredictatedmerelybyfashion!(para.20,L.2)感叹句，How+adv.+句子

dictate:vt.口述；

命令，指示；

使听写；

控制，支配

vi.口述；

命令n.命令；

指示；

指导原则

1.Ittookhimalongtimeto

dictate

thisletter.口述这封信花了他很长时间。

2.Thefilm'sbudget

dictatedatoughschedule.

影片的预算决定了拍摄进度会很紧张。

merit:1.良好品质

Theargumentseemedtohaveconsiderable

merit..2.优点;长处

Theyhavebeenpersuadedofthe

meritsofpeace.3.值得;应受Hesaidhehaddonenothingwrongto

merit

acriminalinvestigation...Suchideas

merit

carefulconsideration.这样的想法值得斟酌。

4.根据事物本身的情况(来评价)Everybodyisselectedon

merit.每个人都是凭个人才能入选的。11.Wetendverystronglytofeelandtobelieveasothersarefeelingandbelieving.(para.20,L.4)

我们往往非常强烈滴希望自己与别人具有同样的感受，相信同样的观点。

解析：as引导两个并列句；tend：

vt.照料，照顾；

护理；

照管，管理vi.倾向（于），趋向（于）；

伺侯，招待；

关心；

注意

1.

VERB往往会；经常就Inolderagegroupswomenpredominatebecausemen

tend

todieyounger...2.

VERB倾向于，容易表现出(某种特性)Artisticandintellectualpeople

tend

towardsleft-wingviews.搞艺术的人和知识分子容易持“左倾”观点。3.

VERB个人认为;个人觉得I

tend

tothinkthatmembersofparliamentbyandlargedoagoodjob.我个人觉得，议会议员总体上工作还是不错的。4.

VERB护理;照料;照看Foryearshe

tendedherinherpainfulillness.5.

VERB照顾;照管;伺候Inourculture,girlsarebroughtupto

tend

totheneedsofothers.12.Weallknowthepersonwhohasastringofstockanecdotes.(para.L1)我们都认识能能将一连串趣闻轶事的人。astringof:n.一串的，一系列，一批；

一连串

Shewaswearing

a

string

of

greenbeadsroundherneck.她脖子上戴着一串绿色的珠子。

Heobtained

a

string

of

wins.他获得了一连串的胜利。13.Allwehavetodoistostarthimoff–andnothingonearthcanstophim–untilthe“record”hasrunout.(para.23,L.5)我们只需要的打开她的开关，--地球上的任何事情都阻止不了他。Startoff：

1.出发，动身；开始2.出发3.动身出发4.开始1.

从…开始;从…着手JoeLossstartedoffplayingpianobackgroundmusicforsilentfilmsinthe1920s.乔·洛斯先是于20世纪20年代为无声电影弹奏钢琴背景音乐。2.

使(某人)开始(做某事)Hermotherstartedheroffactinginchildren'stheatre.她母亲先是让她在儿童剧院里演出。3.使开始Hebecamemoreawareofthethingsthatstartedthattensionoff...他越来越清楚地认识到引起紧张局势的原因。onearth:世界上；

究竟，到底；

世上；

天底下Heisreadytodoanything

on

earth

tobetterhisfortunes.他准备在世上干点什么以便交上好运。2.Walkup,walkup!Seethestrongestman

on

earth!请进，请进！请看世界上力大无比的大力士！3.Forsomeonewhodoesn'tlikeheat,Floridawouldbehell

on

earth.对不喜欢热天的人来说，佛罗里达简直就是人间地狱。4.Everythingisallright.What

on

earth

areyoucryingfor?好好儿的，你哭哪门子？runout:用完；

耗尽；

跑出去；

到期Afewofthejeepshad

run

out

ofammunition.几辆吉普车上的弹药已经用光了。2.Whendoestheleaseofthehouse

run

out?这房子的租约何时到期？3.Hehas

run

out

offood;hischildrenarehungry.他家揭不开锅了，孩子们都等着吃饭。4.Someone'sspellofgoodfortunehas

run

out.气数已尽。5.Histermofofficehas

run

out.他的任期已满。13.Aftertheybeenholdacertainlengthof