建筑岩土工程勘察基本术语

建筑岩土工程勘察基本术语第二章通用术语第一节岩土工程及有关学科1岩土工程（大地工程、土力工程、土质工学）geotechnicalengineering,geotechnology土力学soilmechanics岩石力学rockmechanics基础工程foundationengineering工程地质学engineeringgeology环境工程地质学environmentalengineeringgeology地震工程学earthquakeengineering灾害地质学disastergeology,hazardgeololgy水文地质学（地下水水文学） hydrogeology,（groundwaterhadrology）地下水动力学groundwaterdynamics环境水文地质学environmentalhydrogeology水化学hydrochemistry水文地球化学hydrogeochemistry环境地球化学environmentalgeochemistry15同位素地质学isotopegeology近海工程offshoreengineering数学地质mathematicalgeology航空地质aerialgeology遥感地质remotesensinggeology第二节地球的构造大气圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere生物圈biosphere地壳earthcrust地幔mantle6地核core岩石圈lithosphere第三节地貌地貌geomorphologyrelief地形landform地貌单元landformunit,geomorphicunit微地貌microrelief河漫滩floodplain,valleyflat冲击平原alluvialplain7三角洲delta古河道fossilrivercourse,fossilstreamchannel河流阶地fluvialterrace冲击扇alluvialfan洪积扇diluvialfan坡积裙talusapron坳沟shallowflatravine冲沟gully15分水岭divide16喀斯特（岩溶）karst岩溶基准面karstbase-level岩溶率degreeofkarstification岩溶地貌karstlandfeature,karstlandform溶洞solutioncave,karstcave落水洞sinkhole土洞karsticearthcave第四节矿物岩石黏土矿物claymineral高岭石kaolinite蒙脱石montmorillonite4伊利石illite5云母mica长石feldspar石英quartz岩石rock9硬质岩石strongrock10软质岩石weakrock11岩石的结构rockstructure12岩石的构造rocktexture岩浆岩（火成岩）magmaticrock（igneousrock）花岗岩granite流纹岩rhyolite闪长岩diorite安山岩andesite18辉长岩gabbro19玄武岩balsat20正长岩syenite粗面岩trachyte沉积岩sedimentaryrock胶结物cement,binder胶结类型typeofcementation砾岩conglomerate26角砾岩breccia黏土岩claystone泥岩mudstone页岩shale砂岩sandstone石英岩quartzite32石灰岩limestone33泥灰岩marl白云岩dolomite变质岩metamorphicrock36片麻岩gneiss大理岩marble板岩slate片岩schist千枚岩phyllite构造岩tectonite42断层角砾岩faultbreccia糜棱岩mylonite包含物inclusion充填物fillingmaterial第五节地质构造地质体geologicalbody地质构造geologictexture,geologicstructure产状attitude走向strike5倾向dip倾角dipangle7褶曲fold背斜anticline向斜syncline构造盆地structuralbasin断层fault正断层normalfault逆断层reversefault平移断层transcurrentfault,strike-slipfault活断层activefault擦痕面slickensides断裂rupture,fracture发震断裂causativefault,seismogenicfault破碎带fracturezone节理joint节理组jointset22节理频数（裂隙度）jointfrequency裂隙fissure,crack裂隙率fractureporosity,fissureporosity极射赤平投影stereographicprojection第六节外力地质作用及其产物沉积物sediments2冰积物till分选sorting磨圆度roundness5冲刷深度scourdepth,erosiondepth6冻结深度frostdepth7风化作用weathering风化壳weatheringcrust风化程度degreeofweathering风化带weatheredzone第七节物探地球物理勘探geophysicalprospecting,geophysicalexploration工程地球物理勘探engineeringgeophysicalprospecting综合物探方法comprehensivegeophysicalmethod4声波探测sonicprospecting,acousticprospecting,acousticexploration大地电流场telluric(electric)field自然电场naturalelectricfield自然电场法naturalelectricfieldmethod电法勘探electricalprospecting,electricalexploration9地震勘探seismicprospecting,seismicexploration磁法勘探magneticprospecting,magneticexploration重力勘探gravityprospecting,gravityexploration放射性勘探radioactivityprospecting地球物理测井geophysicallogging电测井electriclogging电阻率测井resistivitylogging温度测井temperaturelogging井斜测井driftlogging放射性测井radioactivitylogging井径测量holediametermeasurement单孔下传法down-holemethod单孔上传法(检层法)up-holemethod(boreholemethod)22跨孔法crossholemethod遥感技术remotesensingtechnique红夕卜探测infra-redacquisition,infra-reddetection航片地质解释geologicalinterpretationofaerialphotograph卫片地质解释geologicalinterpretationofsatellitephotograph传感器transducer28探头(探测器、探针)probe第八节勘探勘探exploration勘探线exploratoryline勘探点exploratoryspot,exploratorypoint勘探孔(井)explorationhole(well)勘探生产孔(井)explorationproductionhole(well)探槽exploratorytrench,testtrench7平洞adit探井exploratorypit,testpit,exploratoryshaft斜井inclinedshaft竖井shaft,verticalshaft钎探rodsounding槽探trenching井探（坑探）test-pitting钻探drilling,boring钻孑Lborehole,drillhole钻孔结构drillholestructure回转钻进rotarydrilling冲击钻进percussiondrilling,churndrilling钢砂钻进shotdrilling跟管钻进follow-downdrilling岩芯钻探coredrilling振动钻探vibro-boring,vibro-drilling泥浆钻探mudflushdrilling空气钻探airflushdrilling岩石的可钻性rock-drillability26岩芯采取率corerecovery,coreextraction冲洗液flushfluid正循环冲洗directcirculation29反循环冲洗reversecirculation泥浆med,slurry泥皮mudcake32冲洗液消耗量flushfluidloss漏水段lostcirculationinterval钻机drillingrig钻头drillbit,drillingbit36螺旋钻头auger勺钻spoonbit冲击钻头percussionbit,choppingbit桶式钻头bucketauger抽桶bailer钻杆drillrod套管casing岩芯管corebarrel取土器sampler,samplingtube面积比arearatio46内间隙比innerclearanceratio外间隙比outerclearanceratio厚壁取土器thickwallsampler薄壁取土器thinwallsampler束结式取土器ringed-linebarrelsampler,thinwalledshoeandbarrelsamplerassem回转取土器rotarysampler,doublecorebarrelsampler活塞取土器pistonsampler水压活塞取土器hydraulicpistonsampler谢尔贝取土器Shelbytubesampler原状土样undisturbedsample扰动土样disturbedsoilsampler第九节通用图件地形图topographicalmap地貌图geomorphologicmap地质图geologicalmap第四纪地质图quaternarygeologymap覆盖层地质图driftmap,overburdenmap6基岩地质图bedrockmap构造地质图geologicalstructuremap地质剖面图geologicalsection,geologicalprofile实测地质剖面图field-acquiredgeologicalprofile横剖面图transverseprofile,cross-section纵剖面图longitudinalprofile综合柱状图compositecolumnarsection13立体投影图fencediagram14节理玫瑰图rosediagramofjoints第三章岩土力学及基础工程第一节土的类别土的统一分类法unifiedsoilclassificationsystem塑性图plasticitychart残积土residualsoil坡积土slopewash洪积土diluvialsoil冲击土alluvium,alluvialsoil风积土eoliandeposit8海积土marinesoil有机土organicsoil10泥炭peat沼泽土swampsoil,marshsoil漂石boulders块石blockystones卵石gravels,cobbles碎石angulargravels,angularcobbles圆砾finegravels,pebbles角砾angularfinegravels,angularpebbles砂土sand砾砂gravellysand粗砂coarsesand中砂mediumsand细砂finesand粉砂siltysand粉土silt砂质粉土sandysilt粘质粉土clayeysilt轻亚黏土sandyloam亚砂土siltyloam,sandyloam,clayeysilt粘性土cohesivesoil粉质黏土siltyclay亚黏土clayloam,leanclay黏土clay红黏土redclay,lateriticsoil裂隙黏土fissuredclay网纹黏土latticeclay软土softclay淤泥softorganicclay,mud冻土frozensoil膨胀土expansivesoil,swellingsoil盐渍土saltysoil,salinesoil湿陷性土collapsiblesoil,slumpingsoil黄土loess43人工填土fill素添土plainfill杂填土miscellaneousfill冲填土hydraulicfill,dredgerfill回填土backfill质控填土engineeredfill49纹泥（季候泥）varvedclay正常固结土normallyconsolidatedsoil欠固结土underconsolidatedsoil超固结土overconsolidatedsoil第二节岩土物理性质物理性质physicalproperty均质性homogeneity非均质性heterogeneity均质层homogeneousstratum,homogeneouslayer非均质层heterogeneouslayer,heterogeneousstratum6各向同性isotropy各向异性anisotropy各向同性介质isotropicmedium各向异性介质anisotropicmedium粒径（粒度）grainsize,particlesize粒组fraction

12131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354颗粒级配grainsizedistribution;gradation;grading;granulometricdistribution粒径分配曲线(颗粒累积曲线)grainsizedistributioncurve;gradingcurve;granulometriccurve;grainaccumulationcurve有效粒径effectivegrainsize,effectivediameter平均粒径meandiameter限制粒径constraineddiameter均匀系数coefficientofuniformity级配系数coefficientofgradation浑圆度roundness球度sphericity比面积specificsurface土骨架soilskeleton宏观结构macro-structure微观结构micro-structure单粒结构singlegrainedstructure聚粒结构aggregatedstructure絮凝结构flocculentstructure组构分析fabricanalysis触变性thixotropy活动性activityofsoil绸度consistency阿太堡界限Atterberglimits缩限shrinkagelimit塑限plasticlimit(PL)液限liquidlimit(LL)塑性指数plasticityindex(PI)液性指数liquidityindex含水比watercontentratio密度density重度bulkweight,unitweight干重度dryunitweight浮重度buoyantunitweight,submergedunitweight饱和重度saturatedunitweight含水量moisturecontent,watercontent饱和度degreeofsaturation孑L隙率porosity孑L隙比voidratio相对密度relativedensity临界孔隙比criticalvoidratio密实度compactness收缩shrinkage体缩volumetricshrinkage,bulkshrinkage膨胀性expansibility,expansiveness自由膨胀率freeswell

55崩解性（湿化性）slaking湿陷性collapsibility自重湿陷性self-weightcollapsibility冻胀frostheave融陷性thawcollapsibility岩石的吸水率absorptionrateofrock岩石的饱水率watersaturationofrock岩石的饱水系数water-saturationcoefficientofrock岩石的抗冻性frostresistibilityofrock第三节岩土力学性质力学性质mechanicalproperties总应力totalstress有效应力effectivestress4中性应力（中性压力）neutralstress孑L隙水压力porewaterpressure超孔隙水压力excessporepressure孑L隙水压力参数porepressureparameters孑L隙（水）压力消散dissipationofporewaterpressure9应力路径stresspath莫尔圆Mohr’scircle非线性应力应变关系relationofnonlinearstress-strain弹性介质elasticmedium弹性半空间elastichalfspace泊松比Poisson’sratio弹性模量modulusofelasticity,elasticmodulus,Youngsmodulus粘弹性viscoelasticity弹塑性elastoplasticity18弹性区elasticzone塑性区plasticzone米塞斯屈服准则Vonmisesyieldcriteria21特莱斯卡屈服准则Trescayieldcriteria莫尔-库仑屈服准则Mohr-Coulombyieldcriteria23德鲁克-普拉格屈服准则Druker-Prageryieldcriteria24库仑-太沙基破坏准则Coulomb-Tezaghicriteria流变性rheologicalproperty蠕变creep剪胀性dilatancy抗剪强度shearstrength峰值抗剪强度peakshearstrength残余抗剪强度residualshearstrength长期抗剪强度long-termshearstrength莫尔包络线Mohr’senvelope33粘聚力（内聚力，凝聚力）cohesion34似粘聚力apparentcohesion

353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576假粘聚力pseudo-cohesion附着力（粘着力）adhesion内摩擦角angleofinternalfriction夕卜摩擦角angleofexternalfriction休止角angleofrepose有效粘聚力effectivecohesion有效内摩擦角effectiveangleofinternalfriction不排水抗剪强度undrainedshearstrength固结consolidation压缩性compressibility初始固结initialconsolidation主固结primaryconsolidation次固结（压缩） secondaryconsolidation各向等压固结isotropicconsolidation（IC）各向不等压固结anisotropicconsolidation（AC）固结系数coefficientofconsolidation固结度degreeofconsolidation前期固结压力（先期固结压力）preconsolidationpressure似前期固结压力quasi-preconsolidationpressure,psedo-preconsolidationpressure超固结比overconsolidationratio（OCR）压缩系数coefficientofcompressibility压缩系数compressionindex再压缩指数recompressionindex体积压缩系数coefficientof（volume）compressibility压缩模量modulusofcompressibility变形模量modulusofdeformation体积模量bulkmodulus剪变（切）模量shearmodulus初始切线模量initialtangentmodulus切线模量tangentmodulus割线模量secantmodulus回弹模量reboundmodulus卸荷模量unloadingmodulus旁压模量pressuremetermodulus次固结（压缩）系数coefficientofsecondaryconsolidation（compression）湿陷起始压力initialcollapsepressure湿陷系数coefficientofcollapsibility岩石抗拉强度tensilestrengthofrock岩石软化系数softeningcoefficientofrock岩石强度损失率rockstrengthloss岩石抗力系数coefficientofrockresistance岩石点荷载（强度）指标pointloadindex,pointloadstrengthindex第四节岩土试验颗粒分析granulometricanalysis,grain-sizedistributionanalysis,mechanicalanalysis

击实试验compactiontest,Proctortest膨胀压力试验swellingpressuretest4单轴压缩试验(无侧限抗压强度试验)uniaxialcompressiontest,(unconfinedcompressiontest)5单剪试验simplesheartest6直接剪切试验directsheartest不固结不排水试验(快剪试验)unconsolidatedundrainedtest(UU),(quicktest)8固结不排水试验(固结快剪试验)consolidatedundrainedtest(CU);(consolidatedquicktest)固结排水试验(慢剪试验) consolidateddrainedtest(CD);(slowtest)压缩试验(固结试验) compressiontest;(consolidationtest)三轴剪切试验(三轴压缩试验)triaxialsheartest;(triaxialcompressiontest)动三轴试验dynamictriaxialtest共振柱试验resonantcolumntest偏应力deviatorstress,deviatoricstress巴西抗拉强度试验Braziliantensilestrengthtest加州承载比试验Californiabearingratiotest(CBR)17点荷载试验pointloadtest原位测试in-situtests19静力触探试验staticpenetrationtest,staticconetest,conepenetrationtest(CPT)20荷兰锥Dutchcone21孔压静力触探试验conepenetrationtestwithporepressuremeasurements,piezoconetest动力触探试验dynamicpenetrationtest,dynamicsounding标准贯入试验standardpenetrationtest(SPT)24旁压试验(横压试验) pressuremetertest25十字板剪切试验vanetest,fieldvanetest(FV),vanesheartest26平板载荷试验plateloadingtest27螺旋板载荷试验screwplateloadingtest28现场谦切试验in-situsheartest应力解除法stressreliefmethod应力恢复法stressrecoverymethod套孔法over-coringmethod门塞法doorstoppermethod33水压胀裂法(水力致裂法) hydraulicfracturing34足尺试验fullscaletest35模型缩尺效应scaleeffect第五节土工计算地基土foundationsoil,subgrade,subsoil持力层bearinglayer,sustaininglayer下卧层underlyinglayer压缩层compressedlayer接触压力contactpressure

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748超载surcharge有效覆盖压力effectiveoverburdenpressure附加应力additionalstress,superimposedstress,load-inducedstress纽马克图Newmarkchart压力泡pressurebulb临塑压力criticalpressure地基失效foundationfailure剪切破坏shearfailure整体剪切generalshearfailure局部剪切破坏localshearfailure冲剪破坏punchingfailure渐进破坏progressivefailure基础滑动slidingoffoundation容许荷载allowableload容许承载力allowablebearingcapacity极限承载力ultimatebearingcapacity安全系数factorofsafety沉降settlement差异沉降(沉降差)differentialsettlement局部倾斜angulardistortion倾斜tilting坑底隆起bottomheave静止土压力earthpressureatrest主动土压力activeearthpressure被动土压力passiveearthpressure郎肯土压力理论Rankine’searthpressuretheory库伦土压力理论Coulomb’searthpressuretheory斜坡稳定性slopestability稳定数stabilitynumber条分法methodofslices极限平衡法limitequilibriummethod本构方程constitutiveequation剑桥模型Cambridgemodel(Cam-model)帽檐模型capmodel赖特-邓肯模型Lade-Duncanmodel(LDmodel)邓肯-张模型Duncan-Changmodel有限单元法finiteelementmethod有限差分法finitedifferencemethod边界单元法boundaryelementmethod初始条件initialcondition边界条件boundarycondition基床反力系数(温克尔系数)coefficientofsubgradereactionccoefficient)温克尔假定Winkler’shypothesis第六节地下峒室

基岩bedrock2临空面freeface岩体rockmass结构体structuralelement结构面(不连续面)structuralplane(discontinuity)6软弱结构面weakplane软弱夹层weakintercalatedlayer结构面起伏度(节理面起伏度)discontinuitywaviness;(jointwaviness)10岩体结构类型11格里非斯破裂10岩体结构类型11格里非斯破裂12岩体尺寸效应structuralpatternofrockmassGriffithfracture,Griffithcracksizeeffectofrockmass围压效应confiningpressureeffect,confinedpressureeffect,ambientpressureeffect岩体工程地质分类engineeringgeologicalclassificationofrockmass普氏系数Protodyakonov’snumber风化系数rockweatheringindex裂隙系数coefficientoffissuration坚固度competenceofrock岩体完整性指数intactnessindexofrockmass;(velocityindexofrockmass)20岩石质量指标20岩石质量指标21岩石质量系数22岩体质量指标23岩体变形系数rockqualityindexrockmassqualitydesignationdeformationcoefficientofrockmass岩石模量折减系数reductionfactorofrockmass隧道围岩质量指标tunnelingqualityindex岩体的稳定性rockmassstability隙跨比fissurespacing-spanratio自持时间stand-uptime地应力groundstress,geostaticstress初始应力initialstress构造应力tectonicstress残余应力residualstress感生应力inducedstress地应力场groundstressfield,geostaticstressfield地下洞室undergroundopening,undergroundchamber隧道tunnel洞室围岩surroundingrock,ambientrock围岩二次应力状态(围岩应力)secondarystressstate;(surroundingrockstress)围岩应力集中系数factorofstress-concentrationinsurroundingrock40岩石压力(山岩压力、岩体压力)rockpressure应力松弛stressrelaxation松动区loosenedzone,loosezone自然平衡拱naturalself-supportingarch围岩偏压non-uniformrockpressure覆盖层overburden覆盖压力overburdenpressure内水压力internalwaterpressure夕卜水压力externalwaterpressure洞室稳定性评价undergroundopeningstabilityevaluation冒顶cavein,rooffall片帮sidewallspalling,sidewallslabbing,sidewallscaling底鼓bottomheave,bottomsqueeze回弹rebound岩爆rockburst采空区mined-outarea采空塌陷miningsubsidence导洞（导坑）pilottunnel全断面法fullfacemethod上导坑法topheadingmethod侧导坑法sidedriftmethod多导坑法multi-driftmethod坑台法topheadingandbenchmethod盾构法shieldmethod,shieldtunneling气压法pneumaticsealingmethod冻结法freezingmethod,freezingprocess超挖overbreak仰拱invert,invertedarch边墙sidewall衬砌lining喷锚联合支护combinedboltingandshotcreting第七节堤坝工程涵管culvert围堰cofferdam堤dike路堤embankment坝dam尾矿坝tailingsdam,tailingsfilldam第八节地基处理与岩土加固地基处理groundtreatment,soiltreatment,soilimprovement岩土加固soilstabilization,soilimprovement,soilreinforcement垫层cushion掺拌加固法admixturestabilization预压法preloading砂井sanddrain排水板法geodrain,wickdrain,cardboarddrainmethod8真空固结法（真空预压法） vacuummethod9深层加密法deepcompaction挤密桩compactionpile石灰桩limepile,limecolumn振冲法vibroflotation深层搅拌法deepmixingmethod,mixed-in-placepiles化学加固法chemicalstabilization旋喷法jetgrouting灌浆grouting帷幕灌浆curtaingrouting挤密灌桩compactiongrouting强夯法dynamicconsolidation,heavytamping土工合成材料geosynthetics,geotextiles土工织物geotextile土工膜geomembrane土工垫geocushion,geospacer加筋土reinforcedearth热加固法thermalstabilization托换工程underpinning挡土墙retainingwall抗滑桩slide-resistantpile锚固anchoring,bolting锚杆earthanchor,groundanchor,tieback喷浆shotcreting,guniting盲沟frenchdrain,moledrain树根桩rootpile第九节基础基础foundation,footing浅基础shallowfoundation,shallowfooting深基础deepfoundation埋深embedmentdepth扩展基础spreadfooting条形基础stripfoundation,stripfooting筏形基础raftfoundation,matfoundation板式基础slabfoundation格排基础grillagefoundation,grillageraft联合基础combinedfooting箱形基础boxfoundation补偿基础floatingfoundation,compensatedfoundation沉井opencaisson沉箱caisson地梁foundationbeam,gradebeam桩基础pilefoundation,piledfoundation桩pile群桩pilegroup19桩承台pilecap高桩承台highrisepilecap低桩承台buriedpilecap摩擦桩frictionpile端承桩endbearingpile嵌岩桩socketedpile排土桩displacementpile少排土桩smalldisplacementpile27不排土桩nondisplacementpile预制混凝土桩precastconcretepile板桩sheetpile旋喷桩jet-groutedpile灌注桩cast-in-placepile沉管灌注桩drivencast-inplacepile33法兰基灌注桩Frankipile墩pier扩底墩belledpier,under-reamedpier被动桩passivepile支护桩soldierpiles,tangentpiles地下连续墙diaphragmwall,slurrywall支撑bracing井点降水well-pointdewatering桩极限承载力ultimatebearingcapacityofpile桩的容许荷载allowablepilebearingload桩端阻力endresistance,pointresistance44桩的表面摩擦力skinfrictionofpile桩的粘着系数adhesionfactorofpile负摸擦力negativeskinfriction,dragdown桩的分部安全系数partialsafetyfactorsofpile48桩的维持荷载试验maintainedloadpiletest桩的等速贯入试验constantratepenetrationtestofpile桩的动测法dynamicmeasurementsofpile打桩分析仪piledrivinganalyser第十节振动自由振动freevibration强迫振动forcedvibration有阻尼振动dampedvibration谐振harmonicvibration周期振动periodicalvibration稳态振动steady-statevibration瞬时振动transientvibration随机振动randomvibration振动衰减vibrationattenuation对数衰减logarithmicdecrement阻尼damping内阻尼internaldamping临界阻尼criticaldamping几何阻尼geometricaldamping,radialdamping振幅amplitude振动幅值amplitudeofvibration相位差phasedifference周期period圆频率circularfrequency共振resonance扰力disturbingforce竖向振动verticalvibration滑移振动slidingoscillation摇摆振动rockingoscillation扭转振动torsionaloscillation,yawingoscillation耦合振动coupledvibration地基刚度stiffnessoffoundationsoil地基刚度系数coefficientofsubgradereaction自由度degreesoffreedom单自由度体系single-degree-offreedomsystem31质量-弹簧-阻尼体系（集总参数体系）mass-spring-dashpotsystem;（lumped-coefficientsystem）32集总质量lumped-mass33自然频率（固有频率） naturalfrequency振型modeofvibration峰值速度peakvelocity动力放大系数dynamicmagnificationfactor动态位移dynamicdisplacement频率比frequencyratio质量比massratio阻尼比dampingratio惯性矩比ratioofmomentofinertia,inertiaratio机械阻抗mechanicalimpedance导纳admittance基础隔振foundationisolation弹性波elasticwave体波bodywave剪切波（横波） shearwave;（transversewave）压缩波（纵波、疏密波）compressionwave;（longitudinalwave）表面波surfacewave瑞利波Rayleighwave51波动方程waveequation功率普密度powerspectraldensity第四章岩土工程勘察工程勘察engineeringinvestigations岩土工程勘察geotechnicalinvestigations,geotechnicalstudy工程地质详细勘察detailedgeotechnicalinvestigation岩土工程分级categorizationofgeotechnicalprojects踏勘walk-oversurvey,sitereconnaissance工程地质测绘engineeringgeologicalmapping地质点pointofobservation,geologicobservationpoint选址勘察sitinginvestigation初步勘察preliminarygeotechnicalinvestigation详细勘察detailedgeotechnicalinvestigation施工勘察investigationofduringconstruction场地的地质适宜性geologicalsuitabilityofsite13场地稳定性sitestability14场地复杂程度sitecomplexity15工程地质类比法（工程地质比拟法）engineeringgeologicalanalogy工程地质条件engineeringgeologicalcondition工程地质单元engineeringgeologicunit工程地质分区engineeringgeologiczoning工程地质图engineeringgeologicalmap工程地质评价engineeringgeologicalevaluation工程地质勘察报告engineeringgeologicalinvestigationreport岩土工程分析评价geotechnicalanalysisandevaluation23现场检验onsiteinspection,in-situinspection24现场监测onsitemonitoring,in-situmonitoring反演分析backanalysis,backcalculation岩土工程勘察报告geotechnicalinvestigationreport,geotechnicalstudyreport第二节不良地质现象不良地质现象adversegeologicphenomena,unfavorablegeologicalconditions泥石流mudflow,debrisflow沟床糙度channelroughness,bedroughness危岩overhangingrock,hangingrock崩塌（山崩） topplingcollapse;toppling;（avalanche）地裂groundfracturing,groundfissuration管涌piping流砂quicksand地面沉降landsubsidence沉陷subsidence滑坡landslide,slide滑动面slidingsurface滑动带slidingzone滑坡床slidebed,slidingbed滑坡体slidemass,slidingmass滑坡舌slidetongue滑坡后壁headscarp,slipcliff滑坡裂缝slidecracks19滑坡主轴slideaxis古滑坡fossillandslide顺层滑坡consequentlandslide切层滑坡insequentlandslide浅层滑坡shallowslide深层滑坡deepslide,deeplandslide25推移式滑坡slumpingslede牵引式滑坡retrogressiveslide,retrogressivelandslide马刀树divertedtrees,benttrees,tiltedtrees第三节地震1地震区seismicarea,earthquakearea震源seismicsource震中epicenter4地震活动性seismicity地震波seismicwave6主震mainshock余震afterhock8水库诱发地震reservoirimpoundinginducedseismicity地震震级earthquakemagnitude10地震烈度seismicintensity,earthquakeintensity基本烈度basicintensity场地烈度siteintensity设计烈度designintensity地面运动groundmotion基岩加速度bedrockacceleration16地震反映谱seismicresponsespectrum地面脉动microtremour卓越周期predominantperiod19地震效应seismiceffect震陷earthquakesubsidence砂土液化liquefactionofsand液化势liquefactionpotential液化指数liquefactionindex24喷水冒砂sandboil动荷载dynamicload26脉冲荷载pulseload循环荷载cyclicloading动应力dynamicstress循环应力cyclicstress滞回圈hysteresisloop骨干曲线backbonecurve地震力seismicforce地震系数seismiccoefficient地震影响系数coefficientofseismiceffect35地震小区划seismicmicrozonation,seismicmicrozoning36地震危险性分析（地震风险分析）earthquakehazardevaluation第五章水文地质第一节水循环水循环（水文循环）watercycle,（hydrologiccycle）大气水atmosphericwater地表水surfacewater土壤水soilwater地下水groundwater水力联系hydraulicinterrelation地下水起源originofgroundwater地表径流surfacerunoff地下径流subsurfacerunoff流域valley,drainagebasin流域面积（汇水面积） drainagearea,riverbasinarea,（catchmentarea）地下水动态groundwaterregime地下水动态类型typeofgroundwaterregime14潜水位变化带zoneofvariablephreaticlevel气象因素meteorologicalfactor降水量amountofprecipitation蒸发量amountofevaporation地下水蒸发evaporationofgroundwater水文因素hydrologicalfactor第二节地下水的类型包气带水aerationzonewater上层滞水perchedwater潜水phreaticwater承压水confinedwater自流水artesianwater孑L隙水porewater裂隙水fissurewater岩溶水karsticwater结合水boundwater,combinedwater吸着水hydroscopicwater薄膜水pellicularwater毛细管水capillarywater重力水gravitationalwater地下水成因类型groundwaterorigintype凝结水condensationwater,condensedwater渗入水infiltrationwater封存水connatewater原生水juvenilewater第三节地下水赋存水文地质条件hydrogeologicalcondition地下水埋藏条件conditionofgroundwateroccurrence地下水埋藏深度depthofgroundwateroccurrence充气带（包气带） zoneofaeration土壤水带soilwaterzone中间带（渗水带） intermediatezone,vadosewaterzone毛细管带capillaryzone,capillaryfringe毛细管上升高度capillaryheight,capillaryrise毛细管水压力（毛细管水张力）capillarypressure,（capillarytension）饱水带（饱和带）zoneofsaturation11含水层aquifer潜水含水层phreaticaquifer承压含水层confinedaquifer14有限含水层finiteaquifer无限含水层infiniteaquifer透水层permeablelayer,perviouslayer17渗透性（透水性）permeability18富水性waterabundance19弱透水层aquitard不透水层（隔水层、阻水层） imperiouslayer,impermeablelayer,（aquifuge,aquiclude）自流斜地artesianslope自流盆地artesianbasin自流水区artesianbasin自流水头artesianhead承压水头confinedwaterhead,artesianhead含水构造water-bearingstructure断裂含水带water-bearingfracturezone地下水盆地groundwaterbasin地下水库groundwaterreservoir不透水边界imperviousboundary地下分水岭groundwaterdivide地下水流域groundwatercatchment潜水面phreaticsurface,watertable渗出面seepageface（seepagezone）含水层储水storageofwaterinaquifer含水层储能storageofenergyinaquifer第四节地下水运动渗流seepage渗流场seepagefield水头waterhead水头损失waterheadloss过水断面dischargesection,dischargearea水力坡（梯）度hydraulicgradient渗透速度seepagevelocity,filtrationvelocity实际流速actualvelocity渗透途径filtrationpath,seepagepath地下水流向groundwaterflowdirection沁润曲线phreaticcurve流线flowline,streamline等势线equipotentialline流网flownet层流laminarflow紊流turbulentflow地下水稳定流groundwatersteadyflow地下水非稳定流groundwaterunsteadyflow一维流one-dimensionalflow二维流two-dimensionalflow平面流planeflow三维流three-dimensionalflow径向流radialflow辐射流radialflow25达西定律Darcy’slaw渗流连续方程seepagecontinuityequation27渗透力(渗透压力)seepageforce粘滞性viscosity第五节水化学与水环境地下水水质groundwaterquality水质分析(水化学分析) waterqualityanalysis(hydrochemicalanalysis)水样watersample溶解度solubility地下水总矿化度totalmineralizationofgroundwater化学需氧量chemicaloxygendemand(COD)生化需氧量biochemicaloxygendemand(BOD)地下水硬度groundwaterhardness硬水hardwater软水softwater地下水盐碱度salinityandalkalinityofgroundwater淡水freshwater咸水salinewater盐水saltwater卤水brine酸性水acidulouswater碱性水alkalinewater地下水腐蚀性groundwatercorrosivity矿水mineralwater溶解作用dissolution淋滤(溶滤作用)lixiviation,leaching淋溶eluviation浓缩作用concentration24离子交换ionexchange吸附sorption沉淀作用precipitation27地下水混合作用mixingofgroundwater28脱碳酸作用decarbonation脱硫酸作用sesulphidation分子扩散moleculardiffusion水动力弥散hydrodynamicdispersion对流弥散convectivedispersion不溶混驱替immiscibledisplacement地下水环境容量environmentalcapacityofgroundwater地下水环境背景值groundwaterenvironmentalbackgroundvalue地下水污染groundwaterpollution水质污染标志waterpollutionindices地下水污染起始值initialvalueofgroundwaterpollution地下水质模型groundwaterqualitymodel地下水质恶化groundwaterqualitydeterioration海水入侵seawaterintrusion,seawaterencroachment地下水卫生防护带sanitaryprotectionzoneofgroundwater含水层自净作用self-puringofaquifer地下水环境质量评价environmentalqualityassessmentofgroundwater地下水环境影响评价environmentalimpactassessmentofgroundwater第六节水文地质调查与图件水文地质测绘hydrogeologicalsurvey,hydrogeologicalmapping水文地质钻探hydrogeologicaldrilling水文地质勘察hydrogeologicalinvestigation水文地质初步勘察preliminaryhydrogeologicalinvestigation水文地质详细勘察detailedhydrogeologicalinvestigation水文地质图hydrogeologicalmap综合水文地质图compositehydrogeologicalmap8水文地质等水位线图 isopiesticmapofgroundwater水文地质等水压线图 isopiesticcontourmapofgroundwater地下水水化学图groundwaterchemistrymap,hydrochemicalmapofgroundwater水文地质剖面图hydrogeologicalprofile第七节地热地热资源geothermalresources地热场geothermalfield地热剃度(地热增温率) geothermalgradient;(geothermalincrementrate)热传导heattransfer,thermaltransmission热扩散thermaldiffusion热对流featconvection热辐射heatradiation,thermalradiation第八节井泉地下水露头groundwateroutcrop泉spring上升泉ascendingspring下降泉descendingspring,gravityspring接触泉contactspring溢流泉overflowingspring温泉thermalspring,hotspring沸泉boilingspring矿泉mineralspring完整井completelypenetratingwall,wellofcompletepenetration非完整井partiallypenetrationwell,wellofpartialpenetration生产井productionwell大口井openwell复合井compositewell集水井collectorwell辐射井radialwell回灌井rechargewell,injectionwell管井tubularwell管井结构wellstructure井(孔)径well(borehole)diameter井斜welldeflection井壁管wellcasing,welltube井过滤器wellfilter,screenpipe,filterpipe沉淀管settlingpipe填砾gravelpack反滤层invertedgravelfilter洗井wellwashing止水sealing,plugging封井outsidesealingofwell井喷welleruption井温welltemperature井距wellspacing水平集水廊道horizontalgallery第九节水文地质试验与参数砂槽模型sandboxmodel缝隙模型modeloffissuration常水头渗透试验constantheadpermeabilityteat变水头渗透试验fallingheadpermeabilityteat渗水试验in-situpermeabilitytest注水试验injectiontest7抽水试验pumpingtest压水试验packerpermeabilitytest地下水连通试验groundwaterconnectivitytest地下水示踪试验groundwatertracertest电模拟