计算机文化-课件npchapter

Chapter2ComputerHardware

Chapter2:ComputerHardware2ChapterContentsSectionA:PersonalComputerBasicsSectionB:MicroprocessorsandMemorySectionC:StorageDevicesSectionD:InputandOutputDevicesSectionE:HardwareSecurityFastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse020100Anetbookisascaled-downversionofastandardnotebookcomputer.B020200Smallbusinesscomputershavebettersoundandgraphicscapabilitiesthanhomeorgamecomputers.B020300PCs,Macs,andLinuxarethreecomputerplatforms(计算机平台).A020400Today’sMacscanbeconfiguredtorunWindows.A020500Pentium,Core,Atom,andAthlon(奔腾，酷睿，Atom和速龙)aretypesofmicroprocessors.A33Chapter2:ComputerHardwareFastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse020600Today’scomputerstypicallyprocess8bitsatatime.B020700Serialprocessingiswhenaprocessorbeginsexecutingoneinstructionbeforeitcompletesthepreviousinstruction(串行处理的是当一个处理器开始执行一个指令之前完成以前的指令).B020800InRAMmicroscopicelectronicpartscalledcapacitors（电容）

holdthebitsthatrepresentdata(在RAM中,称为电容器的显微电子零件保持代表数据位的电荷位）.B020900ROMisatypeofmemorythatholdsthecomputer’sstartuproutine(启动例程).A44Chapter2:ComputerHardwareFastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse021000

Harddiskdrives,opticaldrives,andsolidstatedrivesarerandomaccessdevices（硬盘驱动器，光盘驱动器，固态驱动器是随机存取设备。）.A021100CD-RWsallowyoutorecorddata,butdatacannotbechangedonceitisrecorded.B021200VGA,SVGA,andWUXGAareexamplesofscreenresolutions.B021300Asurgestripallowsyoutouseyourdesktopcomputerduringapoweroutage（停电期间激增条允许您使用您的桌面计算机）.?55Chapter2:ComputerHardwareChapter2:ComputerHardware6PersonalComputerBasicsPersonalComputerSystemsDesktopandPortableComputersHome,Game,andSmallBusinessSystemsBuyingComputerSystemComponentsQuestion022100Intheinterestofbeingecological(生态学),manyconsumersconsiderupgradingtheircomputersinsteadofdisposingofthemandbuyinganewone.(许多消费者考虑升级他们的电脑而不是处理他们并买一个新的）)Whichoneofthefollowingupgradesisbestlefttoprofessionaltechnicians/对于专业的技师来说，以下哪一个升级形式最好？A.ReplacingthemicroprocessorwithanewermodelB.AddinganexternalharddriveforbackupC.SwappingoutagraphicscardforamorepowerfuloneD.AddingRAMChapter2:ComputerHardware7PersonalComputerSystemsChapter2:ComputerHardware8Chapter2:ComputerHardware9DesktopandPortableComputersThetermformfactor（规格）

referstothesizeanddimensionsofacomponent,suchasasystemboardorsystemunitAdesktopcomputerfitsonadeskandrunsonpowerfromanelectricalwalloutlet（壁装电源插座）Chapter2:ComputerHardware10DesktopandPortableComputersAportablecomputerisasmall,lightweightpersonalcomputerAnotebookcomputer(alsoreferredtoasalaptop-便携式电脑),isasmall,lightweightportablecomputerthatopenslikeaclamshell（蚌壳）

toreveal（显露）

ascreenandkeyboardAnetbook（网络书）

offersevenmoreportabilitythanastandardcomputerAtablet（平板）computerisaportablecomputingdevicefeaturingatouch-sensitivescreen（触摸屏）

thatcanbeusedasawritingordrawingpadChapter2:ComputerHardware11DesktopandPortableComputersChapter2:ComputerHardware12Home,Game,

andSmallBusinessSystemsAhomecomputersystemoffersacomputerconfigurationdesignedtomodate（适应）consumerswhousecomputersforpersonaltasks/家用电脑系统提供适应消费者个人电脑任务的系统配置Someofthemostcutting-edgecomputers（最先进的电脑）aredesignedforgaming/专为游戏设计的是最尖端的计算机（最先进的电脑）Computersmarketedforsmallbusinessapplicationstendtobemiddle-of-the-linemodelspareddowntoessentials/为小型商业应用而设计的计算机倾向于走中间路线对基本部件的减少的模型Chapter2:ComputerHardware13BuyingComputer

SystemComponents(20131029)Browsethroughcomputermagazinesandonlinecomputerstorestogetageneralideaoffeaturesandprices/浏览电脑杂志和在线电脑商店获得计算机的有关功能和价格的基本思路Decideonabudgetandsticktoit/按预算决定并坚持Makealistofthewaysyouplantouseyourcomputer/列出你打算使用你的计算机Selectaplatform/选择一个平台Decideonaformfactor/按规格决定Selectperipherals,software,andaccessories/选外部设备，软件和附件Chapter2:ComputerHardware14BuyingComputer

SystemComponentsInsteadofbuyinganewcomputer,youmightconsiderupgradingChapter2:ComputerHardware15MicroprocessorsandMemoryMicroprocessorBasicsToday’sMicroprocessorsRandomAccessMemory/RAM-随机存取存储器Read-onlyMemory/ROM-只读存储器EEPROM-电可擦可编程只读存储器Question022200Somecomputersaresuitablefore-mail,wordprocessing,andsimilarlow-key（低调的）

operations,whereasothercomputershavethepowertokeepupwhileyouplaycomplexactiongames,edithigh-resolutionvideos,andpreparemulti-tracksoundrecordings（多轨录音）.Whichofthefollowingcomputersisthemostpowerful?A.IntelCore2Quadprocessor（英特尔酷睿2四核处理器）;4GBRAMB.AMDPhenomQuadcoreprocessor（AMD羿龙四核处理器）;3GBRAMC.IntelCore2Quadprocessor;2GBRAMD.IntelAtomprocessor（英特尔凌动处理器）;4GBRAMChapter2:ComputerHardware16AmicroprocessorisanintegratedcircuitdesignedtoprocessinstructionsUsuallythemost

expensivecomponent

ofacomputerChapter2:ComputerHardware17MicroprocessorBasicsChapter2:ComputerHardware18MicroprocessorBasicsMicroprocessorclockMegahertzMHzGigahertzGHzFrontsidebus/前端总线Wordsize/字长Cache/高速缓存Level1cache(L1)/一级缓存Level2cache(L2)/二级缓存CISCvs.RISCtechnology/复杂指令计算机VS.精简指令集计算机

Chapter2:ComputerHardware19MicroprocessorBasicsSerialprocessing/串行处理Pipelining/流水线Parallelprocessing/并行处理Multi-coreprocessor/多核处理器Benchmarks/基准测试程序Chapter2:ComputerHardware20Today’sMicroprocessorsItanium处理器构建在IA-64（IntelArchitecture64）的CPU羿龙：采用的是真四核设计速龙：面向桌面电脑消费市场闪龙：最新款低阶微处理器，使用AthlonXP的Thorton内核炫龙:一款amd专为笔记本电脑设计的64位移动处理器皓龙：一系列的64位微处理器Chapter2:ComputerHardware21RandomAccessMemoryRAM(RandomAccessMemory)isatemporaryholdingareafordata,applicationprograminstructions,andtheoperatingsystemChapter2:ComputerHardware22RandomAccessMemoryMicroscopiccapacitors(微小的电容器)holdthebitsthatrepresentdataMostRAMisvolatile(易丢失的)RequireselectricalpowertoholddataChapter2:ComputerHardware23RandomAccessMemoryRAMcapacity（容量）

isexpressedinmegabytes（1兆字节=1百万字节）

orgigabytes（1吉字节=10亿字节）Personalcomputerstypicallyfeature（

以在2G~8GbRAM为特征）

between2GBand8GBofRAMAnareaoftheharddisk,calledvirtualmemory,canbeusedifanapplicationrunsoutofallocatedRAM/硬盘的一个被称为虚拟内存的区域，可作为分配给运行某个应用程序的内存来使用Chapter2:ComputerHardware24RandomAccessMemoryRAMspeedisoftenexpressedinnanoseconds（1纳秒=1毫微秒）

ormegahertz（MHz）SDRAM（同步动态随机存取存储器：SynchronousDynamicRandomAccessMemory）

isfastandrelativelyinexpensiveDDR,DDR2,orDDR3（DoubleDataRate:DDRSDRAM双倍速率同步动态随机存储器）SDRAM在一个时钟周期内只传输一次数据，它是在时钟的上升期进行数据传输；而DDR内存则是一个时钟周期内传输两次数据，它能够在时钟的上升期和下降期各传输一次数据，因此称为双倍速率同步动态随机存储器。DDR内存可以在与SDRAM相同的总线频率下达到更高的数据传输率。DoubleDataRate2:是DDRSDRAM内存的第二代产品。它在DDR内存技术的基础上加以改进，从而其传输速度更快（可达667MHZ），耗电量更低，散热性能更优良

.DDR2内存每个时钟能够以4倍外部总线的速度读/写数据，并且能够以内部控制总线4倍的速度运行.DoubleDataRate3:是DDRSDRAM内存的第三代产品。

，提供了相较于DDR2SDRAM更高的运行效能与更低的电压，是DDR2SDRAM（四倍资料率同步动态随机存取内存）的后继者（增加至八倍），也是现时流行的内存产品Dual-channelarchitecturecansupplytwostreamsofdataoverthebusbetweenRAMandtheprocessor/双通道，就是在北桥芯片级里设计两个内存控制器，这两个内存控制器可相互独立工作。双通道内存技术其实是一种内存控制和管理技术，它依赖于芯片组的内存控制器发生作用，在理论上能够使两条同等规格内存所提供的带宽增长一倍Chapter2:ComputerHardware25Read-OnlyMemoryROMisatypeofmemorycircuitrythatholdsthecomputer’sstartuproutinePermanentandnon-volatile/永久的、非易失性TheROMBIOS(BasicInputOutputSystem基本输入输出系统)tellsthecomputerhowtoaccesstheharddisk,findtheoperatingsystem,andloaditintoRAMChapter2:ComputerHardware26EEPROMElectricallyErasableProgrammableRead-OnlyMemory/电可檫除的可编程ROMMorepermanentthanRAM,andlesspermanentthanROMRequiresnopowertoholddataChapter2:ComputerHardware27StorageDevicesStorageBasicsMagneticDiskandTapeTechnologyCD,DVD,andBlu-rayTechnologySolidStateStorageStorageWrap-upQuestion022300Storagedeviceshavevaryinglevelsofversatility,durability,speed,andcapacity.Forastudentwhoownsacomputer,butsometimesneedstousecomputersintheschoollab,whichstoragedeviceismostversatile?A.HarddiskdriveB.CD-RC.SolidstatedriveD.USBflashdriveChapter2:ComputerHardware28StorageBasicsAstoragemediumcontainsdataAstoragedevicerecordsandretrievesdatafromastoragemediumDatagetscopiedfromastoragedeviceintoRAM,whereitwaitstobeprocessedProcesseddataisheldtemporarilyinRAMbeforeitiscopiedtoastoragemediumVerticalvs.horizontalstorageChapter2:ComputerHardware29Chapter2:ComputerHardware30MagneticDiskand

TapeTechnologyMagneticstoragestoresdatabymagnetizingmicroscopicparticlesonthediskortapesurfaceChapter2:ComputerHardware31MagneticDiskand

TapeTechnologyHarddiskplattersandread-writeheadsaresealedinsidethedrivecaseorcartridgetoscreenoutdustandothercontaminants.Chapter2:ComputerHardware32Aharddiskcontrollerpositionsthedisk,locatesdata,andinterfaceswiththecomponentsofthesystemboardSATAUltraATAEIDESCSINotasdurableasmanyother

storagetechnologiesHeadcrashMagneticDiskand

TapeTechnologyChapter2:ComputerHardware33MagneticDiskand

TapeTechnologyAfloppydiskisaroundpieceofflexibleMylarplasticcoveredwithathinlayerofmagneticoxideandsealedinsideaprotectivecasingTapestorageistooslowformoderncomputingChapter2:ComputerHardware34CD,DVD,andBlu-rayTechnologyOpticalstoragestoresdataasmicroscopiclightanddarkspotsonthedisksurfaceCD,DVD,andBlu-raystoragetechnologiesChapter2:ComputerHardware35CD,DVD,andBlu-rayTechnologyToday’sDVDdrivestypicallyhave22Xspeedsforadatatransferrateof297MbpsThreecategoriesof

opticaltechnologiesRead-only(ROM)Recordable(R)Rewritable(RW)Chapter2:ComputerHardware36CD,DVD,andBlu-rayTechnologyCD-DADVD-VideoCD-ROMDVD-ROMCD-RDVD+RorDVD-RCD-RWDVD+RWorDVD-RWBD-ROM,BD-R,andBD-REChapter2:ComputerHardware37CD,DVD,andBlu-rayTechnologyChapter2:ComputerHardware38SolidStateStorageSolidstatestoragetechnologystoresdatainanerasable,rewritablecircuitryNon-volatileCardreadermayberequired

toreaddataonsolidstate

storageChapter2:ComputerHardware39SolidStateStorageAUSBflashdriveisaportablestoragedevicethatplugsdirectlyintoacomputer’ssystemunitusingabuilt-inconnectorFilesstoredonaUSBflashdrivecanbeopened,edited,deleted,andrunjustasthoughthosefileswereonmagneticoropticalmediaChapter2:ComputerHardware40StorageWrap-upStorageWrap-upChapter2:ComputerHardware41Chapter2:ComputerHardware42InputandOutputDevicesBasicInputDevicesDisplayDevicesPrintersInstallingPeripheralDevicesQuestion022400Computerownersusuallywanttoaddvariousperipheraldevicestotheircomputers.Supposeyouhaveanotebookcomputerandyouwanttoaddanexternalharddrive,butyou’verunoutofUSBports.Whatcanyoudo?A.UsetheHDMIportinstead.B.Plugdirectlyintotheexpansionbus.C.SwapinaUSBhubforoneofthecurrentlyconnectedperipherals.D.UseanEthernet-to-USBconverter.Chapter2:ComputerHardware43Chapter2:ComputerHardware44BasicInputDevicesKeyboardPointingdeviceMicePointingstickTrackpadTrackballJoystickTouch

screenChapter2:ComputerHardware45DisplayDevicesAnLCDmanipulateslightwithinalayerofliquidcrystalcellsOLEDscreensuseorganiclightemittingdiodesanduselesspowerChapter2:ComputerHardware46DisplayDevicesScreensizeDotpitchViewinganglewidthResponserateColordepthResolutionVGA,SVGA,XGA,SXGA,

UXGA,WUXGA,andWQXGADisplayDevicesChapter2:ComputerHardware47Chapter2:ComputerHardware48DisplayDevicesGraphicscircuitrygeneratesthesignalsfordisplayinganimageonthescreenIntegratedgraphicsGraphicscardGraphicsprocessing

unit(GPU)Chapter2:ComputerHardware49PrintersAnink-jetprinterhasanozzle-likeprintheadthatspraysinkontopaperAlaserprinterworkslikeaphotocopierChapter2:ComputerHardware50PrintersLaserprintersareapopulartechnologywhenhigh-volumeoutputorgood-qualityprintoutsarerequired.Chapter2:ComputerHardware51PrintersDotmatrixprintersproducecharactersandgraphicsbyusingagridoffinewiresThewiresstrikearibbonandthepaperChapter2:ComputerHardware52PrintersPrinterfeaturesResolutionPrintspeedDutycycleOperatingcostsDuplexcapabilityMemoryNetworkabilityChapter2:ComputerHardware53InstallingPeripheralDevicesThedatabusmovesdatabetweenRAMandthemicroprocessorThesegmentofthedatabustowhichperipheraldevicesconnectiscalledtheexpansionbusAnexpansionslotisalong,narrowsocketonthesystemboardintowhichyoucanpluganexpansioncardExpansioncardsaresmallcircuitboardsthatgivethecomputeradditionalcapabilitiesExpansionslotChapter2:ComputerHardware54InstallingPeripheralDevicesAnexpansioncardsimplyslidesintoanexpansionslot.Beforeyouinstallanexpansioncard,makesureyouunplugthecomputerandgroundyourself—that’stechnicaljargonforreleasingstaticelectricitybyusingaspecialgroundingwristbandorbytouchingbothhandstoametalobject.Chapter2:ComputerHardware55InstallingPeripheralDevicesAnexpansionportpassesdatainandoutofacomputerorperipheraldeviceInstallingPeripheralDevicesChapter2:ComputerHardware56MostperipheralsconnecttoanexternalUSBportYoucaneasilyaddUSBportstoyourcomputerbyusingaUSBhubInstallingPeripheralDevicesOtherkindsofportsPlugandPlayautomaticallyconfiguresyourcomputertomodatenewperipheraldevicesyouaddChapter2:ComputerHardware57Chapter2:ComputerHardware58HardwareSecurityAnti-theftDevicesSurgeProtectionandBatteryBackupBasicMaintenanceTroubleshootingandRepairQuestion022500Whenyoutreatyourcomputercarefullyandperformbasicmaintenance,youcanavoidmanyhardwareproblems,However,ifyouencountertheblackscreenofdeath,whathasgonewrong?A.Theoperatingsystemhasencounteredanerrorfromwhichitcannotrecover.B.Yourcomputerhascontractedavirus.C.Yourharddiskisfull.D.Yourdisplaydevicehasmalfunctioned.Chapter2:ComputerHardware59Chapter2:ComputerHardware60Anti-TheftDevicesChapter2:ComputerHardware61SurgeProtection

andBatteryBackupApowersurgeisasuddenincreaseorspikeinelectricalenergy,affectingthec