10000单词书1-4课详细笔记

#单解1ab∙di∙cate/ˈæbdɪkeɪt/1togiveupthepositionofbeingkingorqueen；逊[V]Heabdicatedinfavourofhisson.他把王位让给了儿子。[VN]ShewasforcedtoabdicatethethroneofSpain.被迫让2[VN]~responsibility/yourresponsibilitiestofailorrefusetoperformaduty失职；放弃职责ab∙di∙ca∙tion/ˌæbdɪˈkeɪʃn/noun[U,2ab∙do∙men/ˈæbdəmən/1thepartofthebodybelowthechestthatcontainsthestomach,bowels,etc.腹（部）2theendpartofaninsect'sbodythatisattachedtoitsthorax（昆虫的）腹部3ab∙solveəbˈzɒlv;NAmEəbˈzɑ:lv/verbVN]~sb(from/ofsth)1tostateformallythatsbisnotguiltyorresponsibleforsth…无罪；免除…的责任Thecourtabsolvedhimofallresponsibilityfortheaccident.他对该事故不负任何责任。2togiveabsolutiontosb赦免…的Iabsolveyoufromallyoursins.我赦免你所有的罪过4ac∙crue/əˈkru:/verb1[V]~(tosb)(fromsth)toincreaseoveraperiodof（逐渐）增长，增economicbenefitsaccruingtothecountryfromtourism旅游业为该国带来的经济效益Interestwillaccrueifyoukeepyourmoneyinasavingsaccount.如果把钱存入储蓄账户，就会自然生2[VN]toallowasumofmoneyordebtstogrowoveraperiodoftime（使钱款、）积累SYNaccumulateThefirmhadaccrueddebtsofover$6m.该公司已积欠了600万元的。ac∙crual/əˈkru:əl/noun[U,C]theaccrualofinterest利息积5af∙flict/əˈflɪkt/verb[VN][oftenpassive]toaffectsb/sthinanunpleasantorharmfulway磨；使痛苦About40%ofthecountry'spopulationisafflictedwiththedisease.40%左右的人口患有这种疾病。Aidwillbesenttotheafflictedareas.将向受灾地区提供。6aghast/əˈgɑ:st;NAmEəˈgæst/adj.[notbeforenoun]~(atfilledwithhorrorandsurprisewhenyouseeorhearsth惊恐；惊骇SYNhorrifiedEricalookedathimaghast.里卡惊恐地望着他。Heaghastatthesightofsomuchblood.他看见这么多血，吓得目7ail∙ment/ˈeɪlmənt/anillnessthatisnotveryserious轻病；小childhood/common/minorailments儿童期╱常见╱轻微小病noteat8al∙lo∙cate/ˈæləkeɪt/verb~sth(forsth)|~sth(tosth)|~(sb/sth)togivesthofficiallytosb/sthforaparticular拨…（给）；划…（归）；分配…（给[VN]Theyintendtoallocatemoreplacestomaturethisyear.今年他们打算给成人学生提供的学额。Alargesumhasbeenallocatedforbuyingnewbooksforthelibrary.拨了一大笔款子给馆新书。[VN,VNN]Moreresourcesbeingallocatedtotheproject.正在调拨的资源给这个目。Theprojectisbeingallocatedmoreresources.个项正获得的资源9am∙ic∙able/ˈæmɪkəbl/doneorachievedinapoliteorfriendlywayandarguing平气和的；友善anamicablerelationship睦的关系Anamicablewasreached.达成和解am∙ic∙ablyasset/ˈæset/~(tosb/sth)a orthingthatisvaluableorusefultosb/sth有价值的人（或事物）；有用的人（或事物）She'llbeanassettotheteam.她将是这个队的骨干。Inhisjob,patienceisaninvaluableasset.干的这份工作，耐心是[usuallypl.]athingofvalue,especiallyproperty,thataorcompanyowns,whichcanbeusedorsoldtopaydebts产；财thenetassetvalueofthecompany公司的资产净值HerassetsincludesharesinthecompanyandahouseinFrance.财产包括公司的和在法国的一座房子。assetsales/management资产销售╱管理financial/capitalassets金融╱资本资产—comparebadger/ˈbædʒə(r)/ananimalwithgreyfurandwideblackandwhitelinesonhead.Badgersarenocturnal(=activemostlyatnight)liveinholesintheground.（挖洞居住，夜间活动badger/ˈbædʒə(r)/~sb(intongsth)|~sb(aboutsth)toputpressuresbbyrepeatedlyaskingthemquestionsoraskingthemtosth缠，烦扰（反复提出问题或要求）[VN]Ifinallybadgeredhimintocomingwithus.终于磨着和我们一起来了。Reportersconstantlybadgerheraboutprivatelife.经常纠缠着打听私生活。[VNtoinf]daughterwasalwaysbadgeringhimtoletherjointhe他女儿老缠着他让她加入baf∙fle/ˈbæfl/toconfusesbcompley;tobetoodifficultorstrangeforsbtounderstandorexplain使困惑；难住[VN]Hisbehaviourbafflesme.他的行为使我难以琢磨。[VN,VNwh-]I'mbaffledastowhyshehasn'tcalled.我不明白她为什 。I'mbaffledwhyshehasn'tcalled.我不明白她为 baffle∙mentnounHisreactionwasoneofbafflement.他的反应是迷惑不解baf∙flingbaf∙fle/ˈbæfl/(technical术语)ascreenusedtocontrolorpreventtheflowofsound,lightorliquid（控制声、光、液体等流动的）隔板，ban∙dit/ˈbændɪt/amemberofanarmedgroupofthieveswhoattack土beckon/ˈbekən/1~tosb(todosth)togivesbasignalusingyourfingerorhand,especiallytolthemtomovenearerortofollowyou招手示意；举手召唤SYNsignal[V]Hebeckonedtothewaitertobringthebill.他招手示意服务生把账单送过来。[VN]Hebeckonedheroverwithawave.他挥手让她过去。Thebossbeckonedhimintoheroffice.招 。[VNtoinf]Shebeckonedhimtocomeandjointhem.她 2toappearveryattractivetosb吸引；[V]Theclearblueseabeckoned.清澈蔚蓝的大海令人向往。[VN]Theprospectofamonthwithoutworkwasbeckoningher.3[V]tobesththatislikelytohappenorwillpossiblyhappentosbinthefuture很可能发生（或出现）Formanykidsleavingcollegetheprospectofunemploymentbeckons.许多刚踏出大学校门的孩子可能着失业。be∙reave/bɪˈri:v/verb[VN]beifsbisbereaved,arelativeorclosefriendhasjust丧失（亲友Theceremonywasanordealforthosewhohadbeenrecentlybereaved.这个仪式对于那些新近丧失亲友的人来说是一种折磨。bias/ˈbaɪəs/1[U,C,usuallysing.]astrongfeelinginfavouroforagainstonegroupofpeople,oronesideinanargument,oftennotbasedonfairjudgement偏见；偏心；偏向accusationsofpoliticalbiasinnewsprogrammes(=thatreportsareunfairandshowfavourtoonepoliticalparty)中政治偏袒的指责Employersmustconsiderallcandidatesimpartiallyandwithoutbias主必须公平而毫无成见地考虑所有求职者。Someinstitutionsstillhaveastrongbiasagainstwomen.有些机构仍然对妇女持有很大偏见。2[C,usuallysing.]aninterestinonethingmorethanothers;aspecialability偏爱；特殊能力Thecoursehasastrongpracticalbias.这个课程偏重实用。3[U,sing.]thebiasofapieceofclothisanedgecutdiagonallyacrossthethreads斜纹Theskirtiscutonthebias.条裙子是斜裁的bias/ˈbaɪəs/(-s-or-ss-)[VN]~sb/sth(towards/against/infavourofsb/sth)tounfairlyinfluencesb'sopinionsordecisions有偏见；使偏心；使偏向SYNprejudiceThenewspapershavebiasedpeopleagainsther.章使人们对产生了偏见bliz∙zard/ˈblɪzəd;NAmE-zərd/1asnowstormwithverystrongwinds暴风雪；雪blizzardconditions风雪天气araginghowlingblizzard2alargetyofthingsthatmayseemtobeattacking大批侵扰性的事物；大量的ablizzardofs一大堆棘手的文broth/brɒθ;NAmEbrɔ:θ/noun[U,thicksoupmadebyboilingmeatorfishandvegetablesinwater（加入蔬菜的）肉汤，鱼汤chickenbroth鸡汤—seealsoScotchbrothIDMseecookbul∙wark/ˈbʊlwək;NAmE-wɜ:rk/1~(againststh)(formal)a orthingthatprotectsordefendssth保护者，防御者（指人或事物）abulwarkagainstcommunism坚绝2awallbuiltasadefence垒；防御3[usuallypl.]thepartofaship'ssidethatisabovethelevelofthedeck（船的）舷墙cen∙sure/ˈsenʃə(r)/[U]strongcriticism严厉的批评；斥责avoteofcensureonthe ernment'sforeignpolicy票表决cen∙sure/ˈsenʃə(r)/[VN]~sb(forsth)(formal)tocriticizesbseverely,andoftenpublicly,becauseofsththeyhavedone（公开地）严厉斥责，谴责SYNrebukeHewascensuredforleakinginformationtothepress.因泄 /ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)/[C]ahallinapublicbuildingthatisusedforformalmeetings会议厅Themembersleftthecouncilchamber.员离开了会议厅。theSenate/Housechamber参议院╱众议院会议厅—seealsoChamberofCommerce[Csing./pl.v.]oneofthepartsofaparliament（议会theLower/UpperChamber(=inBritain,theHouseofCommons/HouseofLords)下╱上议院（英国为theHouseofCommons╱HouseofLords）theChamberofDeputiesintheItalianparliament意大利国会的下议院UnderSenaterules,thechambermustvoteonthebillbythisFriday.根据规定，参议院必须在[C](incompounds构成复合词)aroomusedfortheparticularpurposethatismentioned（作特定用途的）房间，室aburialchamber墓室Diverstransferfromthewatertoapressionchamber.潜水员从水里转入减压舱。—seealsogaschamber[C]aspaceinthebody,inaplantorinamachine,whichisseparatedfromtherest（、植物或机器内的）腔，室thechambersoftheheart心腔therocket'scombustionchamber火箭燃烧室thechamberofagun(=thepartthatholdsthebullets)枪膛[C]aspaceunderthegroundwhichisalmostcompleyclosedonallsidesTheyfoundthemselvesinavastundergroundchamber.们发现[C](olduse)abedroomorprivateroom室；寝室；私人间chasm/ˈkæzəm/[C](literary)adeepcrackoropeningintheground（地上[sing.]~(betweenAandB)(formal)averybigdifferencebetweentwopeopleorgroups,forexamplebecausetheyhavedifferentattitudes（两个人或团体之间的）巨大，显著差别cloak/kləʊk;NAmEkloʊk/[C]atypeofcoatthathasnosleeves,fastensattheneckandhangslooselyfromtheshoulders,wornespeciallyinthepast（尤指旧时的）披风，斗篷[sing.](literary)athingthathidesorcoverssb/sthTheyleftunderthecloakofdarkness.他们在的掩护下离开cloak/kləʊk;NAmEkloʊk/[VN]~sth(insth)[oftenpassive](literary)tocoverorhidesth遮盖；掩盖Thehillswerecloakedinthickmist.大雾笼罩着群山。Themeetingwascloakedinmystery.会议笼罩着神秘的气氛。cloakedadj.atallcloakedfigure(=awearingacloak)一个穿着com∙mem∙or∙ate/kəˈmeməreɪt/verbtoremindpeopleofanimportant oreventfromthepastwithaspecialactionorobject;toexisttoremindpeopleofa oraneventfromthepast（用…）纪念；作Aseriesofmovieswillbeshowntocommemoratetheofhisdeath.为纪念他逝世30，有一系列的电影要上映。Aplaquecommemoratesthebattle.有一块饰板用来纪com∙pas∙sion/kəmˈpæʃn/noun[U]~(forastrongfeelingofsympathyforpeoplewhoaresufferingandadesiretohelpthem同情；怜悯tofeel/showcompassion感到╱表示同con∙cur/kənˈkɜ:(r)/verb(-rr-)~(withsb)(insth)|~(withsth)(formal)toagree同意；赞[V]Historianshaveconcurredwitheachotherinthisview.历史学家在这个观点上已取得一致意见。Thecoronerconcurredwiththisassessment.验尸官同意这个鉴定。[alsoVthat,Vcon∙jec∙ture/kənˈdʒektʃə(r)/noun[C]anopinionorideathatisnotbasedondefiniteknowledgeandisformedbyguessing猜测；推测SYNguessThetruthofhisconjecturewasconfirmedbythenewspaperreport.证明了他的推测果然不假。[U]theformingofanopinionorideathatisnotbasedondefiniteknowledge揣测；臆测SYNguessWhatwasgoingthroughthekiller'smindisamatterforconjecture.作案时心里是怎样想的，这个问题只能由人们去推con∙jec∙tural/kənˈdʒektʃərəl/con∙jec∙ture/kənˈdʒektʃə(r)/(formal)toformanopinionaboutstheventhoughyoudonothavemuchinformationonit猜测；推测SYNguess[V]Wecanonlyconjectureaboutwhatwasinthekiller'smind.我们只能猜测当时心里想的是什么。[Vthat]Heconjecturedthatthepopulationmightdoubleintenyears推测人口在十年后可能会增加一倍。[VN]Sheconjecturedtheexistenceofacompleynewspecies.她推测有一个全新物种存在。[alsoVwh-,VNtoinf]con∙se∙crate/ˈkɒnsɪkreɪt;NAmEˈkɑ:n-/1[VN]tostateofficiallyinareligiousceremonythatisholyandcanbeusedforreligiouspurposes圣；圣化；献Thechurchwasconsecratedin1853.座教堂于1853祝圣consecratedground祝圣的地2[VN](inChristianbelief信仰)tomakebreadandwineintothebodyandbloodofChrist祝圣饼酒；成圣体3~sb(as)(sth)tostateofficiallyinareligiousthatsbisnowapriest,etc.圣神职人[VN-N]Hewasconsecrated(as)bishoplastyear.于去年被圣为主教。[also4[VN]~sth/sb/yourselftosth(formal)togivesth/sbyourselftoaspecialpurpose,especiallyareligious（尤指为而）奉献，献con∙se∙cra∙tion/ˌkɒnsɪˈkreɪʃn;NAmEˌkɑ:n-/noun[C,theconsecrationofachurch/bishop堂╱主教祝圣con∙tend/kənˈtend/1(formal)tosaythatsthistrue,especiallyinan（尤指在争论中）声称，主张，认为[Vthat]Iwouldcontendthattheminister'sthinkingisflawedonthispoint.我倒认为部长的想法在这一点上有。[alsoVN2[V]~(forsth)tocompeteagainstsbinordertogain竞争Threearmedgroupswerecontendingforpower.三个在争力。PHRVcon'tendwithsthtohavetodealwithaproblemordifficultsituation（不得不）处理问题，对付困Nursesoftenhavetocontendwithviolentorpatients.护士经常不得不对付的或喝醉酒的con∙trive/kənˈtraɪv/verb1[Vtoinf]tomanagetodosthdespitedifficulties（不顾ShecontrivedtospendacoupleofhourswithhimeverySundayevening.每周星期日晚上她都设法与他呆上几个小时。2[VN]tosucceedinmakingsthhappendespite（克服）促成某Idecidedtocontriveameetingbetweenthetwoofthem.决3[VN]tothinkoformakesth,forexampleaplanoramachine,inacleverway巧妙地策划；精巧地制造（如机器）Theycontrivedaplantodefraudthecompany.们精心策划要con∙verge/kənˈvɜ:dʒ;NAmE-ˈvɜ:rdʒ/verb1~(on...)(ofpeopleorvehicles人或车辆)tomovetowardsaplacefromdifferentdirectionsandmeet汇集；；集中ThousandsofsupportersconvergedonLondonfortherally.成千上万的支持者从四面八方汇聚伦敦举行。2(oftwoormorelines,paths,etc.多条线、小路等)tomovetowardseachotherandmeetatapoint（向某一点）相交，会合Therewasasignpostwherethetwopathsconverged.两条小路3ifideas,policies,aims,etc.converge,they everysimilarorthesame（思想、政策、目标等）十分相似，相同con∙ver∙gent/-dʒənt/convergentlines/opinions交的线条；趋于一致的意con∙ver∙gencenouncrev∙ice/ˈkrevɪs/anarrowcrackinarockorwall（岩石或墙壁的）裂缝，裂隙，cruise/kru:z/ajourneybysea,visitingdifferentplaces,especiallyasaholiday/vacation乘船游览；航行I'dlovetogoonaround-the-worldcruise.很想乘船周游世界。aluxurycruiseship豪华游轮cruise/kru:z/1totravelinashiporboatvisitingdifferentplaces,especiallyasaholiday/vacation乘船游览[V,usually+adv./prep.]TheycruiseddowntheNile.们沿尼罗河而下乘船游览。[VN]WespenttwoweekscruisingtheBahamas.我们花了两个星期乘船游览巴哈马群岛。2[V,usually+adv./prep.](ofacar,plane,etc.车、飞机等)totravelatasteadyspeed以平稳的速度行驶alightaircraftcruisingat4000feet架在4000尺高度巡航的轻型飞机acruisingspeedof50anhour每小时50英里3(ofacar,etc.oritsdriver汽车等或驾驶员)todrivealongslowly,especiallywhenyouarelookingatorforsth（尤指[V+adv./prep.]Shecruisedaroundtheblocklookingforaparkingspace.她绕着那个街区慢慢行驶，想找个停车的地方。[VN]Taxiscruisedthestreets,lookingforfares.租汽车缓4[V+adv./prep.]towinorachievestheasily轻而易举赢（或获得）；轻Thehometeamcruisedtovictory.主队轻松取胜5[V,VN](slang)togoaroundinpublicplaceslookingforasexualpartner（在公共场所）寻觅，I\\ˈkəm-bər\\transitive(cum·bered;cum·ber·ing\\-b(ə-ETYMOLOGYMiddleEnglishcombren,shortforacombren,Anglo-Frenchacumbrer,encumbrer—moreatDATE14th1.archaic:trouble,a.tohinderorencumberbybeinginthecumberedwithheavyb.toclutterrockscumberingtheDATE14th:somethingthatcumbers;especially:cyn∙ic∙al/ˈsɪnɪkl/1believingthatpeopleonlydothingstohelpratherthanforgoodorhonestreasons为人皆自私的；愤世俗Doyouhavetobesocynicalabouteverything?你非得怀疑一切吗？acynicalview/s愤世嫉俗的观点；讥笑2notbelievingthatsthgoodwillhappenorthatsthimportant观的；怀疑I'mabitcynicalaboutthebenefitsoftheplan.对这项划的成效有点儿怀疑 3notcaringthatsthmighthurtotherpeople,iftheresomeadvantageforyou只顾自己不顾他人的；acynicaldisregardforthesafetyofothers顾自己不顾他安危adeliberateandcynicalfoul存心犯cyn∙ic∙al∙ly/-kli/de∙cree/dɪˈkri:/1[C,U]anofficialorderfromarulerora ernmentthatesthelaw法令；政令toissue/signadecree颁布╱签署法令aleaderwhorulesbydecree(=notinademocraticway) 2[C]adecisionthatismadeincourt 的）裁定de∙cree/dɪˈkri:/(de∙cree∙ing,de∙creed,de∙creed)todecide,judgeorordersthofficially裁定；；颁布[VN]Theernmentdecreedastateofemergency.进入紧急状态。[VNthat]Itwasdecreedthatthefollowingdaywouldbeaholiday.法令宣布第二天为休假日。[alsoV,Vwh-]de∙file1/dɪˈfaɪl/verb[VN](formalortomakesthdirtyornolongerpure,especiallysthpeopleconsiderimportantorholy弄脏；玷污；糟蹋；Manyvictimsofburglaryfeeltheirhomeshavebeen许多家门被撬的人都感到自己的家被玷污Thealtarhaddefiledbyvandals.坛受到破坏公物者的肆意践踏de∙file∙mentde∙file2/dɪˈfaɪl;ˈdi:faɪl/noun(formal)anarrowwaymountains中狭de∙mean/dɪˈmi:n/verb1~yourselftodosththatmakespeoplehavelessforyou降低；失去尊Iwouldn'tdemeanmyselfbyaskingforcharity.决不低三四地乞求施舍2tomakepeoplehavelessrespectforsb/sth低；贬损；失尊严Suchimagesdemeanwomen.这些形象有损妇女尊de∙nounce/dɪˈnaʊns/verb1~sb/sth(assth)tostronglycriticizesb/sththatthinkiswrong,illegal,etc.责；指责；斥Shepubliclydenounced ernment'shandlingofcrisis.她公开谴责处理这场的方式。Theprojectdenouncedasascandalouswasteofpublicmoney.项工程被责为挥霍，令人愤慨2~sb(assth)tolthe,theauthorities,aboutsb'sillegalpoliticalactivities告发（从事治活动Theyweredenouncedasspies.有人他们，说他们是Manypeopledenouncedtheirneighbourstothesecret许多人向告发自己的邻居。—seealsode∙plore/dɪˈplɔ:(r)/verb[VN]tostronglydisapproveofsthandcriticizeit,publicly开谴责；Likeeveryoneelse,Ideploreandcondemnthiskilling.所有人一样强烈谴责这桩凶杀案de·range\\di-ˈrānj\\transitiveverb(de·ranged;de·rang·ing)ETYMOLOGYFrenchdéranger,fromOldFrenchdesrengier,fromdes-de-+rengline,row—moreatrankDATEtodisturbtheoperationorfunctionshatless,withtiederanged—G.W.tomakede·range·ment\\-mənt\\de∙spoil/dɪˈspɔɪl/verb[VN]~sth(ofsth)(literary)stealsthvaluablefromaplace;tomakeaplaceattractivebydamagingordestroyingit；掠夺；蹂躏；de∙tain/dɪˈteɪn/verb1tokeepsbinanofficialplace,suchasastation,prisonorahospital,andpreventthemfromleaving拘留；押Onemanhasbeendetainedforquestioning.一个被拘留问2(formal)todelaysborpreventthemfromgoingsomewhere搁；留住；阻I'msorry—he'llbelate;he'sbeendetainedatameeting.不起要晚点到，他因会议耽搁了。seealsode∙vi∙ation/ˌdi:viˈeɪʃn/noun~(from1[U,C]theactofmovingawayfromwhatisnormalacceptable;adifferencefromwhatisexpectedor背离；偏离deviationfromthepreviouslyacceptednorms背事先接受的则sexualdeviation性偏离adeviationfromtheplan违背计2[C](technical语theamountbywhichameasurementisdifferentfromtheaverageacompassdeviationof5°(=fromtruenorth)罗盘偏差5（相对真北而言）—seealsostandardde∙vout/dɪˈvaʊt/adj.(of 人believingstronglyinaparticularreligionandobeyinglawsandpractices笃信的；虔诚adevoutChristian/Muslim虔诚的徒╱de∙vout∙lyadevoutlyCatholicregion信天主教的地区Shedevoutlyverystrongly)hopedhewaslingthetruth.她诚挚地希望讲的是实情dis∙card/dɪsˈkɑ:d;NAmE-1[VN]~sb/sth(assth)togetridofsththatyoulongerwantorneed弃；抛Theroomwaslitteredwithdiscardednewspapers.间里到处乱扔的报纸。Hehaddiscardedhisjacketbecauseofthe因天气炎热他脱掉了夹克。10%ofthedatawasdiscardedunreliable.*10%数据因不可靠而被废弃。(figurative)couldnowdiscardallthoughtofpromotion.她现在可以打消升的念头了2[VN,V](incardgames牌游戏togetridofacardthatyoudonotwant垫（牌）；打出（无用的牌）dis∙card/ˈdɪskɑ:d;NAmE-kɑ:rd/ orthingthatisnotorthrownaway,especiallyacardinacardgame被抛弃的（或物）；（尤指纸牌游戏中）垫出dis∙dain/dɪsˈdeɪn/[U,sing.]~(forsb/sth)thefeelingthatsb/sthisgoodenoughtodeserveyourrespectorattention视；蔑视鄙弃totreatsbwithdisdain鄙视adisdainforthelaw对律的藐dis∙dain/dɪsˈdeɪn/1[VN]tothinkthatsb/sthisnotgoodenoughtoyourrespect视；蔑视；鄙Shedisdainedhisofferofhelp.他提出要帮助，遭到鄙弃2[Vtoinf]torefusetodosthbecauseyouthinkthataretooimportanttodoit屑（做某事Hedisdainedtoturntohissonforadvice.不屑向自己的儿dis·sim·u·la·tionseedis∙si∙pate/ˈdɪsɪpeɪt/verb1to eormake eweakeruntildisappears（使）消散，；驱[V]Eventually,hisangerdissipated.他的终于平息了[VN]Herlaughtersoondissipatedthetensionintheair.的笑声很快消除了紧张气氛2[VN]towastesth,suchastimeormoney,especiallybyplanningthebestwayofusingit挥霍，浪费，消磨（时间、钱等）dot∙ing/ˈdəʊtɪŋ;NAmEˈdoʊtɪŋ/adj.[onlybeforenoun]alotofloveforsb,oftenignoringtheirfaults溺爱的；宠du∙bi∙ous/ˈdju:biəs;NAmEˈdu:-/1[notusuallybeforenoun]~(aboutsth)/(aboutng(ofa人)notcertainandslightlysuspicioussth;notknowingwhethersthisgoodorbad疑；无把握；SYNdoubtfulIwasratherdubiousaboutthewholeidea.对这整个想法持疑态度2(disapproving)probablynothonest疑的；不可信的；靠不的；不诚实的Theyindulgedinsomehighlydubiousbusinesspracticesobtaintheircurrentpositioninthemarket.们采取了一些为可疑的商业才取得目前在市场上的地位3thatyoucannotbesureabout;thatisprobablynotgood确定的；不一定好Theyconsidertheplantobeofdubiousbenefittofamilies.他们认为这项计划对大多数家庭不一定有好处。ShehadthedubioushonourofbeingthelastwomantohangedinEnglanditwasnotanhonouratall).成为英最后一个受绞刑的女子，这或许也算得上是荣幸之至吧du∙bi∙ous∙lydu∙pli∙cate/ˈdju:plɪkeɪt;NAmEˈdu:-/1[oftenpassive]tomakeanexactcopyofsth；复印；写aduplicatedform的表2todosthagain,especiallywhenitisunnecessary（尤指必要时）重复，再做There'snopointinduplicatingworkalreadydone.复别人经做过的工作毫无意du∙pli∙ca∙tion/ˌdju:plɪˈkeɪʃn;NAmEˌdu:-/noun[U,du∙pli∙cate/ˈdju:plɪkət;NAmEˈdu:-/[onlybeforenoun]exactlylikeelse;madeasacopyofsthelse完全一样的；的；副本的aduplicate副本du∙pli∙cate/ˈdju:plɪkət;NAmEˈdu:-/oneoftwoormorethingsthatthesameineverydetail完全一样的东西；品；副Isthisaduplicateortheoriginal?这是副本还是IDMinduplicate(ofs,etc.文件等)astwothatareexactlythesameineverydetail式两份toprepareacontractinduplicate一个一式两份的合同compareef∙face/ɪˈfeɪs/verb[VN]tomakesthdisappear;toremovesth消除；抹去；擦—seealsoself-ef∙fete/ɪˈfi:t/adj.1weak;withoutthepowerthatitoncehad衰弱的；的；失权力2(ofaman)withoutstrength;lookingorbehavinglikewoman弱的；女人气em∙bel∙lish/ɪmˈbelɪʃ/verb[VN]1tomakesthmorebeautifulbyaddingdecorationstoit化；装饰；布置SYNdecorate2tomakeastorymoreinterestingbyaddingdetailsthatarenotalwaystrue对…加以渲染（或发挥）；润饰；对…添枝加叶em∙bel∙lish∙mentnoun[U,Goodpastaneedsverylittleembellishment.的意大利面食用不着添油加醋。a16thcenturychurchwith18thcenturyembellishments具有18世纪装饰艺术的16世纪教堂en∙gross/ɪnˈgrəʊs;NAmEɪnˈgroʊs/verbifsthengrossesyou,itissointerestingthatyougiveitallyourattentionandtime使全神贯注；占去（的）全部注en∙gross∙ingɪnˈgrəʊsɪŋNAmEˈgroʊsadj.anengrossingproblem引人关注的问题epoch/ˈi:pɒk;NAmEˈepək/noun(formalor1aperiodoftimeinhistory,especiallyoneduringimportanteventsorchangeshappen时代；；时期Thedeathoftheemperormarkedtheendofanepochincountry'shistory.皇帝驾崩标志着该国历史上一个时代的结2(geologyalengthoftimewhichisadivisionofperiod世（地质年代，纪下分世geologicalepochs地质eradi∙cate/ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/verb[VN]~sth(fromsth)toorgetridofsthcompley,especiallysthbad根除；消灭杜绝SYNwipePoliohasbeenvirtuallyeradicatedinBrazil.巴西脊髓灰炎实际上已经根除。Wearedeterminedtoeradicateracismoursport.我们决心要杜绝体育活动中的种族现象eradi∙ca∙tion/ɪˌrædɪˈkeɪʃn/nounevoke/ɪˈvəʊk;NAmEɪˈvoʊk/verb[VN]tobringafeeling,amemoryoranimageintoyourmind引Themusicevokedmemoriesofheryouth.这乐曲勾起了她对青年时代的回忆。Hiscaseisunlikelytoevokepublicsympathy.evo∙ca∙tion/ˌi:vəʊˈkeɪʃn;NAmEˌi:voʊ-/noun[C,abrilliantevocationofchildhoodinthe1940s20纪年代童年生活美好回忆的唤facet/ˈfæsɪt/1~(ofsth)aparticularpartoraspectofsth（事物的）部Nowlet'slookatanotherfacetoftheproblem.在咱们看问2oneoftheflatsidesofajewel（宝石的）小平面fa∙cetious/fəˈsi:ʃəs/tryingtoappearamusingandinligentatatimewhenotherpeopledonotthinkitisappropriate,andwhenitwouldbebettertobeserious乱引人发笑的；场合耍聪明的afacetiouscomment/remark不当的滑稽评论；场合耍聪明的议论Stopbeingfacetious;thisisserious.乱开玩笑，这是个严fa∙cetious∙lyadv.fa∙cetious∙nessnoun[U]fac∙tion/ˈfækʃn/1[C]asmallgroupofpeoplewithinalargeronewhosemembershavesomedifferentaimsandbeliefstothoseofthelargergroup（大团体中的），派别，小rivalfactionswithintheadministration 2[U]opposition,disagreement,etc.thatexistsbetweensmallgroupsofpeoplewithinanorganizationorpoliticalparty；内讧apartydividedbyfactionandintrigue因和诡计搞得3[U]fi/movies,books,etc.thatcombinefactwithfiction(=imaginaryevents)与虚构相结合的（或书fiend/fi:nd/1averycruelorunpleasant 恶魔般的人；的人；令人2(informal)(usedafteranothernoun于另一名词后whoisveryinterestedinthethingmentioned…迷；…狂；爱好者SYNfanaticacrossword 填字游戏3anevil ；恶flog/flɒg;NAmEflɑ:g;flɔ:g/verb(-gg-[VN][oftenpassive]topunishsbbyhittingthemmanytimeswithawhiporstick鞭笞，棒打（作为惩罚）Hewaspubliclyfloggedforbreakingthecountry'salcohollaws.他因违犯国家的酒法而被当众处以鞭刑。~sth(tosb)|~sth(off)(BrE,informal)tosellsthtosb出售（某物给）[VN]Shefloggedherguitartoanotherstudent.她把吉他卖给另一个同学。Webuythemcheaplyandthenflogthemoffataprofit.我们低价买下这些，然后卖出获利。[VNN]Ihadaletterfromacompanytryingtoflogmeinsurance.我收到了一家公司IDMˌflogadead'horse(BrE,informal)towasteyoureffortbytryingtodosththatisnolongerpossible鞭策死马；做徒ˌflogsthto'death(BrE,informal)touseanidea,astory,etc.sooftenthatitisnolongerinteresting多次重复（想for∙ti∙tudeˈfɔ:tɪtju:d;NAmEˈfɔ:rtətu:d/noun[U](formal)courageshownbysbwhoissufferinggreatpainorfacinggreatdifficulties（在巨大痛苦或面前表现出的）勇气，胆量，刚毅SYNbravery,couragefos∙ter/ˈfɒstə(r);NAmEˈfɔ:s-;ˈfɑ:s-/[VN]toencouragesthtodevelop助长；培养；鼓SYNencourage,Theclub'saimistofosterbetterrelationswithinthecommunity.的是促进团体内部的关系。(especiallyBrE)totakeanother'schildintoyourhomeforaperiodoftime,without inghisorherlegalparents代养，抚育，照料（他人一段时间）[VN]Theyhavefosteredover60childrenduringthepasttenyears.在过去十，他们抚育了60多个儿童。[V]Wecouldn'tadoptachild,sowedecidedtofoster.我们不能领养孩子，所以决定代养一个。—compareadopt(1)fos∙ter/ˈfɒstə(r);NAmEˈfɔ:s-;ˈfɑ:s-/[onlybeforenoun]usedwithsomenounsinconnectionwiththefosteringofachild（与某些代养有关的名词连用）afostermother/father/family母╱父；代养的家庭fosterparents养父母afosterchild养子afosterhome寄养家庭fostercare亲代养儿frac∙ture/ˈfræktʃə(r)/1[C]abreakinaboneorotherhardmaterial（指状态）骨afractureoftheleg/skull腿骨╱颅骨骨折acompound/simplefracture(=oneinwhichthebrokenbonecomes/doesnotcomethroughtheskin)合（开放）骨折；单纯（闭合）骨折—seealsogreenstick2[U]thefactofsthbreaking,especiallyabone（指事实）Oldpeople'sbonesaremorepronetofracture.人更易骨折frac∙ture/ˈfræktʃə(r)/1tobreakorcrack;tomakesthbreakorcrack（使）断裂，折[V]Hislegfracturedintwoplaces.他的一条腿有两处骨折。[VN]Shefellandfracturedherskull.她跌倒摔裂了颅骨。afracturedpipeline破裂的管道2(formal)(ofasociety,anorganization,etc.团体、组织等)tosplitintoseveralpartssothatitnolongerfunctionsorexists;tosplitasocietyoranorganization,hisway（使）[V]Manypeoplepredictedthatthepartywouldfracturesplit.很多人该党将分崩离析。[VN]Thecompanyfracturedintoseveralsmallergroups.家公司被支解成几家小frac∙turedadj.[usuallybeforeHesufferedabadlyfracturedarm.他的严重骨折。(figurative)TheyspokeasortoffracturedGerman.们讲德fray/freɪ/1ifclothfraysorsthfraysit,thethreadsinitstarttocomeapart（使织物边沿）磨损，磨散[V]Thecuffsofhisshirtwerefraying衬衣的袖口磨破了。Thismaterialfrayseasily.这布料容易磨损。[VN]Itwasfashionabletofraythebottomsofyourjeans.经时兴把牛仔2ifsb'snervesortemperfraysorsthfraysthem,thestartstogetirritatedorannoyed（使）烦躁，恼火[V]Asthedebatewenton,tempersbegantofray.着辩论的继续，火气就上来了。[alsoVN]frayedfrayeddenimshorts损的牛仔短裤Tempersweregettingveryfrayed.脾气变得暴躁起来。IDMˌfrayat/aroundthe'edges/'seamstostarttocomeapartortofail开始卷边；脱线脚；分崩离析；失败Supportfortheleaderwasfrayingattheedges.这位的拥护已开始。fray/freɪ/thefray[sing.]afight,acompetitionoranargument,especiallyonethatisexcitingorseenasatestofyourability打斗，竞争，争辩（尤指激烈或视为检验能力的）Theywerereadyforthefray.他们准备好了。toenter/jointhefray加入争辩At71,hehasnowretiredfromthepoliticalfray.他现年71岁，已经退出了政治角逐。frolic/ˈfrɒlɪk;NAmEˈfrɑ:l-/verb(-ck-)[V]toplayandmovearoundinalively,happyway戏；嬉闹childrenfrolickingonthebeach在海滩上嬉戏的儿童frolic/ˈfrɒlɪk;NAmEˈfrɑ:l-/noun[C,U](old-fashioned)alivelyandenjoyableactivityduringwhichpeopleforgettheirproblemsandresponsibilities欢乐Itwasjustaharmlessfrolic.那不过是个无害的嬉闹游fum∙ble/ˈfʌmbl/1~(at/with/insth)(forsth)|~(around)touseyourhandsinanawkwardwaywhenyouarengsthorlookingforsth笨手笨脚地做（某事）；胡找（某物）[V]Shefumbledinherpocketforahandkerchief.她在她口袋里胡找手帕。Hefumbledwiththebuttonsonhisshirt.他笨手笨脚地摆弄他衬衣上的钮扣。Shewasfumblingaroundinthedarklookingforthelightswitch.她摸黑找电灯开关。[VN]Hefumbledthekeyintotheignition.他笨拙地把插进汽车点开关。[alsoVto2tohavedifficultyspeakingclearlyorfindingthewordstosay嘴拙舌地说话；支支吾吾[V]Duringtheinterview,shefumbledhelplesslyfor面试时她支支吾吾找不出适当的话语。[VN]tofumbleannouncement结巴巴3[VN](especiallyinsport用于体育运动todropaballtofailtostoporkickit失球；接 ；漏fum∙ble/ˈfʌmbl/1[sing.](alsofum∙bling[C,usuallypl.])anawkwardusingthehands拙的手部动作2[C](NAmE)theactionof theballwhileitisplayinAmericanfootball（美式足球）失球，接 ，漏gal∙lant1(old-fashionedorliterary)brave,especiallyinadifficultsituation（尤指在困境中）的，英勇的gallantsoldiers的Shemadeagallantattempthidehertears.强掩住泪水2(ofaman子givingpoliteattentiontowomen女子殷的gal∙lant∙lyShegallantlybattledonalone.她单枪匹马继续英勇顽强地斗。Hebowedandgallantlykissedmyhand.鞠了一躬，殷地吻了吻我的gal∙lant/gəˈlænt;ˈgælənt/(old-fashioned)afashionableyoungespeciallyonewhogivespoliteattentiontowomen（尤指对子殷勤的）时髦男gaunt/gɔ:nt/1(ofa人)verythin,usuallybecauseofillness,havingenoughfood,orworry瘦削憔悴的（常因疾病、饥饿或虑agauntface憔悴的面2(ofabuilding筑物notattractiveandwithoutdecoration碜的；破败gaunt∙nessnounglim∙mer/ˈglɪmə(r)/1afaintunsteadylight微弱的闪光；闪烁的微Wecouldseeaglimmeroflightonthefarshore.们可以到对岸微微闪烁的灯2(alsoglim∙mer∙ing)asmallsignofsth弱的迹象；一丝一aglimmerofhope一线希望Icaughttheglimmerofashiseyes.看到他眼里闪现出一丝笑意。theglimmeringofidea露端倪的想glim∙mer/ˈglɪmə(r)/[V]toshinewithafaintunsteadylight约地闪烁；发出微闪Thecandlesglimmeredinthecorner.烛光在角落里忽明忽暗地烁。(figurative)Amusementglimmeredinhiseyes.眼里隐约出愉悦的神情glint/glɪnt/1toproducesmallbrightflashesoflight闪光；闪Theseaglintedinthemoonlight.月色中海面上波光粼粼。sunglintedonthewindows.照在窗户上闪闪发光。at2if 'seyesglintwithaparticularemotion,oremotionglintsin 'seyes, showsemotion,whichisusuallyastrongone露出强烈情感；（常强烈情感在眼中）闪Hereyesglintedangrily.她眼睛里闪射着的目光Hostilityglintedinhiseyes.眼睛里流露出敌意glint/glɪnt/1asuddenflashoflightorcolourshiningfromas