七 词义的改变

Unit7

Changeofmeaning

causesofchangetypesofchangemeaningshiftsTheprocessofevolutionThetrendofevolution1.causesofchange

linguisticcognitive

competencebook

borrowed

wordsstoolTheincreaseordecreaseinthemeaningtideSimplifiedwordsEnglishi

figuresofspeechfoxExtra-linguisticSocialdevelopmentSocialenvironmentSocialclassnational

sentimentRacialsentimentgender

differencesyouthculture

social

valuesredtape2.typesofchangechange

inthe

rangeofmeaningcommendatory

andderogatorymeaningsThemeaningoflifeanddeathtransferenceofmeaning1.GeneralisationofmeaningEspecially–generallyConcrete–AbstractTerms--common

wordsproper

noun—commonnoun2.narrowing

of

wordmeaninga.Especially–generallyb.Concrete–Aper

noun—commonnound.Terms--common

wordse.theBorrowedwordf.abbreviation3.Upwordshiftinthemeaningofaword(elevation)

Eg:inn,knight,success…4.Downwardshiftinthemeaningofaword(degradation)Eg:silly,wench,peasant5.Euphemism--About

social

occupation

socialproblem--Aboutillness,aginganddeath--Aboutgenderandreproductive--Aboutpolitics,economy,military,diplomacy6.LexicalrevivalsFromsciencetechnology,music,sports,slang…

7.Lossaccounta.obsolete(废弃义)---accord,circus…b.Archaicmeaning(过时义)—admire,fan,sit…词义的转移1.Metaphor2.Metonomy3.Synecdoche4.Synaesthesia5.onomatopoeiaMetaphorDefinitionTheuseofawordorphrasetomeansomethingdifferentfromtheliteralmeaning.Aristotle

themeaningofoneexpressionwastransferredtoanotherexpression.Dr.johnson

heterogeneousideasyokedbyviolence.i.A.Richards

Vehicle(喻体)Tenor(本体)Ground(活动场地)1.n形Alltheworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.2.v.形Theboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.3.adj形Themountainouswavesswalloweduptheship.4.-of形(a.)a/the+n1+of+n2Thebridgeoffriendship(b.)a+n1+of+a+n2AflowerofagirlMetonymy(借代)Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofnameofonethingforthatofanother.Types1.ContainerforcontainedThekettle’sboiling.2.Possessorforpossessed/attributeWhereareyouparked?3.RepresentedentityforrepresentativeEnglandwontheWorldCupin1966.4.WholeforpartDoyouneedtousethebathroom5.partforwholeTherearetoomanymouthstofeed.6.placeforinstitutionThewhitehousedeniestheallegations.Synecdoche(提喻)Afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewholeorthewholeforapart.Eg:Graybears(oldmen)Tensails(tenships)Metonymy(借代)Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.Eg:Thecrown(aqueen)Thebench(ajudge)Synaesthesia(通感)Toexperiencetwothingsatthesametime.Pathologicalsynaesthetes:havetwoperceptsSynaesthesia:haveoneperceptEg:Asweetmelody(onlyappliestohearingandnottohearing.)今日主讲1.拟声2.词义的演变过程3.发展趋势Onomatopoeia（拟声）Definition：onomatopoeicwordsareechoicwordswhosesoundreflectthesense1.wordsareformedfromnaturalsounds:rumble(打雷)2.wordsareusedandsometimesadapted,includingvisually,tosuggestasound:splash（溅水的声音）

Onomatopoeiaoftenusealliterationandassonance

1.Inchildren’sstories:onlyabeetreegoes,‘buzz!Buzz!’2.Incomicbooksandcartoons:wham!Kaboom!3.Inthelanguageofadvertising:all3kodakdisccamerasgobzzt,bzzt,flash,flash4.Whenwriterswanttobuildupaphonaestheticeffect:theslush-slurpofthecreatureemergingformtheBlackLagoon词义的演变过程Radiation（放射型）Definition：aprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichthereisamultiplicationinthesenseofaword,phrase,orlexeme.Everysubordinatemeaningarecomingfromcentremeaning,buttheyareindependentfromeachother

以hand这个词为例，除了“手”这个中心意义还有18中其他义项

手猴子的脚钟表的指针作手，一手造成支配掌管等等雇员手艺才能字迹手迹Developmenttendencies(发展趋势)1.meaningbasedintheexternaldescribedsituationtotheinternal(evaluative/perceptual/cognitive)describedsituation.例如Boor(种田人)本不包含贬义，但剥削者为地对种田人进行了内心的评价，认为他们是没有文化上的粗野乡巴佬，于是该词就与”愚昧无知，粗暴，愚蠢”等概念联系起来了2.meaningtendtobecomeincreasinglybasedinthespeaker’ssubjectivebelief/state/attitudetowardtheproposition。Apparently原义是外表公开的，而后就带有说话者的主观评价。如sheisapparentlydeterminedtopursuethis(她一定会去追求这个，对此我很确信)3.Subsumesmanychangesfromconcretetoabstract例如touch(接触)本是具体的但发展成为了触觉，一种抽象的感觉4.subsumeschangesofthetypeevidencedbythedevelopmentofwhile,whileservesasthenounmeaning“time”,wasreducedbygrammaticalizationtoatemporalconnective,andlateraconcessivepolysemyarose5.domi