电力英语课件11

电力英语任惠华北电力大学电力工程系（保定）2/4/20231HUIREN@NCEPU词义的选择(1)根据专业选择词义在英汉两种语言中，同一个词在不同的学科领域或不同的专业往往具有不同的词义。因此，在选择词义时，应考虑到阐述内容所涉及的概念是属于何种学科、何种专业。例如，power可解释为“权利；电流；电力；能力；倍数；冥；化合价”等意思。

①Knowledgeispower.知识就是力量。（译成“力量”）

②Assumethattheinputvoltagefromthepowersupplyremainsconstant.假定由电源输入的电压保持不变。（译成“电源”）

③Thethirdpower

of2is8.2的三次方是8。（译成“方”）潮流：trend(wrong!),powerflow2/4/20232HUIREN@NCEPU词义的选择(2)根据词类选择词义Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthe

like.正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等类物质。（名词，做“相同之物”解）Wavesinwatermovelikethewaveformmovesalongarope.波在水中移动就像波形沿着绳子移动一样。（连词，作“像、如”解）2/4/20233HUIREN@NCEPU词义的选择(3)据上下文选择词义在确定某一词所属词类的基础上，根据上下逻辑关系和语气连贯性来选择词义。科技文章具有较强的科学性、逻辑性，词与词之间、段与段之间总是互相依存，相互制约的。不能孤立、片面、静止地去理解一个词的词义。选择词义时应该词不离句，结合上下文进行推敲。例如：Thetransformerworksproperly.这台变压器运转正常。Themotorisnotworking.电动机故障了。Thethreadsofthescrewworkhard.这螺丝的螺纹太涩了。2/4/20234HUIREN@NCEPU词义的选择(4)Inordertomeetthecriticalservicerequirements,scientistsarestilllookingforbettermaterials.为满足使用的紧迫要求，科学家们仍在寻找更好的材料。Wecanheatthesteelagaintoatemperaturebelowthecriticaltemperature,thencoolisslowly.我们可以把钢材再次加热到临界温度以下的某一温度，然后再让它慢慢冷却。2/4/20235HUIREN@NCEPU词义的选择(5)根据搭配习惯选择词义同一词在不同的搭配情况下词义不同，在翻译时应注意根据搭配习惯来正确选择译文词义。例如heavy一词：heavycurrent强大电流；heavyline粗线；heavytraffic交通拥挤。2/4/20236HUIREN@NCEPU句子英译汉以意译为主。使用正确的专业术语，表达符合专业习惯。汉译英模仿。2/4/20237HUIREN@NCEPU中国电力工业概况简介2/4/20238HUIREN@NCEPU词汇GenerationmixInstalledcapacityThermalpowerCoal-fueled,coal-fired,coalpowerGasturbineHydropowerNuclearpowerWindpowerWindfarmWindturbine,bladeSolarpowerPhotovoltaicSolarwaterheatersBio-massGridinterconnectionRenewableenergyPowerindustryreformSeparationofgenerationfromgridSeparationthedistributionandtransmissionnetworksSeparationofthenon-coreassetsBiddingforon-gridLoad,demandPowerflow,loadBottleneckDemand-supplybalanceRenewableenergylawCoal-powerallianceMine-mouthpowerplantsTransmissioncorridor2/4/20239HUIREN@NCEPUGridinterconnectionNortheastTibetNorthChinaNorthwestSouthChinaCentralChinaEastChinaTaiwan500KVAC(2)2001/051200MW

±500KVDC(3)1989/2003/22077200MW

500KVAC(1)2003/09800MW

120KVDC(1)2005/06360MW

±500KVDC(1)2004/023000MW

500KVAC(3)20011900MW

500KVAC(2)2006/061200MW

StateGridCorporation

2/4/202310HUIREN@NCEPUNorthCorridorCentralCorridorSouthCorridorThecapacityofeachcorridorwillreachabout20GWin2020.PowertransmissionfromTheWesttotheEast:Threetransmissioncorridors2/4/202311HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandChina’sinstalledcapacityandpowergenerationoutputaresecondlargestintheworld’selectricityindustryfollowingtheUnitedStatesSource:ChinaElectricityCouncil(/cec-en/index.htm2/4/202312HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandChinaU.S.WorldtotalInstalledcapacity(GW)356.6979.63,372.8(%ofworldtotal)(9.6%)(26.4%)(100%)Powergeneration(TWh)1,654.23,858.515,614.1(%ofworldtotal)(10.6%)(24.7%)(100%)Powergenerationpercapita(KWh/person)1,28813,1202,578Electricityintensitypercapitais1/10thatofU.S.andlessthanhalfoftheworld’saverage.2002PerCapitaGenerationinKWhperperson2002Data2/4/202313HUIREN@NCEPUChinahasbecomeacountrywiththesecondlargestinstalledcapacityintheworld,beingonlynexttoUS.中国的装机容量居世界第二，仅次于美国2/4/202314HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandCoalisthemajorgenerationsupplyfuel.NuclearThermalHydroOthersPowergenerationin2004Installedcapacityin2004(1,807TWh)(328TWh)(50TWh)2/4/202315HUIREN@NCEPUTheproportionofcoalpowerissohighthattheinstalledcapacityofcoalpoweraccountsfor73%ofthetotalinstalledcapacity,andthegenerationvolumeofcoalpoweris1,807TWh,accountingfor83%ofthetotalgenerationvolume.煤电的比例非常高，占总装机容量的73％，发电量为1,807TWh，占总发电量的83%。Tera:1012TWh:TeraWattshour2/4/202316HUIREN@NCEPUThefeaturesofChina’senergystructuredeterminesuchapowermixwithcoalpowerasthemajorcomponent.ThecoalresourcesinChinaaccountfor11%oftheworld’stotalcoalreserves,andoilandnaturalgasaccountfor2.4%and1.2%ofthetotalreservesrespectively.Duringarelativelylongperiodinthefirstthreedecadesofthe21stCentury,theprimaryenergymixwithcoalplayingadominantrolewillnotbechanged.中国能源结构的特点决定了煤电在电能中的主导地位。中国的煤储量占世界总储量的11%，油和天然气分别占总储量的2.4%和1.2%。在21世纪初很长一段时间内，煤占主导的主要能源结构不会发生变化。2/4/202317HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandCoal-fueledinstalledcapacitymixin2003byunitsize.Thetotalinstalledcapacityis289,770MW2/4/202318HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandSource:ChinaStatisticalAnnualandChinaEnergyResourceStatisticalAnnual,andChinaElectricPowerInformationCenter.2002data.IndustryAgriculture,forestry,ranchingandfisheryResidentialOtherCommercialTransportationandcommunicationConstructionPreliminaryindustrySecondaryindustryTertiaryindustry10.71%70.87%5.2%13.22%IndustryelectricityusedominatesothersectorsShareoftotal2002electricityusebysectorin4countriesChina’s2002elec.

use2/4/202319HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandYearTotalAgriculture,forestry,ranchingandfisheryIndustryandconstructionTransportation,communication,commercialandothersResidentialRateofincreaserelativetothepreviousyear200214,97978010,6191,6001,98010.4%5.2%70.87%10.71%13.22%200318,63355913751.22,422.21,900.824.4%3%73.8%13%10.2%200421,762687.516,3012,329.52,44416.3%3.16%74.9%10.7%11.24%200524,69074018,4802,6302,84013.5%3%74.85%10.65%11.5%‘02-’05annualgrowth

18%

-2%

20%

18%

13%Electricityconsumption(2002-2005)Businessconsumptiongrowthdominatestotalgrowth2/4/202320HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandPowershortageswerebeingcausedbyneedformoregenerationcapacity(TrillionYuan=$130B)2/4/202321HUIREN@NCEPUChina’spowermarkethasbeenfacingshortagesince2002,therewerecurtailmentsinthepeakperiodinsomeprovincialgrids.从2002年开始，中国的电力市场就面对电能短缺的局面，在某些省网（或省份）发生用电高峰时期拉闸限电。Peakperiod,peakhour用电高峰Peakload（峰荷），baseload（基荷）Theshortagealsoledtoanoveralldelayintheopeningofon-gridpricecompetitioninwholesalemarket.另外，电能短缺也全面推迟了在电能批发市场实行竞价上网。2/4/202322HUIREN@NCEPUAfterthepowersurplusin1997,thestatebegantocontrolthepowerconstructionprojects.1997年电能供大于求之后，国家开始严格控制电力建设项目。Inthefuture15years,China’spowersupplywillstillfacethecyclicshortageduetothedistortionofthemarketsignalsandtherigidityoftheprojectapproval.在未来的15年，由于市场信号的扭曲和电力建设项目审批的僵化，中国仍然会发生周期性的电能供应短缺。2/4/202323HUIREN@NCEPUEspecially,therapiddevelopmentofthehigh-energy-consumptionsectorsinChinagreatlyboostedtheincreaseofthepowerconsumption.尤其是高耗能企业的快速发展，急剧地增加了电能的消耗量。2/4/202324HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandDemandexceededsupplyBalanceSupplyexceededdemandDemandandsupplyconditionbyregion(2005)Powershortagesoccurredinthreemajorregions.Thenumberofprovincialgridswithcurtailmentsinthepeakperiod:

12(2002)

22(2003)

24(2004)

26(2005)2/4/202325HUIREN@NCEPUCausesofpowershortagesClimaticvariability(droughtsandheatwaves)Economy,andthereforeenergyuse,isgrowingfasterthanelectricgenerationcapacitycanbebuilt.2/4/202326HUIREN@NCEPUThefollowingillustrationwouldhelpreaderstounderstandthemagnitudeofdemanddynamics:tosupporttheGDPgrowthwithanaveragerateof6.5%forthenext15yearstoachieveafour-foldincreaseofpercapitaincome,Chinaneedstoaddnewannualcapacityof48GWinasteadystategrowthmodel,equivalenttotwo-thirdsofUK’stotalinstalledpowergenerationcapacitytoday.下述事实可以帮助读者理解电能需求变化的幅度：为了在未来15年内维持GDP6.5％的平均增长速率，实现人均收入翻四翻，中国需要持续每年增加48GW装机容量，相当于今天UK总的装机容量的2/3。2/4/202327HUIREN@NCEPUCausesofpowershortagesCoalsupplyshortagesandtransportbottle-necksEscalatingcoalpricesanddecreasedenergycontentofcoal.Differencesinpricetrendsof“regulatedpowerprices”and“unregulatedcoalprices”.Blueindicatessupplysourcesandredindicatesmajorloadcenters2/4/202328HUIREN@NCEPUChina’sloadcentersandcoalresourcescentersareseparated,thebottleneckofthecoaltransportationmakesthefuelsupplyverytight,whichinfluencesthenormalproductionandsupplyofthepowerandacceleratesthepowershortage.中国的负荷中心和储煤中心分布在不同地区，煤传输的瓶颈造成原料供应紧张，影响了电能的正常生产和供应，加剧了电能的短缺。2/4/202329HUIREN@NCEPUIntermsofnuclearpowergeneration,Chinawilladvancefromthemoderatedevelopmentstrategytoacceleratingdevelopmentstrategy.NuclearpowerwillplayanevenmoreimportantroleinChina'sfuturepowerdevelopment.Especiallyinthedevelopedcoastalareaswithheavypowerload,nuclearpowerwillbecomethebackboneofthepowerstructurethere.Chinahasplannedtobuildupanother30setsofnuclearpowergeneratorwithin15yearswithtotalinstalledcapacityof36to40millionkWh,accountingforabout4%ofChina'stotalinstalledcapacityoftheelectricpowerindustry.2/4/202330HUIREN@NCEPUNuclearpowerKEYNPPinoperationNPPunder

constructionNPPbeingproposed2/4/202331HUIREN@NCEPUAddressingpowersupplyshortagesGenerationsectorDevelopingcoal-firedgeneration–highboilerpressure,highcapacity,andenvironmentallyfriendly–isthedirection.Acceleratingdevelopmentofhydropower,nuclearpower,andgas-firedpowergeneration.Introducingrenewableenergy(solar,wind,…)NetworksectorStrengtheningthegrid.Intensifyingenergyconservationeffortsandimprovingenergyefficiency.2/4/202332HUIREN@NCEPUEnvironmentalchallengesSource:InternationalEnergyAssociation2004China’scarbondioxideemissionsfromconsumptionoffossilfuelsareexpectedtoincreasefrom3,000milliontonsin2000to5,700milliontonsin2020.

2/4/202333HUIREN@NCEPUEnvironmentalchallengesemissionremovalefficiencySO28.01Mt0.97Mt10.8%Smokedust3.13Mt120.8Mt97.5%ChinaisexperiencingrisingSO2andNOX.EfficiencyofSO2andsmokedustemissionreductionsystems(2003)Emissiontrends2/4/202334HUIREN@NCEPUImprovinggenerationanddeliveryefficiencyInternaluseofelectricity%Powertransmissionlosses%Coalconsumption(g/kWh)20055.827.1837420205.16.2320Greatergenerationanddeliveryefficiencyisreducingratesofinternaluseofelectricity,transmissionlosses,andcoalconsumption.2/4/202335HUIREN@NCEPUStrategiesforovercomingcoalsupply

anddeliverychallengesAlliancesbetweencoalminingcompaniesandpowergenerationcompaniesMine-mouthpowerplantssubstitutingelectrictransmissionforcoaltransportationShenhuamodel:simultaneousstockholdingandbuildingofpowerstationsShanxicokingcoalco.model:buildingofpowerstationbycoalminesLunengmodel:buildingofcoalminesbypowerenterprisesHuainanmodel:jointventuretoestablishthenewcoalminesandpowerstations2/4/202336HUIREN@NCEPUPowerindustryreformhistory2004199719982002200220022004StatePowerCorp.(SPC)establishedDissolvedMinistryofElectricity

East

Chinastartspilotregionalpowermarketoperation.PowerRegimeReformformallyapprovedbytheStateCouncilStateElec.Regul.Commission(SERC)created(October2002)SPCrestruc-turedSeparationofgen.assetsfromtransmis-sionassets2/4/202337HUIREN@NCEPURemarkableprogresseshavebeenmadeinseparatingthegenerationfromthegridandinsplittingthestatepowermonopolyintofivenationalgenerationholdinggroupssinceMarch2002,whenthereformprogramwasapprovedbyArticleFiveoftheChinaStateCouncil.自从2002年3月国务院5号文件批准电力改革以来，在厂网分开和打破电力垄断，成立5个国家控股的发电集团方面已取得了显著的进展。2/4/202338HUIREN@NCEPUButtherecentshortageforcedthederegulatingbodiessuchastheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionandtheStateElectricityRegulatoryCommissiontopostponesomeofthederegulationmeasuressuchasseparatingthedistributionandtransmissionnetworksandopeningregionalwholesalemarkets.但是最近的电能短缺迫使电力改革的主体，国家发改委和国家电监会推迟了改革进程，例如输配分开和开放区域批发市场。2/4/202339HUIREN@NCEPUPowerindustryreformgenerationassetsgrid

assetsChinaHuanengGroupChinaDatangGroupChinaGuodianGroupChinaHuadianGroupChinaPowerInvestmentCorporationStateGridCorporationofChinaChinaSouthernPowerGridCorporationFormerSPCTo“introducecompetitionandbreakthemarketmonopoly”generationandgridsectorswereseparated.RestructuringoftheStatePowerCorporationofChinaDecember20022/4/202340HUIREN@NCEPUPowerindustryreformComparisonoftheinstalledcapacityofdifferenttypesofplayers(2004)Big5GenerationGroupsState-ownedenterprisesotherthanBig5groupsLocal,go