中国文化导论 lecture Five (Arts)

AGlimpseofChineseCultureLectureFiveArtsCalligraphyPaintingTraditionalOperasFolkPerformingArtsTraditionalMusicalInstruments

CalligraphyandPainting

CalligraphyPaintingFourtreasuresofthestudyHowdoyouunderstandChinesecalligraphy?Chinesecalligraphyisalsocalledtheartoflines.Itstressestheoveralllayoutandharmonybetweenwordsandlines.

TheChinesesaying“Thehandwritingrevealstheperson”(字如其人),isdirectlyrelatedtocalligraphy.It'salsoregardedasawaytokeepmindandbodyfitandhealthy.Strokes(笔画)ofChineseCharactersThereare6basiccategories:dian—dotstrokeheng—horizontalstrokeshu—verticalstrokepie—curvedstrokezhe—angular(角形的)strokegou—hooked(钩形的)strokeThemostcomplicatedChinesecharacter?

ThenumberofstrokeswithinasingleChinesecharacterrangesfromonetomorethan50strokes.Biang,二声(56strokes)Calligraphy“一点飞上天，黄河两边弯；八字大张口，言字往里走，左一扭，右一扭；西一长，东一长，中间加个马大王；心字底，月字旁，留个勾搭挂麻糖；推了车车走咸阳。”ThemostcomplicatedChinesecharacter?

ChineseRadicalsStrokesformChineseradicals(偏旁)Aradicalistherootofacharacter.Somebasiccharactercomponentsarestandalonecharacters(独立成字),like“土”and“山”,butmostarejustpartsofthem.FivecategoriesofChinesescripts

thesealform(zhuan篆书)theofficialform(li隶书)the

cursive（草写的）form(cao草书)theregular

form(kai楷书)the

runningform(xing行书)The

Seal

Form(篆书)

anancientscriptthatmainlyappearedonthebronzevesselsduringtheWarringStatesandPre-QinPeriodsmoreclosetopictography(象形文字).Eachofthecharactershasabalancedandsymmetrical(对称的)pattern.TheOfficialForm(隶书)

ItcameintobeingduringtheQinandHandynasties.ItwastheturningpointintheevolutionofChinesescriptsandisthefoundationofthelaterscriptforms.Itwasmucheasiertouse,sothatintheHandynastyitreplacedthesealform.TheCursiveForm(草书)

ItoriginatedfromtheHanDynasty.Thisstyleofcalligraphyissmoothandlivelywithstrokesflowingandcharacterslinkingtogether.Itisexecutedfreelyandrapidlysothatpartsofthecharactersappearexaggerated(夸张的).TheRegularform(楷书)

ItwasdevelopedduringtheWeiandJindynastiesandcametoprominenceduringtheTangdynasty.Itisstilltoday’sstandardwriting.Itissquareinform,andnon-cursiveinstrokes.Size:LargerRegularFormSmallerRegularFormMediumRegularFormFourmostfamousRegularstylemasters

柳公权体势劲媚，骨力道健瘦劲著称

颜真卿化瘦硬为丰腴雄浑，端庄雄伟

欧阳询挺拔俊丽严密方劲

赵孟頫能精究各体，在朝鲜、日本非常风行（精通书法、绘画）柳公权zhaomengfu（元朝）欧阳询The

runningForm(行书)

Therunningformissomewherebetweentheregularandthecursiveformsallowingsimplerandfasterwriting.therunningregularform行楷therunningcursiveform行草theChineseCalligrapher

inHistoryWangXizhi(303-361,EasternJinDynasty)—thesageofChinesecalligraphy

书圣

ThePrefacetoTheLantingCollectionofCalligraphy（《兰亭集序》）

HowdoyouunderstandChinesePainting?

ChineseTraditionalPaintingreferstoink-washpainting(水墨画),whichcanbetracedbacktotheTangDynastyandflourishedfromtheYuanDynastyonwards.ThemostimportantthemesoftraditionalChinesepainting:humanfigures

landscape

flowers

birds

pavilionsHowdoyouunderstandChinesePainting?

TraditionalChinesepaintingsarenot“purely”paintings.Apaintingusuallyconsistsofcalligraphicwriting,sealstamps,andthepainting.Theycombinefineart,poetry,calligraphy,andsealengravingtoachieveanartisticunison(一致).东晋顾恺之《洛神赋图》唐朝张萱、周昉《唐宫仕女图》唐朝阎立本《步辇图》唐朝韩滉huang《五牛图》五代顾闳hong中《韩熙载夜宴图》

北宋王希孟《千里江山图》

北宋·张择端《清明上河图》

元朝黄公望《富春山居图》明朝仇英《汉宫春晓图》

清朝郎世宁《百骏图》

Modern

ChinesePaintersXuBeihong列子·汤问QiBaishiModern

ChinesePaintersMuralPaintingsatDunhuangMuralPaintingsatDunhuangMuralPaintingsatDunhuangWood-cutBlockPrint

（版画）Wood-cutBlockPrint

Wood-cutBlockPrint

FourtreasuresofthestudyFourtreasuresofthestudy:brush,ink,paperandinkstoneThebestofeachoftheseitemsisrepresentedby:

Hubrush(湖笔),Huiinkstick(徽墨),RicePaper（Xuanpaper宣纸),andDuaninkstone(端砚).

HubrushHubrushesareproducedinthecityofHuzhou,ZhejiangProvince.Huiinksticks古徽州HuiinksticksareproducedinHuiCity,AnhuiProvince.TheyaremadefromtheashofburntgreenpinefromMountHuangshanandthenmixedwithglue.RicepaperXuanpaperisaspecialtypeofhighqualitypaperproducedinXuanchengandJingCountyofAnhuiProvince.Duaninkstones广东肇庆

DuaninkstoneswerefirstintroducedinDuanzhou,nowareproducedinZhaoqingCity,GuangdongProvince.HowtopracticeChineseCalligraphy?Theregularformisusuallytakenasthestandardformforbeginnerstopracticebecauseitisthebasicformforotherinscriptions.practicingthecharacter“永”repeatedlybecauseitcontainstheeightbasicdotsandstrokes.

HowtopracticeChineseCalligraphy?

TraditionalOperas

BeijingOperaOtherMajorTraditionalChineseOperasBeijingOperaBeijingOperaOriginallyBeijingOperawasaformoflocaltheatre.ItthenspreadacrossthecountryandbecamethenationaloperaofChina.Singing,recitation,acting,andacrobaticfighting(唱、念、做、打)arethefourartisticmeansandthefourbasicskillsofBeijingOpera.

Eachactionbytheperformerishighlysymbolic.Feelingsandideasareoftenexpressedthroughthesesymbolicmotions.startingfromTangdynasty,takingshapeinSongandYuanandbecomingmatureinthebeginningofQing.Sheng,Dan,Jing,andChou（生、旦、净、丑）

ThecharactersofBeijingOperaareclassifiedaccordingtosex,age,disposition,profession,andsocialstatus.TherearefourmajorrolesinBeijingOperatoday:sheng(male),dan(female),jing(paintedface,male)andchou(clown).ShengTheshengrolesaregenerallypositiveandcanbedividedinto：

laosheng(elderlymen)wusheng(militarymen)xiaosheng(youngmen)wawasheng(children)DanDanreferstovariousfemaleroles,includinglaodan(老旦),qingyi(青衣or正丹雍容华贵、身份显赫的妇女，杨贵妃),huadan(花旦youngladies)，

wudan(武旦,eg.青蛇)

caidan(彩旦,丑婆子，东施).

FourGreatDanActorsMeiLanfang梅兰芳ShangXiaoyun尚小云FourGreatDanActorsChengYanqiu程砚秋XunHuisheng荀慧生FourGreatDanActorsJing(HuaLian)TheJingisaromantic,exaggeratedBeijingOperarole.Thecharactersaremostlycheerful,honest,gallant(豪侠的),andintrepid(刚毅的)menortreacherous(奸诈的)andcruelmen.正净（大花脸,唱功）副净（二花脸，做功）武净（武花脸）ChouThechoucharactersaresharp-witted,clever,humorous,honest,andkindmen.wenchou(文丑:comiccivilianroles)whospeak,act,andsingwuchou(武丑:arcobaticfightingcomicroles)whoseperformanceinvolvesbothspeakingandacrobaticfighting.Chou

FacialMakeupandCostumesTherearetwowaystodistinguishacharacter’spersonalityorroletype.Thefirstistounderstandthecolorcodeofthepaintedface.Thesecondistodistinguishthelinesandpatternsdrawnontheface.红色脸象征忠义、耿直、有血性；黑色脸既表现性格严肃，不苟言笑；蓝色脸表现性格刚直，桀骜不驯；绿色脸勇猛，莽撞。CostumesDifferentrobecolorsindicatedifferentsocialstatusorpeople:yellowforimperialfamilyredfornobilityredandblueforviolentpeoplescholars--bluegownsgenerals--paddedarmoremperors--dragon-patternedrobesBeijingOpera《贵妃醉酒》选段/vblog/news/201203/cd099874-6bbf-4220-8452-dacf0f160eb9.shtml

OtherMajorTraditionalChineseOpera

KunquOpera昆曲ShaanxiOpera秦腔ChuanOpera川剧YueOpera越剧HuangmeiOpera黄梅戏YueOpera粤剧YuOpera豫剧KunquOperaKunquOperaisconsideredthemotherofmanyothertypesoftraditionaloperas.ItoriginatedfromearlyfolkoperaspopularinKunshan,JiangsuProvinceandhadreacheditspeakofpopularitybythelateMingDynastyandearlyQingDynasty.In2001,itwaslistedintheOralandIntangibleCulturalHeritagebytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO联合国科教文组织).PeonyPavilionKunquOperaShaanxiOperaShaanxiOpera(秦腔),theoldestofalltheChineseoperasthatarestillinexistencetoday,isthetypicaloperaofShaanxiprovince.“ancestorofallChineselocaloperas”ChuanOperaItoriginatedinthemid-18thcentury.Thetechniqueof“facechanges”ismostoftenusedinChuanOpera.Insomecasesmultiplelayersofmasksaretornawayforeachchangeinfacialexpression.YueOpera越剧ItoriginatedinShengxianCounty嵊县,ZhejiangProvince,butitispopularthroughoutZhejiangProvinceandShanghaiaswellasinmanylargeandmedium-sizedcitiesthroughoutthecountry.

Thesoftandgentlemusicofthisoperaevokessentimentalemotions,andtheactingstyleislikewisegracefulandrefined.Butterfly'sLove(RomeoandJulietinChina)HuangmeiOperaHuangmeiOperahasbeenperformedforover200years.ItisalocaloperainAnhuiProvinceandevolvedfromthe“CaichaTune”(tea-pickingtune)ofHuangmeiCounty,HubeiProvince.TheHeavenlyMaidandtheMortal《天仙配》FemaleSon-in-lawoftheEmperor《女驸马》YueOpera粤剧YueOperaisonetypeoftraditionallocaloperas,popularinGuangdongandGuangxiprovincesandinChinesecommunitiesinSouthAsiaandAmerica.YuOpera豫剧Yuopera,alsocalledHenanBangzi,isoneofthemostinfluentiallocaloperasinChina.Representativefigures:

马金凤常香玉Representativepieces:

HuaMulan《花木兰》MuGuiyingTakesCommand《穆桂英挂帅》YuOpera豫剧HuaMulanHuaMulanMuGuiyingTakesCommandFolkPerformingArts

AcrobaticsQuyi

PuppetShowShadowPlay

Ghost-ExorcisingOpera(傩nuo舞)

AcrobaticsAcrobaticshasbeeninexistenceinChinaformorethan2,000years.Chineseacrobatshavebeensuccessfulinmanyinternationalcompetitionsovertheyears.Asaresult,foreignaudienceshaveeulogizedtheartformasmythicalandengrossingandChinaisplayingadominatingpartinacrobatics.QuyiAsanindependentart,Quyiwasformedinthemid-TangDynastyandthrivedintheSongDynasty.Itincludes:☆Cross-talk(相声)

☆Clappertalk(快板)☆Storytelling(评书)

☆Xiaopin(小品)

☆Shuanghuang(双簧)Cross-talk(相声)Cross-talkisoneofthemostpopularandinfluentialtypesofquyi.Itsperformanceischaracterizedbytalking,imitation,fun-making,andsinging（说、学、逗、唱）.Satireisitsmainpurpose.Threetypes:

☆monologue-comictalk☆comiccross-talk☆multiloguecross-talk马三立侯宝林刘宝瑞马季姜昆冯巩郭德纲

ClapperTalk快板Clappertalkisafolkartforminwhichaperformerdeliverscomicrhymesormonologuestotheaccompanimentofbambooclappers.Storytelling评书Storytelingisalsocalledpingshuorpinghua.Itonlyhasasingleperformerstandingorsittingatatable,usingagavelorafoldedfanasaprop.刘兰芳袁阔成田连元单田芳XiaopinXiaopinareshort,lightcomediesintheHuaju(spokendrama)

style.About15minutesinlength.Xiaopinperformances

havebeenregularpopularitemsonChinesetelevision’sNewYearGalaShow.陈佩斯赵本山宋丹丹黄宏Shuanghuang双簧Shuanghuangisakindoftwo-personfolkart,withoneactinginpantomimeandtheotherhidingbehindhimorherdoingallthespeakingand/orsinging.OriginatinginTheHanDynasty,ChinesePuppetshowrosetoprominenceduringtheTangandSongDynasties.Itcombineselementsofsong,dance,painting,andsculpture.PuppetshowShadowPlay（皮影）ItcameintobeingintheHanDynasty,havingmorethan2,000years’history.Theperformersmanipulatecolorfulleatherorcardboardfigureswhosesilhouettes（侧面影像）arereflectedonascreenbylanternlight.

Ghost-Exorcising

Opera(傩舞)TheGhost-Exorcising

Operaoriginatedfromasacrificialceremonyfordrivingawayevilspiritsandpestilence(瘟疫)inancienttimes.NanfengCountyinJiangxiProvinceisconsideredtothehometownoftheGhost-ExorcisingOpera.

TraditionalMusicalInstrumentsPluckedInstruments(弦乐器)PercussionInstrument(打击乐器)WindInstrument(管乐器)PluckedInstruments(弦乐器)Pipa(琵琶)isanancientplucked(拨动的),four-stringedinstrumentmadeofwood,withthefingerboardshapedlikeamelon-seed,andalongbeautifulneckbentbackward.PluckedInstruments(弦乐器)Themosttraditionalpipamusicpieces:

AmbushonAllSides

《十面埋伏》

SpringMoonlightontheFlowersbytheRiver

《春江花月夜》Zither(古筝)isoneofthemainensembleandsoloinstrumentsoftraditionalChinesemusic.Thepresent-dayzither

usuallyhas21-25strings.PluckedInstruments(弦乐器)ThemostpopularZither

musicpieces:

SingingontheReturnofFishingBoats

《渔舟唱晚》