中原工学院计算机英语Chapter 1- Computer System

ComputerEnglishSoftwareCollege,ZhongyuanUniversityofTechnology任课教师：韩新超

E-mail:hanxc04@126.com

教材:《计算机专业英语》韩玉民主编,河南科技出版社,2008.参考教材:《计算机专业英语》卜艳萍等,清华大学出版社,2004.《计算机英语》(第3版)刘兆毓,清华大学出版社,2003.《计算机专业英语》方娟，清华大学出版社,2004.课程要求平时成绩70%：课堂纪律、平时测试、作业期末测试30%：专业术语英译汉、汉译英、短文英译汉ComputerSystemChap.1Chapter

1

ComputerSystem

1.1SystemComponents

1.2HowaComputerWorks1.3TypesofComputersChap.1ComputerSystemAcomputerisamachinewhosefunctionistoacceptdataandprocessthemintoinformation.Earlycomputerssolvedmathematicalandengineeringproblems,andlatercomputersemphasizedinformationprocessingforbusinessapplications.Chap.1ComputerSystemTodaycomputersalsocontrolmachinesasdiverseas(多种,)automobileengines(汽车发动机),robots(机器人)andmicrowaveovens(微波炉).Acomputersystemsolvesaproblemfromanyofthesedomainsbyacceptinginput,processingit,andproducingoutput.Chap.1ComputerSystem1.1SystemComponents

Computersystemsconsistofhardwareandsoftware.Hardwareisthephysicalpartofthesystem.Oncedesigned,hardwareisdifficultandexpensivetochange.Softwareisthesetofprogramsthatinstruct

(指示，控制)thehardwareandiseasiertomodify（修改）thanhardware.Chap.1ComputerSystemComputersarevaluable（有价值）becausetheyaregeneral-purpose

（通用的）machinesthatcansolvemanydifferentkindsofproblems,asopposedto（相对于）

special-purpose

（专门的）machinesthatcaneachsolveonlyonekindofproblem.Differentproblemscanbesolvedwiththesamehardwarebysupplying（提供）thesystemwithadifferentsetofinstructions,thatis（就是说）,withdifferentsoftware.Chap.1ComputerSystemEverycomputerhasfourbasichardwarecomponents:Inputdevices,Outputdevices,Mainmemory,Centralprocessingunit(CPU).Theblockdiagram

（框图）offig.1-1showsthefourbasicunitsofasimplifiedcomputer.randomaccessmemory(RAM)centralprocessingunit(CPU)input/outputprocessoroutputdevicesinputdevicesChap.1ComputerSystemThecentralprocessingunit(CPU)istheheartofthecomputersystem.Itisresponsible（负责）forperformingallarithmeticoperationsandlogicdecisions（逻辑决定）

initiated（发起）bytheprogram.Inadditiontoarithmeticandlogicfunctions,theCPUcontrolsoverallsystemoperation.Theinputandoutputsunits（部件）arethemeans（工具）bywhichtheCPUcommunicateswiththeoutsizeworld.Theinputunitisusedtoinputinformationandcommands（n命令）totheCPUforprocessing.Forinstance,akeyboardcanbeusedtoinputaprogram.Chap.1ComputerSystemAfterprocessing,theinformationthatresults(产生)mustbeoutput.Thisoutputofdatafromthesystemisperformedundercontroloftheoutputunit,Waysofoutputtinginformationareasprintedpages（打印的页面）producedbyahigh-speed（快速）printerordisplaysonthescreenofavideodisplayterminal.（视频显示终端）Chap.1ComputerSystemThememory（存储）unitofthecomputerisusedtostoreinformationsuchasnumbers,names,andaddresses.By"store",wemean（意味着）thatmemoryhastheabilitytoholdthisinformationforprocessingorforoutputtingforlatertime.Theprograms（thatdefine（确定）howthecomputeristoprocessdata）alsoreside（在）inmemory.Chap.1ComputerSystem1.2HowaComputerWorksAcomputeriscontrolledbyastoredprogram,thefirststepinusingthemachineiscopyingtheprogramfromdiskintomemory.Now,theprocessorcanbeginexecuting

instructions.Inputdatafromthekeyboardarestoredinmemory.Theprocessormanipulates（操纵）thedata,storingtheresultsbackintomemory.Finally,theresultsareoutput.Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3TypesofComputersComputerscanbegenerally（通常）

classifiedbysizeandpower（功率）asfollows,thoughthereisconsiderable

overlap:（相当多的重叠）●notebookcomputer笔记本电脑●personalcomputer●workstation工作站●server服务器●minicomputer小型机●mainframe主机●supercomputer超级计算机Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.1NotebookComputerThenotebookcomputerisanextremelylightweightpersonalcomputer.Ittypicallyweighslessthan6poundsandissmallenoughtofiteasilyinabriefcase.（公文包）

Asidefromsize,theprincipal主要differencebetweenanotebookcomputerandapersonalcomputeristhedisplayscreen.Notebookcomputersuseavarietyof各种techniques,knownas被称为

flat-paneltechnologies平板显示技术,toproducealightweight轻量级andnon-bulky非笨重displayscreen.显示屏幕Chap.1ComputerSystemFig.1-2NotebookComputerFig.1-3PersonalComputerChap.1ComputerSystemIntermsofcomputingpower,modernnotebookcomputersarenearlyequivalent相等topersonalcomputers.TheyhavethesameCPUs,memorycapacity,anddiskdrives.磁盘驱动器However,allthispowerinasmallpackageisexpensive.Notebookcomputerscomewith配备batterypacks电池组thatenableyoutorunthemwithoutpluggingthemin.However,thebatteriesneedtoberecharged充电everyfewhours.每隔几个小时Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.2PC(PersonalComputer)PCisasmall,relativelyinexpensivegeneralpurposecomputer通用计算机designedforanindividualuser,个人用户Fig.1-3isanexampleofPCsystem."Generalpurpose"meansthatyoucandomanydifferentthingswithaPC.Youcanuseittotype

打印documents,sende-mail,browsetheWebandplaygames.Chap.1ComputerSystemInprice,personalcomputersrangeanywherefromafewhundreddollarstothousandsofdollars.从几百美元到数千美元不等。Allarebasedonthemicroprocessortechnologythatenablesmanufacturers制造商toputanentire整个CPUononechip.芯片Inadditiontothemicroprocessor,apersonalcomputerhasakeyboardforenteringdata,amonitor显示器fordisplayinginformation,andastoragedeviceforsavingdata.Chap.1ComputerSystemBusinesses企业usepersonalcomputersforwordprocessing,accounting,desktoppublishing桌面出版,andforrunningspreadsheet运行电子表格anddatabasemanagementapplications.Athome,在家里themostpopularuseforpersonalcomputersisforlearningandplayinggames.Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.3WorkstationTheworkstationisatypeofcomputerusedforengineeringapplications工程应用(CAD/CAM),desktoppublishing,softwaredevelopment,andothertypesofapplicationsthatrequireamoderateamountofcomputingpower有中等量的计算能力andrelativelyhighqualitygraphicscapabilities相对高品质的图形处理能力.Likepersonalcomputers,most

workstationsaresingle-usercomputers.单用户计算机上。Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.4ServerAcomputerthathasbeenoptimized优化toprovideservicestoothercomputersoveranetwork.Serversusuallyhavepowerfulprocessors,lotsofmemoryandlargeharddrives.服务器通常有强大的处理器，大量的内存和大容量硬盘。Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.5MinicomputerAminicomputerisamidsizecomputer.一个中等规模的电脑Insizeandpower,minicomputersliebetweenworkstationsandmainframes.Inthepastdecade,过去的十年中thedistinction异样betweenlargeminicomputersandsmallmainframeshasblurred,[英][blə:]大小型机和小主机之间的区别已经模糊，however,ashasthedistinctionbetweensmallminicomputersandworkstations.作为小型机和工作站之间的区别有。Butingeneral,一般情况下，aminicomputerisamultiprocessingsystemcapableofsupportingfrom4toabout200userssimultaneously.一个小型机能够支持从4至约200个用户，同时是一个多处理系统。Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.6MainframeAmainframeisaverylargeandexpensivecomputercapableofsupportinghundreds,oreventhousands,ofuserssimultaneously.一台主机能够支持数百个甚至上千个用户同时是一个非常庞大和昂贵的计算机。

Intheearlydaysofcomputing,mainframeswerehugecomputersthatcouldfillanentireroomorevenawholefloor!

Asthesizeofcomputershasdiminished减少whilethepowerhasincreased,theterm术语mainframehasfallenoutofuse跌出使用infavorofenterpriseserver.在早期的计算中，大型机是巨大的计算机可以填补整个房间，甚至一整层楼！作为电脑的大小，随着功率增加而减少，主机已经跌出使用，有利于企业服务器使用。Chap.1ComputerSystem1.3.7SupercomputerThesupercomputeristhefastesttypeofcomputer.Supercomputersareveryexpensiveandareemployedforspecializedapplic