创造发明方法

1、设问发明法

设问发明法也称聪明的办法、检核表法。它享有创造技法之母的称号。夜光粉是一种用量少用途不大的发光材料，多用于钟表和仪表。现在有人提出，它能有更大的用途吗？这个设问，诱人研制成夜光纸，可以裁剪成任何形状贴在夜间黑暗环境中，指示开关位置所在，既方便，又安全。可贴在火柴盒上、煤油灯座上、山区公路转弯处、楼梯扶手处等等。Establishtoinventionmethodalsocalledintelligentmethod,andthemethodofchecklist.Itholdsthetitleofthemotherofcreationtechniques.Noctilucentpowderisakindofconsumptionpurposesnotbigluminescentmaterial,usedforclockandinstrumentation.Nowsomeoneisputforward,itcanbemoreuseful?Therhetoricalquestion,invitingthedevelopedluminouspaper,canbecutintoanyshapeinthedarknightenvironment,indicatingswitchposition,convenient,andsafe.Canstickonthematchbox,kerosenelampseat,mountainroadcorner,stairarmrest,andsoon..Thisinventiontechniquesinventedmethodcalledrhetoricalquestions.Establishtoinventionmethodaccordingtotheneedtosolvetheproblem,orneedtocreatetheobjectoftheinventionliststherelevantissues,andthencheckthinkingandpromoteinnovation.Canestablishtoexistingtheinventionofthepresenceofotherpurposes?Canyouintroduceothercreativeidea,orreplacement,ortoborrow?Existinginventionscanchange?Canyoushrink,ease,split?Couldyouexpandpurposes,prolonglife?Willyoupleasereplacemodelororder?Willyoupleaseupsidedown?Presenceofsubstituteproducts?Theexistingseveralinventionscanbecombinedtogether?......Fromthisinquirycanobtainthemethodtosolvetheproblemandtheideasoftheinvention这种发明技法叫设问发明法。设问发明法根据需要解决的问题，或需要创造发明的对象列出有关问题，然后一一核对思考，促进创造发明。可以设问现有的发明有无其他用途？能否引入其他创造性设想，或替代，或借用？现有发明可否改动一下？可否缩小、减轻、分割？可否扩大用途，延长寿命？可否更换型号或顺序？可否颠倒过来？有无替代用品？现有的几种发明是否可以组合一起？……从这段设问中可以获得解决问题的方法和创造发明的设想。（1）加一加

把一件物品加大一点，加长一点，加高一点，或者把功能增多一点，使物品在形态上、功能上、尺寸上有所变化，有利于使用。例如，把变通的印刷铅字加大一点，成为大号字，便于老年人阅览。把变通雨伞加大一点，成为海滨游泳场的晴雨两用伞。铅笔和橡皮原来是分开的两件东西，美国威廉发明了橡皮头铅笔，这也是加一加的方法。帽子和衣服加在一起，有了带帽子的风雪大衣。X射线照相装置同电子计算机加在一起，成为“CT扫瞄仪”，使诊断脑内疾病和体内癌变等具有特殊效能。Toincreasealittle,andanarticleextendedabit,abithigher,orthefunctionincreasedalittle,maketheitemsontheform,function,sizechanges,ishelpfultouse.Forexample,theflexibleprintingtypeincreasedalittle,becomelarge,readingtotheelderly.Flexibleumbrellaincreasedalittle,becomeaseasideworkedasamphibiousumbrellaintherainorshine.Pencilanderaserisdividedtwothings,theUnitedStates,Williaminventedtherubberheadpencil,itisalsoaplusoneplusmethod.Thehatandclothes,puttogether,haveaparkawiththehat.X-rayphotographicdevicewiththeelectroniccomputer,puttogether,becomea"CTscaninstrument",makethediagnosisofbraindiseasessuchascancerinvitroandinvivowithspecialperformance.（2）减一减

把一件物品减小一点、减轻一点、减低一点，使它的形态、功能发生变化。例如，电子管改成集成块，体积缩小了。钢铁架帆布帐篷改为充气塑料帐篷，重量大大减轻了。近视眼患者带上眼镜很不方便，发明微型隐形镜片，装在眼睛内，更方便了。Minishtheoneitem,reduce,reducealittlebit,makeitachangeinthemorphologyandfunction.Tubeintoaintegratedblock,forexample,volumeisreduced.Steelframethecanvastentinsteadofinflatableplastictent,greatlyreducetheweight.Patientswithmyopiawearglassesisnotveryconvenient,inventedthemicrolenses,intheeyes,moreconvenient.（3）扩一扩

把一个物品放宽一点，扩大一点，使它的功能产生明显的变化。例如，放大镜、显微镜、宽银幕电影、投影电视，都是运用扩一扩的技法。上珠算课，教师向全班同学演示怎样拨珠运算，制作一个大算盘，挂在黑板上，全班同学都看得清清楚楚。Putaarticlestorelaxalittle,andexpand,createsanobviouschangeitsfunction.Forexample,amagnifyingglass,microscope,widescreenmovie,projectionTV,enlargetheexpansiontechniqueisused.Theabacusclass,theteachertotheclasshowtodialthebeadoperation,makingabigabacus,hangingontheblackboard,theclasstoseeclearly.（4）缩一缩

使一个物品的体积缩小一点，缩短一点，给人使用带来方便，或者改变它的功能。例如，制造压缩饼干、袖珍收音机、袖珍雨衣等，书籍的缩印本、袖珍词典等。一位医师设想了利用气球作为疏通血管的工具。把气球缩得很小（直径只有几毫米），把它系在一个特制的导管的一端插入病人的动脉血管，当它探到被脂肪阻塞的地方时，就给小气球充气，小气球膨胀后，就挤压清除了沉积在那里的脂肪，使血液正常地疏通。Makeasmalleritems,shorter,bringconveniencetopeopleuse,orchangeitsfunction.Buildcompressedbiscuits,pocketradios,pocket,forexample,raincoat,etc.,booksinreduced,pocketdictionary,etc.Aphysicianusingballoonsastoolstounclogbloodvessels.Shrinktotheballoonissmall(onlyafewmillimetersindiameter),fastenitononeendofaspecialcatheterinsertedintothepatient'sartery,blockedwhenittobefat,givesmallballoon,balloonexpansion,theresqueezetoremovethedepositionoffat,bloodnormallyopen.（5）变一变

改变物品的形状、尺寸、颜色、味道、音响等，引起人们新的感觉，更有使用价值，更受消费者欢迎。例如，服装的面料、款式、颜色、图案的变化。圆形铅笔变为六角形、扁圆形，不易滑手，不易从桌上滚下。圆珠笔从单色变为双色、三色等。Changetheitem'sshape,size,color,taste,sound,etc.,causepeoplenewfeeling,havemoreusevalue,ismorepopularwithconsumers.Forexample,thefabricsofclothing,style,color,designchange.Circularpencilintohexagonal,oblate,isnoteasytoslide,noteasyrollingdownfromthetable.Ballpointpenfrommonochrometodoublecolor,threecolor,etc.（6）改一改改进物品原来的形状、性能、结构，使之出现新形态、新的功能。例如，对雨伞的改进。为了防止容易拿错，让伞布增加颜色和图案。为了防止风雨时伞布遮住视线，改用透明的塑料作伞布。为了撑伞时拿东西方便，设计成可戴在头上的帽式雨伞。还有，带“储水器”的伞，带照明的伞，等等。再如，拨环式电话机改为按键式电话机；单放机改为收音机；单卡改为双卡……，使产品朝着自动化、微型化、效率化、轻便化、简单化、省力化方向发展。Improvetheitemsoftheoriginalshape,performance,structure,makeitanewformandnewfunctions.Forexample,improvementsontheumbrella.Inordertopreventeasytogetwrong,toincreaseourumbrellaclothcolorandpattern.Inordertopreventthewindandrainumbrellaclothcoverthelineofsight,toswitchtoatransparentplasticcloth.Totakethingseasywhentheumbrellas,designedtobeputonthehatoftheheadanumbrella.Also,with"water"umbrella,umbrella,withlightingandsoon.Again,suchas,dialthetelephoneringtypetotouch-tonetelephone.Walkmanischangedtotheradio;Singlecardinstead