专题16-第十六章定语从句（初高区别及衔接）（教师版）-2021-2022学年英语初升高衔接大串讲（牛津译林版2020）

第十六章定语从句初中知识回顾回顾：定语从句定语从句所修饰的词叫作先行词。定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词叫作关系代词(that,which,who,whom,whose)或关系副词(when,where),关系代词和关系副词放在先行词与定语从句之间，起联系的作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。.通常只能用that的情况(1)当先行词是不定代词all,fcw,littlc,much,somcthing.anything,nothing5cvcrything等时。(2)先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级以及被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,theonly,thevery,thelast等修饰时。(3)如果先行词既指人又指物，应用关系代词Ihat。.通常只用which的情况(I)引导非限定性定语从句，用关系代词which指代前面整个句子的内容。(2)引导非限定性定语从句，而且先行词指物时只能用which,不用that«(3)如果句中有两个定语从句，如果两个从句都可以用that引导，那么其中一个应改用which引导。.who,whom与whose引导的定语从句⑴如果先行词是指人的不定代词anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,nobody,one,ones,those,all(指人)等作先行词，作主语用who,作宾语用whom,不用which.o⑵在非限制性定语从句中，指人作主语用who,作宾语用whom,不用whicho(3)在定语从句中，作定语的关系代词只能用whose,它相当于thc+名词+of+which/whom;非限制性定语从句中还有“代词/数词+of+、vhich八vhom”结构。.关系副词where,when与why引导的定语从句它们相当于“介词+which”,其中where=in/at+which;when=at/in/during+which;why=for+whicho.介词+关系代词当关系代词作介词的宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词先行词指物，用“介词+which”,指人则用“介词+whom”,且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的studyandalsoinspiredme.DeterminedtoliveAupotoexpectationsofmyteachersorparents,Idevotedand。what。myselftosolvealltheproblemsinmystudyandthenmadeprogress.I'mmorethangratefulforthathehassolving©doneforme,fromwhomI'vegottoknowitisnevertoolatetogetbackwhenthereisstillhope,which®选择要遵循两个原则：根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定；根据先行词的特殊用法而定。Litisthesamewithourlives.Thosechoosetoliveinpeacemusthelptheirneighborstoliveinpeace.who【解析】设空处所在句含有定语从句，先行词为“Those”,指代人，故关系代词用“who”。从后一句“Thosewhochoose”也可知答案。."AnyonehasheardaboutSeattle'strainmaythinkthisiskindoffun/'MeKaulaysaid.who【解析】句意:“任何听说过西雅图火车的人可能认为这有点好玩。"McKaulay说道。由句子结构可判断出此处引导定语从句，先行词为anyone,故填关系代词who。.Theatersmayhaveabrighterfutureiftheycanprovideamovieexperiencepeoplecannotgelathome,that/which【解析】句意:电影院可能会有一个更光明的未来，如果它们能提供给人们一种在家里无法获得的电影经历。本题考查定语从句。当先行词是表示事物的名词时，关系代词用that或whicho.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourcityinthepasttenyears.Everythingcomesintosightissonewtome.that【解析】句意:在过去的10年里我们的城市发生了巨大的变化。对我来说,出现在我眼前的一切都是那么新。本题考查定语从句。由先行词Everylhing可知关系代词只能使用〔hat。.—Whydon'tyoulikefishing?一Fishingisahobbyneedsmuchpatience,butI'mnotpatientatall.that/which【解析】句意:一你为什么不喜欢钓鱼?一钓鱼是一项需要许多耐心的爱好，但是我一点耐心都没有。本题考查定语从句。先行词hobby（爱好）指事物，关系代词应用that或which。.RunningManisaveryrelaxingTVprogramishotamongtheyoungpeople.that/which【解析】句意：《奔跑吧兄弟》是一个十分令人放松而且在年轻人中很受欢迎的电视节目。本题考查定语从句。由先行词program可知关系代词应用that/which。高中定语从句一.定义定语从句：在句子中起定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句。先行词：被修饰的名词或代词。结构：名词/代词（先行词）+关系代词/副词+定语从句强着连接上从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用二,关系代词引导的定语从句who/that：Ishethemanwho/ihatwantstoseeyou?（在从句中作主语和宾语）先行词为是人的名词或代词1whom：Heisthemanwhom/who/thatIsawyesterday.（在从句中作宾语）whose：Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.・先行词是事物的名词或代词.（在从句中作定语）which/lhat:Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappears（在从句中作主语和宾语）inthecountryside.Thepackage（which/that）youarecarryingisabouttofalldown.whose:Pleasepassmethebookwhose（ofwhichthe）coverisgreen.（在从句中作定语）考点一考查关系代词引导的定语从句I.Apersone-mailaccountisfullwon'tbeabletosendorreceiveanye-mails.（天津卷）A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.whoever2.Manychildren,parentsareawayworkinginbigcities,aretakengoodcareofinthevillage.（安徽卷）A.theirB.whoseC.ofthemD.withwhomMyfriendshowedmeroundthetown,wasverykindofhim.（全国II）A.whichB.thatC.whereD.itWheneverImether,wasfairlyoften,shegreetedmewithasweetsmile.（山东卷）A.whoB.whichC.whenD.thatICo【解析】在所给的四个关系代词中，只有whose能用于名词用作定语，故选C。又如：Abooksellerisapersonwhosejobissellingbooks.书商就是其职业是卖书的人。2B。【解析】（heir是物主代词，不是关系代词，不能引导定语从句，所以不能选;在其余三个选项中，只有whose能用于名词用作定语，故选句意为：许多孩子的父母外出到大城市打工去了，他们在家乡被照顾得很好。3A。【解析】由于两个句子之间没有并列连词，所以不能选B或D;而where是关系副词，不能用作主语;which在此引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中用作主语。又如：Peterdrovetoofast,whichwasdangerous.彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。4Bo【解析】that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句，故可排除;when是关系副词，不用作主语，故也可排除;who用于指人，但这里的定语从句不是修饰her,而是修饰wheneverImether,故不能用who,此处应用whicho又如：Hesaidthathehadneverseenherbefore,whichwasnottrue.他说他从没见到过她,这是不真实的。三.关系副词引导的定语从句[when:Thereareoccasionswhen（onwhich）onemustyield.（介词+which）先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词《（关系副词在从句中作状语）叫判断关系代词与关系副词ri.用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词：而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。2.准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。考点一考查关系副词引导的定语从句Mozart'sbirthplaceandthehouseA.whereB.whenIt'shelpfultoputchildreninasituation_A.thatB.whenLifeislikealongracewecomwhere:Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)1wasborn..why:Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.I,llneverfbrgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.Thismuseumisyouvisitedafewdaysago.Thisisthemuseumtheexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)_hecomposed“TheMagicFlute”arcbothmuseumsnow.(上海卷)C.thereD.whichtheycanseethemselvesdifferently.(福建卷)C.whichD.wherepetewithotherstogobeyondourselves.(重庆卷)A.whyB.whatC.thatD.whereShe'llneverforgetherstaythere,shefoundhersonwhohadgonemissingtwoyearsbefbre.（四川卷）A.thatB.whichC.whereD.whenBecauseofthefinancialcrisis,daysaregonelocal5-starhotelscharged6,000yuanforonenight.A.ifB.whenC.whichD.sincelAo【解析】由于定语从句hecomposed“TheMagicFlute”的主语和宾语是完整的,所以不能选D；when指时间，不用于修饰表地点的先行词Ihehouse,故也不能选;而Ihere不是关系词，不能引导定语从句。2Do【解析】由于定语从句theycanseethemselvesdifferently的主语和宾语是完整的，所以不能选A和C；when指时间，不用「修饰表地点的先行词asiuiation,故也不能选。3D。【解析】由于定语从句wccompetewithotherstogobeyondourselves的句子结构是完整的，不缺主语或宾语，所以不能选C；why引导定语从句，其先行•词只能是thereason,而不用于其他场合，故不能选;what不是关系词，不能用于引导定语从句，故也可排除;where在此引导定语从句，修饰名词race,相当于inwhicho句意为：人生就像一场长途赛跑，在赛跑中我们为了超越自我而与别人竞争。4Do【解析】that不用于引导非限制性定语从句，故被排除;which引导定语从句必须在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,与本题的句子结构不符，故也被排除;where引导定语从句时;其前先行词只能是表示地点的名词，而本题的先行词herstayihere（她待在那儿期间）不是表地点，而是表时间，故C也可排除；关系副词when在此引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词herstay。句意为：她永远不会忘记她待在那儿的那段时间，在此其间她找到了她两年前失踪的孩子。5B。【解析】when在此用于引导定语从句，修饰名词days。此题的难点是先行词days与关系副词when之间被aregone,容易误解句子结构。句意为：由于金融危机，当地五星级宾馆每晚收费6,000元的R子已经过去了。五.关系代词that的用法1）不用ihal的情况a）引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：（错）Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b）介词后不能用。例如：Wcdependonthe\,indfromwhichwcgetourfood.我们依赖土地获得食物。Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a）在therebe句型中，只用that,不用which。b）在不定代词,如：anything,nothing,theone,alLmuch,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用whichoIsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally,thethiefhandedeverything（hathehadstolentothepolice.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察c）先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时，只用ihat。Mynecklaceisnottheonlythingthatismissing.d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。Thatisoneofthemostinterestingbooksthatarcsoldinthebookshop.Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoistogetsomefood.e）先行词既有人，又有物时。例如:Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutarereallywellknown.六.定语从句中只用which而不用that情况①当关系代词前有介词时:Thisisthehouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.②引导非限制性定语从句只用Which。which可代表先行词或者前句，译成“这一点，这件事”。Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.Hisdog,whichwasveryold,becameill.③先行词是that,those且指物时，关系词用whichoWhat'sthatwhichwasbrightinthecar?④一个句子两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that,另一个用whichoLetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.随堂练习一.单句填空l.In1984,Dr.MaryGroda-Lewis,wasthirty-fiveyearsoldthen,graduatedwithhonorsandrealizedherdream.【答案】who.Hesaid,U...Iaddedasmallmoustache,wouldaddagewithouthidingmyexpression?)【答案】which.Theact,forbidstrading,waspassedin1448andisstillinforce.【答案】which.0urofficewasn'tfarfromChinatown,IfoundsomeverygoodChineserestaurants.【答案】where.Asmoreandmorepeopleownprivatecars,parkinghasbecomeabigheadachetormanycarowners,especiallyforthoseliveindowntownareaswithoutenoughparkingspaces.【答案】who.Nowmillionsoffansareeagerlyawaitingitseighthandfinalseason,startsonApril14.【答案】which.AfterlivinginAustraliaformanyyears,Louisefinallyreturnedtothecounlryshewasborn.【答案】where.Thereareperhaps40millioncompetitive(abletennisplayersandmanyordinarypeopleplaylessseriously.【答案】who.Hewasagreatscientistandanextraordinarymanworkandlegacywillliveonformanyyears.【答案】whose.ThatisanOxfordcollege,famousgraduatesincludethelateBenazirBhutto.【答案】whose.Butit'snotlikemanyothercountries(hereseemstobetensionamongthedifferentcultures.【答案】where.Then,afire,brokeoutin1969onCleveland'sCuyahogaRiver,shedlightontheproblemofchemicalpollutioninwater.【答案】which.Pupils,usuallycomefromthefifthorsixthgrade,aredividedintodifferentteamsandtrytowritedowneverywordaccordingtoitspronunciation.【答案】who14.1amalreadylookingforwardtotheirnextvisitIcanshowthemmoreofwhatSevilleoffers.【答案】when二.单句改错15.ItwillbetenmonthsbeforeIattendtheCollegeEntranceExamination,thatmakesmeworried.【答案】that—>which16.1haveanAmericanfriend,Marianne,shelivesalonebuthasapetdog.Sparky.【答案】she—>who17.Intheyear2013whichIwas15,1joinedanexchangestudentprogram.【答案】which—>whcn18.It'sablacksquaresuitcase,whatisjustasbigasaschoolbag.【答案】what-which19.WhenIwas12,ImetMary.ShecametoChinawithherparents,whomtaughtEnglishinauniversity.【答案】whomTwhoTherewasatime[IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedspeakingEnglish.Andthiswasthereason2_myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,3Imetmanystrangers,!missedmyparentsverymuch.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately,myguide,4teacherwasYuMinhong,communicatedwithmefacetoface,from5_Igainedsomeusefulinstructions.Healsointroducedagoodpartnertome,andwegotalongwellwitheachother.GraduallyIadaptedtothelifethere.EverydayIwouldtalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities6wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,7encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish,into8Iputmyentireenergy.EverydayIreadmywordsandpassagesaloud.InclassIjoininEnglishdiscussions.BefbreIgotosleep,!recallthepassages,through9Icanmemorizealargenumberofnewwords.10ourEnglishteachersays,“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhavepcrscvcrancc,youwillmasterEnglishsoonerorlater.”..9.10.【答案】Xiamen,1(lie)inFujianProvince,isafamouscoastalcity.AsfarasI'mconcerned,Xiamenisverycleanandpretty.Inthatcity,wecanenjoytheclearsky,thebeautifulsea,2greentropicalplants.3XiamenisinthesoutheastofChinaandclosetothesea,it'sneithertoocoldinwinternortoohotinsummer.Thebestseasons(ogotoXiamenarebothspringandsummer.Besides,4aresomefamoustouristsitesinXiamen.AndthemostbeautifulscenicspotisGulangyuIsland.Wecanvisitforeignbuildings,nicegardens,beautifulparks,andtraditionalmuseumsthere.5weareinXiamen,6wecan'tmissistogotoGulangyuIsland,7wewon'thaveagoodtime.However,inrecentyears,Xiamenhasbecomealotmoremodern8itusedtobe.Nowadays,moreandmoreskyscrapersandshoppingmallshavebeenbuilt,9makesXiamenawonderfulcityforsightseeingandshopping.SoI