Unit 6大学专业英语

UnitSix:ImmigrantsI.TimeAllotment:alltogether3periodsII.TeachingObjectivesandRequirementsThestudentswilllearntheforcesthatdrovetheearlyimmigrantstomakethedifficultdecisiontomigrate.ThestudentswilllearnsomeofthewordsrelatedtothetopicoftextThestudentswillalsolearnhowtopresentideaslogicallyastheauthorofthispassagedid.Pre-readingtasks

Step1Lead-in1.Pre-readingquestions:1)Whatarethecausestomakesomanypeopleleavetheirowncountrytoanothernewone?2)Whatwillimmigrationbringtothereceivingcountry?3）WhatisthehistoryofAmericanImmigration?4)WhatisthelivingconditionofChineseimmigratesintheUnitedStates?Step2.BackgroundinformationAmericanimmigration(immigrationtotheUnitedStatesofAmerica)referstothemovementofnon-residentstotheUnitedStates.ImmigrationhasbeenamajorsourceofpopulationgrowthandculturalchangethroughoutmuchofAmericanhistory.Theeconomic,social,andpoliticalaspectsofimmigrationhavecausedcontroversyregardingethnicity,religion,economicbenefits,jobgrowth,settlementpatterns,environmentalimpact,impactonupwardsocialmobility,levelsofcriminality,nationalities,politicalloyalties,moralvalues,andworkhabits.Asof2006,theUnitedStatesacceptsmorelegalimmigrantsaspermanentresidentsthananyothercountryintheworld.Sincetheliberalizationofimmigrationpolicyin1965,thenumberoffirst-generationimmigrantslivingintheUnitedStateshasquadrupled,from9.6millionin1970toabout38millionin2007.Arecord1,046,539personswerenaturalizedasU.S.citizensin2008.TheleadingcountriesofbirthofthenewcitizenswereMexico,IndiaandthePhilippines.Whileaninflux汇集ofnewresidentsfromdifferentculturespresentssomechallenges,“theUnitedStateshasalwaysbeenenergizedbyitsimmigrantpopulations...”Atthe1998commencementaddress毕业典礼atPortlandStateUniversity,U.S.presidentBillClintonvoicedsupportforimmigrants,includingimmigrantsfromAsiaandLatinAmericawhenhesaidthat"Americahasconstantlydrawnstrengthandspiritfromwaveafterwaveofimmigrants...Theyhaveprovedtobethemostrestless,themostadventurous,themostinnovative,themostindustriousofpeople.GiventhedistanceofNorthAmericafromEurasiaandthedifficultyoftravelbeforecommercialairlines,mosthistoricalU.S.immigrationwasrisky.PassengeraircrafthavefacilitatedtraveltotheUnitedStatessincethe1960s,butmigrationremainsdifficult,expensiveanddangerousforthosewhocrosstheUnitedStates–Mexicoborderillegally.History

Throughoutitshistory,Americahasservedasthedestinationpointforasteadyflowofimmigrants.DuringthecolonialeramostmigrantscamefromnorthernEuropeancountries.TheirnumbersdeclinedwiththeonsetoftheRevolutionaryWarduringthe1770s,butimmigrationlaterpickedupstronglyagainduringthe1840sand1850s.NewarrivalscamefromseveralEuropeancountriesduringthisperiod,butmostcamefromIrelandandGermany,wheredevastatingcropfailuresforcedmanyresidentstoleavetheirhomelands.ManysettledinNewYorkCity,wherethepopulationincreasedfrom200,000residentsin1830to515,000in1850.By1860,NewYorkwashometooveronemillionresidents.Morethanhalfofthecity'spopulationatthattimewereimmigrantsandtheirAmerican-bornchildren.AftertheCivilWar,America'sgrowingindustrialeconomyrequiredtheadditionofmanymoreworkers,andthisneedwasfilledonceagainbyimmigrantsarrivingfromEurope.Approximately25millionarrivedbetween1866and1915.WhileearlierimmigrantshadcomemainlyfromnorthernEuropeancountriessuchasEngland,Germany,andtheScandinaviancountries,bythe1880smostnewimmigrantswerearrivingfromsouthernandeasternEuropeancountriessuchasItaly,PolandandRussia.LiketheirIrishpredecessors,mostofthesenewarrivalswerepooranduneducated.ManywerepeasantsfromruralregionswhowerebeingpushedoutbyEurope'sindustrialrevolution.WiththeU.S.entryintoWorldWarIin1919,immigrationdeclineddramatically,andremainedlowthroughtheDepressioneraofthe1930sandtheWorldWarIIyearsoftheearly1940s.Thenumberofnewarrivalsbegantoincreaseagainduringthelate1940s,andhasrisensteadilysincethattime.RecentTrends:Today'simmigrantsarrivefromallpartsoftheworld.Thecurrentphaseofimmigrationhistorybeganin1965,whenstrictquotasbasedonnationalitywereeliminated.In1978,theUnitedStatesgovernmentsetasingleannualworldquotaof290,000,andthisceilingwasraisedagainin1990to700,000.Duringthe1990s,immigrantshavearrivedatapacethatattimeshasexceededonemillionnewarrivalsperyear,andhavesettledinallpartsofthecountry.TopTenForeignCountries-ForeignBornPopulationAmongU.S.ImmigrantsCountry2010,

%Mexico23.7%China4.7%Philippines4.2%India4.0%Vietnam3.0%Cuba2.7%ElSalvador萨尔瓦多2.7%DominicanRepublic多米尼加共和国2.3%Canada2.3%EffectsofimmigrationDemographicsEconomicOpinionsvaryabouttheeconomiceffectsofimmigration.ThosewhofindthatimmigrantsproduceanegativeeffectontheU.S.economyoftenfocusonthedifferencebetweentaxespaidandgovernmentservicesreceivedandwage-loweringeffectsamonglow-skillednativeworkers,whilethosewhofindpositiveeconomicseffectsfocusonaddedproductivityandlowercoststoconsumersforcertaingoodsandservicesSocialMinorityracism,issometimesconsideredcontroversialbecauseoftheoriesofpowerinsociety.Racistthinkingamongandbetweenminoritygroupsdoesoccur,examplesofthisareconflictsbetweenblacksandKoreanimmigrants(notablyinthe1992LosAngelesRiots)orbetweenAfricanAmericansandthemostlynon-whiteLatinoimmigrants.TherehasbeenalongrunningracialtensionbetweenAfricanAmericanandMexicanprisongangsandsignificantriotsinCaliforniaprisonswhereMexicaninmates居民andAfricanAmericanshavetargetedeachotherparticularly,basedonracialreasons.TherehavebeenreportsofraciallymotivatedattacksagainstAfricanAmericanswhohavemovedintoneighborhoodsoccupiedmostlybypeopleofMexicandescent,andviceversa.TherehasalsobeenanincreaseinviolencebetweenEuropeanAmericansandLatinoimmigrants,andbetweenAfricanimmigrantsandAfricanAmericans.Therearealsotensionsbetweennative-bornHispanicAmericansandnewly-arrivedLatinoimmigrants.PoliticalImmigrantsdifferontheirpoliticalviews;however,theDemocraticPartyisconsideredtobeinafarstrongerpositionamongimmigrantsoverall.However,immigrantsaresimilartothebroaderUSpopulationinthattheirreligiousaffiliationcansignificantlyimpactboththeirsocialvaluesandvotes.Hispanicevangelicals福音派,forexample,areevenmorestronglyconservativethannon-Hispanicevangelicals.ThistrendisoftensimilarforHispanicsorothersstronglyidentifyingwithCatholicism-areligionthatstronglyopposesabortionandgaymarriageHealthAnothertopicthatiswidelydiscussedrelatestotheissueofthehealthofimmigrantsandtheassociatedcosttothepublicoftheiruseofpublichealthservices.Immigrants,legalandillegal,usethepublichealthcaresystem,particularlyemergencyroomservices.Thenon-emergencyuseofemergencyroomsostensibly表面上indicatesanincapacitytopay,yetsomestudiesallegedisproportionatelyloweraccessto—andusageof—unpaidhealthcarebyimmigrants.Forthisandotherreasons,therehavebeenvariousdisputesabouthowmuchimmigrationiscostingtheUnitedStatespublichealthsystem.UniversityofMarylandeconomistandCatoInstitutescholar,JulianLincolnSimon,concludedin1995thatalthoughoverall,immigrantsprobablypaymoreintothehealthsystemthantheytakeout,thisisnotlikelythecaseforelderlyimmigrantsandmanyrefugees,whoaremoredependentonpublicservicesforsurvival.CrimeEmpiricalstudiesonlinksbetweenimmigrationandcrimearemixed.Certainstudieshavesuggestedthatimmigrantsareunderrepresentedincriminalstatistics.AnOp-Ed评论文章inTheNewYorkTimesbyHarvardUniversityProfessorinSociologyRobertJ.SampsonsaysthatimmigrationofHispanicsmayinfactbeassociatedwithdecreasedcrime.A1999paperbyJohnHaganandAlbertoPalloniestimatedthattheinvolvementincrimebyHispanicimmigrantsarelessthanthatofothercitizens.Immigrants,bothlegalandillegaldonotraisetherateofcrimeintheUnitedStatesandnativebornAmericansarefivetimesmorelikelytobeincarceratedthanimmigrants.Inastudyreleasedbythenon-partisanresearchgroupThePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniaimmigrants(legalandillegal)weretentimeslesslikelytobeincarceratedthannativebornAmericans.Environmentincreasedimmigrationhasanegativeeffectontheenvironment,especiallyasthelevelofeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStates(andbyextension,itsenergy,waterandotherneedsthatunderpinitsprosperity)meansthattheimpactofalargerpopulationisgreaterthanwhatwouldbeexperiencedinothercountries.Thereis,however,noempiricalevidencelinkingimmigrationtothedegradationoftheenvironmentAmericansconstituteapproximately5%oftheworld'spopulation,butproduceroughly25%oftheworld’sCO2,consumeabout25%ofworld’sresources,includingapproximately26%oftheworld'senergy,althoughhavingonlyaround3%oftheworld’sknownoilreserves,andgenerateapproximately30%ofworld’swaste.TheaverageAmerican'simpactontheenvironmentisapproximately250timesgreaterthantheaverageSub-SaharanAfrican'sEducationFortypercentofPh.D.scientistsworkingintheUnitedStateswerebornabroad.Immigrantchildrenhavehistoricallybeengreatlyaffectedbyculturalmisunderstanding,languagebarriers,andfeelingsofisolationwithintheschoolatmosphere.Morerecently,however,immigrantchildrenarefindingamorewelcomingschoolatmosphere.ThisdoesnotunderminethedifficultiesimmigrantsfaceuponenteringU.S.schools.ImmigrantchildrenmaintaintheirnativetonguewhichcanleavethemfeelingdisadvantagedwithinEnglishspeakingschoolsTheChinese

IfnottocounttheancestorsoftheAmerindianswhopresumablycrossedtheBeringStraitinprehistorictimes,theChinesewerethefirstAsiansimmigrantstoentertheUnitedStates.ThefirstdocumentationoftheChineseintheU.S.beginsinthe18thcentury,however,therehavebeenclaimsstatingthattheywereintheareanowknownasAmericaatanevenearlierdate.Large-scaleimmigrationbeganinthemid1800'sduetotheCaliforniaGoldRush.DespitethefloodofChineseimmigrantsduringthattime,theirpopulationbegantofalldrastically.BecauseoflawssuchastheChineseExclusionAct,thehighlyimbalancedmaletofemaleratio,andthethousandsofimmigrantsreturningbacktoChina,theChinesepopulationintheU.S.felltoalowly62,000peoplein1920.Nonetheless,theChinesemakeupthelargestAsianpopulationintheUnitedStatestoday.Inactuality,thefirstChineseimmigrantswerewellandwidelyreceivedbytheAmericans.However,thefirstChineseimmigrantswerewealthy,successfulmerchants,alongwithskilledartisans工匠,fishermen,andhotelandrestaurantowners.Forthefirstfewyearstheyweregreatlyreceiptedbythepublic,governmentofficials,andespeciallybyemployers,fortheywererenownedfortheirhardworkanddependability.However,afteramuchlargergroupofcoolies苦力,unskilledlaborersusuallyworkingforverylittlepay,migratedtotheU.S.inthemid1800's,Americanattitudesbecamenegativeandhostile.Bytheyear1851,therewere25,000ChineseworkinginCalifornia,mostlycenteredinandoutofthe"GoldRush"areaandaroundSanFrancisco.Duringthattime,morethanhalftheChineseintheU.S.livedinthatregion.TheseChineseclusteredintogroups,workinghardandlivingfrugally.Asthepopulationsofthesegroupsincreased,theyformedlargecitiesofethnicenclavescalled"Chinatowns"alloverthecountry.ThefirstandmostimportantoftheChinatowns,withoutadoubt,belongedtoSanFrancisco.ChinatownshavetraditionallybeentheplaceswhereChineseAmericanslived,worked,shopped,andsocialized.Althoughthesecitieswereoftenovercrowdedslumareasinthe1800's,theChinatownsturnedfromcrimeanddrugriddenplacestoquiet,colorfultouristattractionsinthemid1900's.TheChinesedidnotonlymineforgold,buttookonjobssuchascooks,peddlers,andstorekeepers.Inthefirstdecadeafterthediscoveryofgold,manyhadtakenjobsnobodyelsewantedorthatwereconsideredtoodirty.However,in1870,hastyexploitationofgoldminesandalackofwell-payingjobsfornon-Asiansspurredsentimentthatthe"rice-eaters"weretoblame.By1880,afifthwereengagedmining,anotherfifthinagriculture,aseventhinmanufacturing,anaddedseventhweredomesticservants,andatenthwerelaundryworkers.Approximately30,000ChineseworkedoutsideofCaliforniainsuchtradesasmining,commonlabor,andservicetrades.Duringthe1860's,10,000ChineseweresaidtobeinvolvedinthebuildingofthewesternlegoftheCentralPacificRailroad.Afugalmancouldnetabout$20everymonth.Despitethenicepay,theworkwasbackbreakingandhighlydangerous.OverathousandChinesehadtheirbonesshippedbacktoChinatobeburied.Also,althoughnine-tenthsoftherailroadworkerswereChinese,thefamousphotographstakenatPromontoryPointwherethegoldenstakewasdriveninconnectingtheeastandwestbyrailway,includednoChineseworkers.Astimepassed,theresentmentagainsttheChineseincreasedfromthosewhocouldnotcompetewiththem.ActsofviolenceagainsttheChinesecontinuedfordecades,mostlyfromwhiteurbanandagriculturalworkers.In1862alone,88Chinesewerereportedmurdered.ThoughlargelandownersthathiredChinese,railroadsandotherlargewhite-ownedbusinesses,andChineseworkersthemselvespushedagainstagrowinganti-Chineselegislation,theforcesopposingtheChineseprevailed,issuinglawsthatexcludedorharassedthemfromindustryafterindustry.MobviolencesteadilyincreasedagainsttheChineseuntilevenemployerswereatrisk.Eventually,lawssuchtheNaturalizationActof1870andtheChineseExclusionActof1882restrictedimmigrationofChineseimmigrantsintotheU.S.DespitetheChineseExclusionActof1882,theChinesepopulationintheUnitedStatescontinuedtoincrease.Although,afterthepopulationreacheditspeakin1890with107,488people,theChinesepopulationbeganitssteadydecline.ThesedescendingnumbersreflectednotonlytheseveringeffectofthelegislationontheinflowofChineseimmigrants,butofthemanyreturningbacktoChinaduetothehighlyimbalancedsexratioandtobringbackmonetarysupportfortheirfamilies.Infact,manyoftheChineseimmigrantswhomigratedtotheUnitedStateshadnointentionofpermanentresidencyinthecountry.Thesesojourners寄居者preferredtoretainasmuchoftheircultureaspossible.Asdecadespassed,thesituationbetweentheChineseandtheAmericasimproved.SucheventsastheChinatownsturningfromcrimeanddrugriddenplacestoquiet,colorfultouristattractions,well-behavedandschoolconscientiousChinesechildrenbeingwelcomedbypublicschoolteachers,andChinabecomingallieswiththeU.S.duringWorldWarII,allpavedthewayfortherepealoftheChineseExclusionAct.AsimmigrationfromChinaresumed,mostlyfemaleimmigrantscame,many,wivesofChinesemenintheU.S.Manycoupleswerereunitedafterdecadesapart.

"Iworkonfour-mouland[lessthanoneacre,alargerthanaverageholding]yearinandyearout,fromdawntodusk,butaftertaxesandprovidingforyourownneeds,Imake$20ayear.Youmakethatmuchinoneday.Nomatterhowmuchitcosttogetthere,orhowhardtheworkis,Americaisstillbetterthanthis."-AChinesefarmer

While-readingtasks

Step1.StudentswillbegiventwominutestosolvethevocabularyproblemslistedinWordPretestandthenchecktheanswerswiththeteacherStep2.Studentswillbegivenanother3minutestoskimandscanthetextandanswerthefollowingquestions:a.Whatmakesthedecisiontomigratesodifficult?b.WhymigrationwasanenormousintellectualandemotionalcommitmenttoearlyimmigrantstoAmerica?c.Howmanyforceshastheauthorpresentedasthereasonsthatdrovepeopletomigrate?d.Inwhatwaystheimmigrantscontributedtothestrengthofthenewsociety?e.Whysocialmobilityissoimportanttoanopensociety?f.Whatarethemostimportantfactorsthathelpedtheimmigrantstobreakoutofhisoriginalcircumstancesoflife?Step3.DetailStudy1.StructureWhatisthestructureofthetext?Thestructuralanalysisofthetext:Inthepara1—2:theauthoranalyzestheproblemsthatimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesofAmericawerefacedwithandthemainforeces;Fromthesecondparaon:theauthorgiveshisreadersadetailedanalysisofthefactorsorforcesthatdrivetheimmigrantstomaketheirgreatandoneofthemostdifficultdecisiontoimmigrate;Inthefinalpara,theauthorconcludesthepassage.2.KeyPointsandDifficultPointsinTeachinglandmarks:thefamousarchitectureinaplacewhichservesasthesymboloftheplace.masscommunication:massmediatheunknown:theuncertaintyofone’sprospect.Itwasanenormousintellectualandemotionalcommitment:Thewordcommitmentisthenounformofthewordcommit.Commitoneselftosthortodoingsomethingmeansmakeitpossibleforoneselftodoornottosomethingbecauseofapromise,forexample,Ican’tcomeonSaturdaybecauseIamalreadycommitted.Signingthecontractcommitsyoutobuyingthebooks.

InthesentencetheauthorreferstoearlyimmigrationtotheU.S.Aasanenormousintellectualandemotionalcommitment:ontheonehand,everythingwasnewtotheimmigrantsandtheyhadtolearntoliveawayfromthecivilizationofwhichtheywereaparttosettledowninanewplacewheretheyhadtolearntounderstandalienwaysandalienlanguage,ontheother,theyweresuretoconfrontanewemotionalexperience,thatis,toestablishrelationshipwiththeoriginalinhabitantsofthenewcontinent.beofoverpoweringproportions:beverystrongorpowerfuloverwhelmingodds:greatdisadvantagestheyareconfrontedwith.Thewordoddmeansprobabilitiespledge:solemnpromiseanti-semiticpersecution:thepersecutionofJewsbyNaziGermany.religioussect:groupsofpeoplewhosharethesamereligiousbelief.ThepuritansoftheMassachusettsBayColonyshowedaslittletolerancefordissentingbeliefsas