博士入学考试辅导

PAGEPAGE21不定冠词a/an的用法不定冠词的用法有两个要点：放在单数的可数名词前面an用于名词的第一个音素为元音。既不是单词的首字母，如university，由于发音时第一个音素为ju，是辅音，所以我们依然读做auniversity。也不能忽视单词拼写首字母是辅音的，而读音时第一个音素为元音的一些特殊的单词。以下是单词拼写首字母是辅音的，而读音时第一个音素为元音的一些特殊的单词。Honesthonorhour以下是各年考过的有关不定冠词的用法的题目。1995年14．It’spityyoucan’tgotothemovieswithme.Ireallybelieveyouwouldenjoythefilmthat’sbeingshown.19969.I’dliketofindthephonenumberoftheBeijingofficeofaengineeringfirmnamedBechtel,butIdon’tknowwhatit’scalledinChinese.Doyouhappentoknow?14.ThebusinessmenstandingovertherespeakingEnglisharemostlyfromtheUSandCanada,butoneofthemisaBritishandthreeareAustralians.19983.Ladiesandgentlemen,thankyouverymuchforyourattentionduringmyspeech.Ithasbeenahonortoaddressthisassemblyofleadingresearchesintheearthsciences.17.ProfessorEcksteinissuchterriblelecturer.Fiveminutesafterhebeginstospeak,halfthepeopleinlecturehallarealreadystrugglingtostayawake.1999Forsuchsimpleworkaswedointhislab,anelectronmicroscopeisreallyanuselessluxury.Icertainlydon’tthinkweshouldwasteourresearchfundsonone.20004.Aseverybodyinourpartoftownknows,myneighborisahonestman.Henevertellslies,nomatterwhatthesituationhappenstobe.200119.everyoneregardsitasahonortobechosentogivetheopeningaddressatsoimportantaconference.2002it’snotalwayswisetogiveahonestanswertodelicatequestions.Therearepeopleinthisworldwhomit’snotagoodideatooffend.定冠词the的用法定冠词the和不定冠词a/an的区别不定冠词a/an通常用在第一次出现的单数的可数名词前面，而第二次提及时，则该用定冠词the。e.g.Thereisagirl.Thegirlwearsareddress.Thereddresshasseveralyellowflowersonit.注意：不可数名词前面不能用不定冠词a/an，但可以用定冠词the。定冠词the的特殊含义。定冠词the通常是指众多相同事物中的需要特别指出的一个或一些。因此，我们在定语从句所修饰的名词前面一定要用定冠词the。2000ThereisafriendofJohn’swhoseemstoknoweverythingabouttrees.Hecantellyouthespeciesandtheapproximateageofmostoftreesthatheencounters.1995ThesetwoyoungscientistsareclearlyresponsibleformostofsignificantresearchdoneinthisinstitutesincethedeathofProfessorQin.1996OverhalfofsoldiersintheChinesearmycomefromruralareas.Thosewholeavethearmyoftengobacktotheirvillagesandsetupsmallbusinesses.199812.Therewereover3000peopleatthegeologicalconferenceinParislastspring.MostofparticipantswerefromEuropeandNorthAmerica,buttherewerealsoquiteafewfromtheFarEast.199912.Iamacquaintedwithmanyofscientistsonthecommitteebutnotwithallofthem.专有名词和定冠词the专有名词中以下是必须加定冠词the：A．thesun,themoon,theearth,theenvironment(自然环境)B.国家各部委的名称。目前反复出现过的部委的名称有：theministryofFinance,theministryofLandandResources,theChineseC.报刊杂志的名称theChinaDaily所有表示方位的名词前都要加定冠词the20016.Idoalotoftravelingformyjob.Forexample,onceeverytwoorthreemonthsIflytoChongqingandthendrivefromtowntotownineastofSichuantotalktoourclients.零冠词A.官职、一些独一无二的或无须特别指出的名词前是不用加定冠词the的。2002LiPinghassomeverypowerfulfamilyconnectionsintheofficialworld.Forexample,oneofherunclesistheministeroftheMinistryofFinanceandshehasacousinintheprimeminister’soffice.14.ItsaysinthisbrochurethattheprograminenvironmentalstudiesattheChinaUniversityB.关于“人、节日、地理、建筑物、语言”等的专有名词是不用加定冠词theIsJapanesesimilartoChinese?20027.Accordingtomanyobservers,avoidingopendisagreementisacharacternotonlyofChinesepeople,butalsoofotherEastAsians.Infact,thetendencymaybeevenmoremarkedamongtheJapanese.名词1.名词的考点主要集中在可数名词和不可数名词上。注意：以下名词均为不可数名词。Furniture(1995-1,1998-18,2000-12)knowledge(1996-19,2002-17)news(1997-17)Information(1999-3)equipment(2001-13)progress(2002-10)Fieldwork(1995-13,1996-5)specimen(1996-18)此外，还有几个值得注意的：traffic,transport,advice,damage,evidence,mail,population,machinery.2.可数名词要么与冠词连用，要么用其复数形式，一般不单独使用A.与冠词连用1995年14．It’spityyoucan’tgotothemovieswithme.Ireallybelieveyouwouldenjoythefilmthat’sbeingshown.15.I’mverygladthatIhaveanexcusefornotgoingtothemeetingtomorrowmorning.Ican’tstandsuchkindofmeetings.Theyareacompletewasteoftime.199817.ProfessorEcksteinissuchterriblelecturer.Fiveminutesafterhebeginstospeak,halfthepeopleinlecturehallarealreadystrugglingtostayawake.B.用其复数形式199714.AtaconferenceinMoscowlastmonththerewasagooddealofheateddiscussionofanewtheoryputforwardinarecentbookbyProfessorGeorgiiSokolovofStPetersburg错把名词当动词，或错把动词当名词1998IamafraidthatwecannotsignthecontractuntilourdirectorbacksfromTokyo.YoutellmethatAmericansareveryconsciousoftheirhealth,butIhaveeverseenmanypeoplefromtheUSwhoobviouslyweightfartoomuchtobehealthy.20008.CallmeassoonasyoubacktoBeijing.Iwanttoknowwhatyoufindouronyourtripassoonaspossible.Theinformationmaywellhelpmeinmakingmyownplans.3.Iwishtomakeanimportantannounce:theairportbuswillleavefromthefrontoftheconferencecenteratfiveo’clocksharp.20012.Howlikelyisthecurrentcampaignagainstspittingtosuccess?Toanswerthisquestionwemustlookattheachievementsofearliereffortsofthissort?句子中的前后一致的问题：数的一致1995.6.Themineralsthatthehumanbodyrequireareusuallyobtainedfromplantsand,toalesserextent,fromanimals.requires16.Accordingtothegovernment’splan,ouruniversitycampusissettoundergoextensivechanges.Alion19989.ChengdeisaresortnortheastofBeijing.Ittakesaboutfivehourstogettherebytrain,andalittlelessbycar.Less(fewer)199916.Accordingtothestatisticsinthisbook,two-thirdsofallChineseliveinareaswherericeisthemaincrop,whiletherestlivemostlyinwheat-growingareas.therestmostly矛盾时态的一致199610.Itwashardtogettoourhotelfromtheairport.Aswecouldn’taffordataxi,firstwetookabus,andlaterwechangetotheunderground.changed200212.RecentlywehavenoticedgreatchangesinJohn’srelationswithhisclassmates,whichshallbetracedbacktothetwoweekshespentdoingfieldworkwiththeminYunnanovertheholiday.shallbe13.WhenoneofTom’sclosestfriendsdecidedtotransfertoanotheruniversity,hehadfeltunhappyaboutitforquiteawhile.Nowheseemshappyagain.had连词的一致1995Becauseresearchfundshavebecomemuchhardertoobtaininthepasttwoyears,sowehavedecidedtofocusonsmallerprojects.AlthoughI’veoftenseenhimonourcampus,butI’mnotsurewhoheis.1996Ifwecanpersuadethefoundationtograntusjustalittlemoremoney,sowewillbeabletofinishthisprojectintimefortheconference.199712.TheChinesescholar-officialSuDongpowasresponsibleforthecreationofseveralrenowneddishes.Whilethisparticulardishdoesnotbearhisname,butapoemhewrotewastheinspirationforthedish.形容词与副词形容词的词序问题形容词的词序遵循以下原则：如果你记住Opshacom这个为帮助记忆而杜撰的词，就能掌握英语中形容词排列的顺序。Opshacom中op代表opinion，指表示人们观点的形容词，如beautiful，horrible，lovely，nice等；sh代表shape，指表示形状的形容词，如long，short，round,narrow等；a代表age，指表示年龄、时代的形容词，如old，new，young等；c代表color，指表示颜色的形容词，如red,black,orange等；o代表origin，指表示国籍、地区的形容词，如British，Canadian，German等；m代表material，指表示材料的形容词，如plastic，metal，aluminium等。英语中这六类形容词连用时就按上述先后顺序排列，如anicelongnewblackBritishplasticpen。当然，实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多形容词连用的情况。199512.YesterdayIhadsomefreetime,soItookabusdowntownandwenttoanexhibitionofChinesenewproducts199616.AChineseancientthinkeroncesaidthatapictureisworthathousandwords.ThepublisherswhoputouttextbooksforChineseuniversitystudentsshouldheedthisexcellentadvice.1998TeahasbeenaChinesefamousproductformanycenturies,untilwellafter1900itwasChina’smostimportantexportcommodity.2001Despitetheclaimsoflaterresearchers,itwastworomanancientscholarswhofirstnoticedthesimilarityinthestructureofthesecrystals.20024.AChinesefamousscientistisscheduledtogivealecturethisafternoononourcampus.Wouldyoubeinterestedinattending?形容词与副词的区别与使用通常来说，副词是以-ly为结尾的单词。特殊情况发生在名词加-ly的单词，不是副词，而是形容词。199517.Itisobviouslythatwewillbeunabletocarryoutthenextphaseofourresearchunlesswecangetaccesstoamorepowerfulelectronmicroscope.obvious1997OnereasonforthefameofHangzhoucookeryisundoubteditslonghistory.HangzhoucuisinewasfirstmentionedinaHanDynastytextbelievedtohavebeenwritteninthefirstcenturyBC.undoubtedly19988.OurcompanyonlysentMr.LitoKunmingforthreemonths,butheenjoysYunnansomuchthathehasaskedtobetransferredtherepermanent.permanently200018.It’snotalwayseasytotellwhatJohnisthinking.Forinstance,yesterdayIknowhewasquiteupsetwithAnne,yethesmiledveryfriendlywhilehewastalkingtoher.I’msureshehadnoideahowhefeltatthetime.形容词比较级与最高级1997Theworldischangingsofastnowadays.Itisveryhardtokeepupwith(the)latesttechnologicalinnovations.(the)1999ThelectureswhichyougaveduringyourtourofChinalastfallwerereally(the)mostinteresting.WeveryhopethatyouwilllectureagaininChinasoon.the形容词enough的用法enough应该放在形容词的后面，名词的前面。1996Iamnotsurethatthedoortoourlabisenoughwidetoallowtheworkmentomoveinthebiggerpiecesofequipment.wideenough几个副词的用法even就even本身而言，它是一个副词，不是连词，不能用来引导句子。19973.Evenourbudgetiscut,Ihopewecancontinueourresearchprogram.Ofcourse,wemayhavetoscaleitbacksubstantially,butIbelievewecouldstillgetsomeimportantworkdone.Eventhough19985.Evenheeatsalot,hekeepsonlosingweight.Hisdoctorsarerunningtestsonhimnowtoseeiftheycandiscoverwhatiswrongwithhim.Eventhough200220.EvenJohnstillcan’tdrive,hehasalreadyboughtacar.Hemustbeveryconfidentthathewillpasshisdrivingtestnextweek.Needlesstosay,ifhedoesn’t,hewon’tbegivenadriver’slicense.Eventhougheverandneverever通常用在现在完成时的句子中。Never使用时要放在助动词的后面，实义动词的前面。199511.ToimprovemyEnglish,IeverreadscientificarticlesandjotdownusefulwordsandphrasesinanotebookIkeepjustforthatpurpose.20007.Areyouwillingtohelpusfindanewsourceoffinancesupport?Youneverseemtohaveanydifficultyingettingmoneyforresearch.C.StillStill通常用在肯定句中,否定句中用yet199615.Thedirectorhasfrequentlysaidthatweshouldmakebetteruseofourcomputers,however,theolderemployeesstillhavenotreceivedadequatecomputertraining.2002EvenJohnstillcan’tdrive,hehasalreadyboughtacar.Hemustbeveryconfidentthathewillpasshisdrivingtestnextweek.Needlesstosay,ifhedoesn’t,hewon’tbegivenadriver’slicense.不定代词one,another,theother,theothers以及other的用法1）泛指另一个用another。

2)一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用theother。

3)一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one(another)，第三个可用theother，athird。

4)一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用theothers。

5)泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。199611.Severalofthepeopleinmychemistryclasssuddenlygotsicklastnightandhadtogotothehospital.Threeotherclassmatesofminewerealreadyinthehospitalwithamysteriousillness.199811.JohnandIhavebeenfriendsformanyyearsnow.IalsoverylikehiswifeMartha,whodoesresearchonblooddisease.Sinceweareallscientists,wehavealotincommonandfinditeasytounderstandoneother.each2001Thereareonlytwomethodsfordealingwiththisproblem:oneisexpensivebutquick,whileanotherischeapbutunfortunatelytakesaratherlongtimetobeeffective.theother200218.Thepatient,wholookssostrange,istheoneundergoingchemotherapyforlungcancer.Thatiswhyhehaslostallhishair.动词几个特殊动词的用法ACCOMPANYANDCOMPANYAccompanyandcompany在意义和用法上完全相同，但要记住它们都是及物动词。不需要介词with.19967.WhichofthemisgoingtoaccompanywithProfessorHartwhenhetravelstoeasternTibetthisfall.199820.Mybrother’sbestfriend,adoctor,isflyingintoshanghaitomorrow.Ishallcompanywithhimonathree-weekjourneythroughsouth-centralchina.1999ProfessorHenningsiscomingtoChinathissummertodofieldworkinnorth-centralTibet.Iwillcompanywithhimformostofhisstay.RightnowI’mtryingtofindasuitablevehicletorentforthesummer.200112.AftertheseminarinShanghaithisSeptember,IwillaccompanywithsomeoftheparticipantsonatourofgeologicalpointsofinterestinYunnanandGuizhou.Wouldyouliketocomewithus?200215.IhopethatProfessorWiesnercomestoChinatodofieldworkinTibetthissummer.OtherwiseImaynotbeavailabletoaccompanyhim,andIthinkthatwouldbeapityforbothofus.WISHANDHOPEwish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：1.真实状况wish后从句动作先于主句动词动作2.现在时过去时（be的过去式为were）从句动作与主句动作同时发生3.过去时过去完成时（had+过去分词）

4.将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could+动词原形

IwishIwereastallasyou.我希望和你一样高。

Hewishedhehadn'tsaidthat.他希望他没讲那样的话。

Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。hope表示将来可能实现的愿望，不用虚拟语气。199613.Everybodyhopesthattomorrowwouldbesunny.Ifnot,wewillbeforcedtocallourpicnicofforelsetoeatindoors.199718.WearedelightedthatyouhavedecidedtovisitChinainearlyfall.MycolleaguesandIhopethatyouwouldgiveashortseriesoflecturesonourcampusbeforeyoureturntoCanada.199813.Thissummerheintendstoleadafour-manteamtoTibettosurveythelandformsinaremoteareaalongtheborderwithKashmir.Icertainlywishhewouldletmejoinhisteam.IwouldlovetoseethatpartofTibet.hopewill199914.Shehaslittledesiretogoontheoutingtomorrow,soshescarcelyhopesitwouldrainandforcetheorganizerstocallthetripoff.wish2001We’reheadeddowntownonSaturdaytoseewhat’sbeingshowninthemainartgalleries.I’mtoldthatAnneisveryinterestedinmodernart,soIhopeshewouldjoinourgroup.2002I’vefallenbehindinmystudiesbecauseI’vebeensosicklately.Ihopeyouwouldhelpmetocatchup.SUGGEST199917.IsuggestedhimtoeatinthatexcellentSichuanrestaurantneartheeastgate,buthesaidhecouldnoteatsuchspicyfood,becausehehasbeenhavingproblemswithhisstomachlately.2002WhenItoldJohnaboutalltheproblemsIwashavingwithLeonard,mynewboss,heaskedmeseveralquestionsaboutLeonard’spersonalityandattitudesandthenhesuggestedmetoquitmyjobandfindanother.suggestedquitingmyjobtomeLet,make,have20006.ItoldmyparentshowmuchIwantedtogototheconcert,buttheyletmestayhomeanyway.Iwasangryfordaysafterward.made200114.MybossknewthatIwaseagertoreturntomyhometowntoseemyfamily,butheletmeanalyseall400oftherocksamplesanyway.madeForgetandremember,regret2001ThisafternoonIforgotstoppingtocheckthemail.IthinkanimportantletterfromtheUKmayhavearrivedtoday.SoIamgoingtothemailroomthefirstthinginthemorning.动词时态199617.Iameatingindininghallsforthelastsixweeks,becauseneitherInormyroommatehastimetocookwhileweprepareforourqualifyingexams.1997SincethecompanyweboughtourspectrometerfromisinCaliforniaIhavehadtoflytoSanFranciscoforfivetimesinthelastyearandahalf.199816.Mymotherislookingforwardtoretirementandthechancetospendtimeinthegardenshelovessomuch.Shehasteachedmathmaticsinsecondaryschoolssinceshegraduatedfromuniversity30yearsago.taught1999IhaveseenJohnforthelasttimein1993.Whenhewaskilledthreeyearslater,itwashissisterAdelsidewhobrokethenewstome.Dr.Rosenkrantz’sspeechattheconferenceonglobalwarminggavemeadeepimpression.SincethenIhavereadallofhisarticlesastheyappear,andIhaven’tbeendisappointed.Theyaretrulyinsightful.2000I’mnotdoinganyteachingthissemester.Lastsemester,ontheotherhand,Iteachedtwocourses,oneforundergraduatesandtheotherforgraduate.taughtAssoonasthenewstudentsteppedintotheclassroom,IknewthatImethimsomewherebefore,butIcouldn’trecallthedetails.LaterIrememberedmeetinghimatafriend’sbirthdaypartyinMarch.2001Thisdiagramisillustratingthedifferencebetweenourdataandthefindingsofthetwoearlierinvestigations.Youwillnotethatthediscrepanciesarequitemarked,especiallyinsectorF.illustrated200215.IhopethatProfessorWiesnercomestoChinatodofieldworkinTibetthissummer.OtherwiseImaynotbeavailabletoaccompanyhim,andIthinkthatwouldbeapityforbothofus.willcome19.Asyouknow,allrocksfallintooneofthreecategories:igneous,metamorphicorsedimentary.InIceland,whichisarelativelynewterrain,igneousrockpredominatedovervirtuallytheentireisland.介词的用法199519.Bevery,veryquiet!Seeifyoucanremovethepaperswithoutmakeasound.Otherwiseyou’llwakethebaby.making199612.ThebestmonthsinwhichtogoBeijingareMayandOctober,whentheskiesareclearandtheaveragetemperaturearepleasantlycool.goto1997Atonepointduringthefilmwasbeingshownsomepeopleinthebackofthetheatresuddenlystartedtomakealotofnoise.Itturnedoutthattheywereshoutingataratrunningundertheseats.no(was)1998Becauseitsdarkcolor,thecartendstogetveryhotonsunnydaysinthedesert.Isuggestthatyouuseawhitevehicleforyourfieldwork,ifyoucangetholdofone.无谓语，Because后跟句子199919.Sinceourprojectwillbefinishedafterthreeweeks,Iwillbefreetogotravelingwithyoubytheendofthemonth.(in)after后跟句子(?)200011.Theinvestigativepartofourprojectwillbeconcludedafterthreedays.Thenweshallbegintoanalysetheresultsandwritethemupforpublication.(in)after后跟句子(?)句子结构句子结构中把握一个原则：在一个单句中有且只有一个动词。1995YouaresupposetofinishwritingyourreportbyFridayifyouwantittobeprintedintimefortheconference.4.Thereisachartatthebottomofthepageillustratesthesurprisingdiscrepanciesinthefindingsofthetworesearchteams.1996InthearticleIincludedadrawingillustratesthegeologybeneaththesurfaceofourmaindrillingsite.200014.Doyouhaveanyideawhotookthepaperswerelyingonthistable?Ileftthemhereabout20minutesagoandnowthey’vegone.20018.AnumberofthepeoplecametothelecturewereunabletogetseatsinRoom315,soProfessorKleindecidedtoaskeveryonetomovetoRoom403,whichismuchbigger.-ing和-ed结构的区别动词加上-ing或-ed后会变成形容词。-ing修饰事物，-ed修饰人。19964.ProfessorHarriscertainlyisn’tmuchofalecturer.IamalwaysveryboringthenIhavetositthroughoneofhislongdullpresentations.bored无聊的,无趣的,烦人的1997IrememberthefirsttimeIvisitedTaishan.MyclassmateandIclimbedthemountaininthedarksowecouldbeatthesummitintimeforthesunrise.WhenwefinallyreachedthetopIwassoexcitingthatIcouldhardlysitdown.excited兴奋的199815.Iamsoboringinthisorganization.IthinkI’llstarttolookforacompanythatvaluesmytalentsinsteadofleavingmetodrinkteaandreadnewspapersalldaylong.bored200017.Idon’tthinkofJohnasafancydresser—healmostalwayswearsveryplainclothes—sowhenhewalkedinwearinganexpensiveandverystylishItaliansuit,Iwasquitesurprising.Asamatteroffact,Ididn’trecognizehimatfirst.surprised虚拟语气定语从句词汇abandonvt.放弃,遗弃n.放任,狂热able/be(un)abletodosthabsent不在的,缺席的,缺少的.vt.缺席absoluteadj.完全的,绝对的beabsorbed(全神贯注的,一心一意的adj.)in/beconcentrated(adj.集中的,浓缩的)on/abundant/plentiful/adequate/enoughacademyaccelerate/speedupaccess(have,get)accesstosth.(incomputer)getinformationfromaccommodateaccompanycompanyaccountonaccountofsthbecauseoftakesthintoaccountaccountforexplainaccurate/exactaccuse(sb.)ofsth./blame(sb.)forsth.acquainted/familiarwithsth.acquire/get/gainaddictedtosth/becrazyaboutsthadaptvt.使适应,改编adjustto/getusedto/beaccustomedtoadjustment/change/modificationadoptvt.采用,收养admit(容许,承认,接纳)beadmittedto(school,university)advantage/takeadvantageofsth./makeuseofsth.advice.忠告,建议,[商]通知/advisable(adj.可取的,明智的)affordalike/similaralter(v.改变)/change(v.改变,变革,改造,兑换)alternative/otherchoicehavenoalternativebuttodosth.amount/alargeamountofsth./amountto/equaltoancientannounce(vt.宣布,通告)annual(n.一年生植物,年刊,年鉴.adj.一年一次的,每年的,一年生的)–yearly(每年的,每年)anxiousanxiety(n.忧虑,焦急,渴望,热望)apologizeapologyapparent/obviousapplyapplyAtoB(应用A-B)applyfor(ajob,aposition,etc.)appreciate(vt.赏识,鉴赏,感激.vi.增值,涨价)thankforunderstandappropriate/suitable(adj.适当的,相配的)approveapproval/agreementapproximate/aboutarrangeaspect/sideassociatewith/relatetoattendattend(ameeting,aconferenceetc.)attention/carepay(no)attentiontosth.authority(权威,威信,权威人士,权力)/authorize(v.批准)averageon(the)averageaveragepeople/ordinarypeopleavoidvt.(避免,消除)(amistake,anaccident)bankrupt—bankrupcybargain/bargainwithsb.It’sabargain!(n.契约,合同,成交商品,便宜货v.议价)Besides/inaddition/alsoBet(n.赌,打赌v.赌,赌钱)/(I,you)betthat(I,you)canbesurethatbetterhavebetterdosth/wouldbewisetodosth.well-off(adj.顺利的,走运的,手头宽裕的,繁荣昌盛的)society/bebetteroffbeyondabitofsth./largeamountbook/reservebreakbreaknewstosb.(打破对sb的新闻)/tellsbsomenewsbreakin/interruptbreakoutbriefly/shortlyspeakingbebusy(in)doingsth.callgivesbaphonecallcalloff/cancelcallfor/requirecareer/job/occupation/profession/position/postcarryout(实行，运作)/do/fulfillcategory/kindcaution—cautious/carefulchallengechancetakechances/takeriskschargeinchargeof/manage/runcollapsecomment(on)sthcompareAwithB(A与B全面比较)compareAtoB(A与B比较相同之处)--comparisonincomparisonwithsth.concentrateonin(good,bad)conditionconsequentconsequence/resultconcern(vt.涉及,关系到n.(利害)关系,关心,关注,关注,所关心的是)toone’sconcernconcernaboutbeconcernedwithconduct(n.行为,操行v.引导,管理,为人,传导)(ameeting,experiment)consume(vt.消耗,消费,消灭,大吃大喝,吸引vi.消灭,毁灭)(oil)–comsumptioncontactkeepcontactwithsb.containcopewith(善于)应付,(善于)处理/dealwithcost/spend/takecounton/relyonacoupleof/afewofcrisiscriticizecutdownonsth/reducecure/heal/treatcurrent(news,issue)damagedodamagetosth./doharmtodealwith/copewith/handledeclinedefenddelay/putoff/postponedemonstrate/explainbyexamplesdenydependondeservedesigndespite/inspiteof/regardlessofdestroy/ruindetailindetaildifficultyhave(no)difficulty(in)doingsth/have(no)trouble(in)doingsthdislikedistant/remotedivideinto/fallintodoubt/suspectsbdoubtthat/sbisnotsurethatdrastic/dramaticdurabledurablegoods(be)eagerforsthbeeagertodosth.earn(money,living)/make(money,living)earthscienceecologyeconomyeconomiceconomicseconomicaledition(take)effect(comeinto)effect(have)effect(onsth)effectiveefficient(make)efforttodostholdolderelderelderlyelectsbtosomepositionelementary/preliminary/basiceliminate/remove/getridofembarrassemploy/hireendup(in)sth/doingsthengageinsth/takepartinsth/bebusyinsth/participateinsthequalequipsbwithsthessentialeventatallevents/whateverhappens/inanycaseintheevent/finally/asitturnedout/asaresult/consequentlyevidence[u]exceptbesidesexceptforexceptionthereis(no)exceptionthat….exhaust/useup/runoutofexpandextendextenttotheextentofextremefacilitiessportsfacilities/medicalfacilitiesfailfailurefallinto/canbedividedintofamefamiliartosb.familiarwithsth.fanfunfascinatefast(adj.)fault/mistake/shortcoming/flaw/defect(be)fedupwithsth/(be)tiredofsth/(be)boredatsthquiteafewof…feasiblefigureout/thinkout/understandfinancefire/dismiss/layofffirm/company/jointventureflexiblefocusonsthfortunate/luckyfossilfreeof/fromfrequently(adv.常常,频繁地n.经常地Fuel)fund(s)get(oneself)across/makeoneselfunderstoodbyothersgoahead!(do)sbgood/benefitsbforgood/permanently/forevergossip/rumorgraduategrant/allow/agreegrantsb.Sth./givesb.Sth(have)grounds(forsth)/havereasonsforsthguarantee/promiseahandfulof/asmallnumberofhappento(dosth){vi.发生,碰巧,偶然v.发生,恰巧,偶然发现}/dosthbychancehazard/danger/risk/periloheed/payattentionto/care/takenoticeofhit(film,song,book)holdon/stopholdup/delayhouseholdname/wordhave(some,no)ideaofsthideal/mostsuitableidentical/thesameidentify/recognizeidentity(n.同一性,身份,一致,特性,恒等式)ignore/takenonoticeof/overlookignorantignoranceillegalilliterateillustratevt.举例说明,图解,加插图于,阐明vi.举例/showbyexampleimageimagineimaginationimaginaryimaginativeimitate/mimicimpact/influence/effectonsthimpl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