二、何为项目管理

Unittwo

WhatisProjectManagement?

Themanagementofconstructionprojectsrequiresknowledgeofmodernmanagementaswellasanunderstandingofthedesignandconstructionprocess.Constructionprojectshaveaspecificsetofobjectiveandconstraintssuchasarequiredtimeframeforcompletion.Whiletherelevanttechnology,institutionalarrangementorprocesseswilldiffer,themanagementofsuchprojectshasmuchincommonwiththemanagementofsimilartypesofprojectsinotherspecialtyortechnologydomainssuchasaerospace,pharmaceuticalandenergydevelopments.

Generally,projectmanagementisdistinguishedfromthegeneralmanagementofcorporationsbythemission-orientednatureofaproject.Aprojectorganizationwillgenerallybeterminatedwhenthemissionisccomplished.AccordingtotheProjectManagementInstitute,thedisciplineofprojectmanagementcanbedefinedasfollows:

Projectmanagementistheartofdirectingandcoordinatinghumanandmaterialresourcesthroughoutthelifeofaprojectbyusingmodernmanagementtechniquestoachievepredeterminedobjectivesofscope,cost,time,qualityandparticipationsatisfaction.Bycontrast,thegeneralmanagementofbusinessandindustrialcorporationsassumeabroaderoutlookwithgreatercontinuityofoperations.Nevertheless,therearesufficientsimilaritiesaswellasdifferencebetweenthetwosothatmodernmanagementtechniquesdevelopedforgeneralmanagementmaybeadaptedforprojectmanagement.ThebasicingredientsforaprojectmanagementframeworkmayberepresentedschematicallyinFigure2-1.Aworkingknowledgeofgeneralmanagementandfamiliaritywiththespecialknowledgedomainrelatedtotheprojectisindispensable.Supportingdisciplinessuchascomputerscienceanddecisionmayalsoplayanimportantrole.Infact,modernmanagementpracticesandvariousspecialknowledgedomainshaveabsorbedvarioustechniquesortoolswhichwereonceidentifiedonlywiththesupportingdisciplines.Figure2-1BasicIngredientsinProjectManagementForexample,computer-basedinformationsystemsanddecisionsupportsystemsarenowcommon-placetoolsforgeneralmanagement.Similarly,manyoperationsresearchtechniquessuchaslinearprogrammingandnetworkanalysisarenowwidelyusedinmanyknowledgeorapplicationdomains.Hence,therepresentationinFigure2-1reflectsonlythesourcesformwhichtheprojectmanagementframeworkevolves.

Specifically,projectmanagementonconstructionencompassesasetofobjectiveswhichmaybeaccomplishedbyimplementingaseriesofoperationssubjecttoresourceconstraints.Therearepotentialconflictsbetweenthestatedobjectiveswithregardtoscope,cost,timeandquality,theconstraintsimposedonhuman,materialandfinancialresources.Theseconflictsshouldberesolvedattheonsetifaprojectbymakingthenecessarytradeoffsorcreatingnewalternatives.Subsequently,thefunctionsofprojectmanagementforconstructiongenerallyincludethefollowing:1.Specificationofprojectobjectivesandplantsincludingdelineationofscope,budgeting,scheduling,settingperformancerequirements,andselectingprojectparticipants.2.Maximizationofefficientresourceutilizationthroughprocurementoflabor,materialsandequipmentaccordingtotheprescribedscheduleandplan.3.Implementationofvariousoperationsthroughpropercoordinationandcontrolofplanning,design,estimating,contracting,intheentireprocess.4.Developmentofeffectivecommunications,andmechanismsforresolvingconflictsamongthevariousparticipants.TheProjectManagementInstitutefocusesonninedistinctareasrequiringprojectmanagerknowledgeandattention:1.Projectintegrationmanagementtoensurethatthevariousprojectelementseffectivelycoordinated.2.Projectscopemanagementtoensurethatalltheworkrequired(andonlytherequiredwork)isincluded.3.Projecttimemanagementtoprovideaneffectiveprojectschedule.4.Projectcostmanagementtoidentifyneededresourcesandmaintainbudgetcontrol..5.Projectqualitymanagementtoensurefunctionalrequirementsaremet.6.Projecthumanresourcemanagementtodevelopmentandeffectivelyemployprojectpersonnel.7.Projectcommunicationsmanagementtoensureeffectiveinternalandexternalcommunications.8.Projectriskmanagementtoanalyzeandmitigatepotentialrisks.9.Projectprocurementmanagementtoobtainnecessaryresourcesfromexternalsources.ThesenineareasfromthebasisoftheProjectManagementInstitute’scertificationprogramforprojectmanagersinanyindustry.作业：翻译下列句子2、Themanagementofconstructionprojectsrequiresknowledgeofmodernmanagementaswellasanunderstandingofthedesignandconstructionprocess.1、Projectmanagementistheartofdirectingandcoordinatinghumanandmaterialresourcesthroughoutthelifeofaprojectbyusingmodernmanagementtechniquestoachievepredeterminedobjectivesofscope,cost,time,qualityandparticipationsatisfaction.4、Implementationofvariousoperationsthroughpropercoordi