2021届高三英语一轮专项复习：阅读理解细节题之定位

阅读理解细节题之定位提高定位速度的2大技巧细节理解题和推理判断题占了阅读理解的三分之二以上。而解答细节理解题和推理判断题关键是第一步：定位！因为阅读理解中重要的原则之一就是忠于原文。忠于原文指的是每题题干都需要回原文定位，找到相应的对应信息才能解题。很多考生解题时只是粗略地看一遍文章，甚至一口气读4道题干，以为自己如有神功，能全部记住。不分析题干内容就去匆忙读原文，这些学生被称为“印象派”。他们解题的错误率极高，究其原因就是题干回原文定位不准。在没有搞懂题干内容的情况下不对应原文，全凭印象和主观猜测解题，效果可想而知。信息定位有以下两个常用技巧：一利用题文一致原则定位从近几年的全国卷高考试题来看，题目答案信息处的顺序和文章行文顺序基本一致，利用题文一致原则，有助于迅速定位原文。【命题规律】以2019年全国卷I4篇阅读理解为例篇章第1题第2题第3题第4题A第5段第8段第10段B第1段第2段第5段全文C第1和2段第2段第4段全文D第1段第2段第4段全文二利用定位词定位定位词的选用(1)特殊定位词在很多题目当中会出现人名、地名、数字、年份和大写字母缩写这五类特殊词。因为它们的特点是在一篇多数是英文小写字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以很快就能够做到精确定位。[示例1]HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears，Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers，”saysFlorenceGold，aprojectmanager.33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.Tosharpenstudents'communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation.分析：选D。本题可以根据特殊定位词HUNCH可以定位到本段的第一句“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.”可知，HUNCH项目的目的是把学校教育与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为D。(2)普通定位词普通定位词与特殊定位词相比，出现的几率更高。当我们看到题中没有特殊定位词的情况下，要思考的就是在这道似乎没有啥重点的词语中挑选出最能帮助我们快速找到定位的词语。可以当做定位词的首选是名词，其次是动词。[示例2]InSaveMoney：GoodFood，shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste，whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome，preparingmealsforsons，Sam，14，Finn，13，andJack，11.25.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.Heassistsherincookingmatters.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.分析：选C。由于比较醒目人名MattTebbutt和Susanna在文中出现多次,所以不能作为定位词。本题可以利用题干中的动词help来定位，从而找到原文信息“withthehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste”。挑选定位词的注意点(1)文章中的高频词不能作为定位词定位词的最大优势就是可以缩小阅读范围，如果我们定位了一个在文章中处处可能出现的词语，那就失去了定位的意义。（2）定位词和文中词有可能是词义转换在实际做题过程中还要注意，不是所有的题目都可以用定位词来定位的。而且如果是遇到细节信息定位题，很多时候定位词的作用被削弱了，因为题目中的词和文中的词会以同义词替换的形式出现。所以建议考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位词，另外一方面要提高自己的阅读词汇量，尤其是同义词转换，这样才能一击必中，快速找到答案出现的地方解决问题。[示例1]CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington，D.C.Duration：3hoursThissmallgroupbiketourisafantasticwaytoseetheworld-famouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashington，D.C.Yourguidewillprovideahistorylessonaboutthetreesandthefamousmonumentswheretheyblossom.Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear!21.Whichtourdoyouneedtobookinadvance?CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington，D.C.WashingtonCapitalMonumentsBicycleTour.CapitalCityBikeTourinWashington，D.C.WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTour.分析：选A。本题可以用同义词定位：bookinadvance=reserve“预约”。根据第一条自行车旅行路线中的“Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms一disappear!”可知，选择这条自行车旅行路线需要提前预订。课后练习（一）Whenwasthelasttimeyoutoldsomeonetheyinspireyoutogotoworkeachmorning?TeachersatOakParkHighSchoolinKansasCity,Missouri,didjustthatthisSeptember,whentheypulledindividualstudentsoutofclasstotellthemjusthowmuchtheyappreciatedthem.Thestudents'reactions,whichwerecaptured（捕捉）onvideoandsharedonYouTuberangedfromshythankstohugsandtears.“Ihavebeenchallengedtofindastudentwhomakesmewanttocometoschooleveryday,”saysoneteacherinthevideo,“andthat'syou.”JamieMcSparin,ateacherinchargeoftheschool'sacademyprogramforat-risksophomores（二年级学生）andjuniors.posedthechallenge,writesABCNews.“Initiallywhenwepulledthekidsout,theyallthoughttheywereintrouble,”McSparintold

ABCNews."Anyteacher-studentinteraction（互动）alwaysseemstobenegative,andthatwassomethingthatbotheredme,too.Nomatterifthey'reagoodkidoratroublemakeroranything,theyalwaysthoughttheywereintrouble,”shesays.McSparinsaysshegottheideafortheprojectafterattendingaprofessionaldevelopmentworkshopthissummercalled“thepowerofpositivity”.“Iliketheideaoflettingstudentsknowtheyareappreciated,becausewedoappreciatethem.Ijustdon'tthinkwesayitenough,”shetoldlocalnews.It'ssafetosaythechallengewaseffective.“Ifeelspecial,”saidoneoftheboysinthevideo.“Youshould,”saidhisteacher.“Youarespecial.”Whatdoestheunderlinedword“posed”inParagraph5mean?Presented.B.Rejected.C.Ignored.D.Evaluated.Howdidthestudentsprobablyfeelwhenpulledoutoftheclassroomatfirst?Nervous.B.Thrilled.C.Curious.D.Encouraged.WhatinspiredMcSparintochallengetheproject?Thetroublecausedbystudents.Theneedofshootingthevideo.Aseminarnamed“thepowerofpositivity”.Aprogramrelatedtostudents'interactions.Whatmessagedoesthistextmainlyconvey?Challengeisunavoidableinlife.Everyoneneedstobeappreciated.Positivityoutweighsnegativity.Newsmediacontributetostudents'progress.参考答案：AACB课后练习课后练习TheflowersarebloomingandthebirdsaresingingasMelindasitsintherosegardenofthenursinghome.Sheisrecallingoldtimesasshewaitsforherfamily'sarrival.ThenursinghomehasbeenMelinda'snewsettlementeversinceThomaspassedawayaweekago.Thomashadfoughtalongandhardbattleagainstlungcancerforthreeyears.Unfortunately,hehasbrokenthepromisethatheandMelindahadmade:tobewitheachotherforeverybirthday.MelindaknewthiswasunrealisticbutagreedtothepromiseforThomas'ssake.“Thomas,youarecompletelyadreamer.”MelindashoutedtoThomasashedraggedonaboutlivingonanislandwithhisbeautifulwife.That'swhatshelovedabouthimmost—hehadavividimagination.Theygotmarriedatageeighteenandbeganhavingchildrenrightaway.Marycamewithintheyear,followedbyThomasBenjaminII,Lilly-Ann,andJoseph“LittleJoey"George.Thefamilylivedanexultantlifefilledwithlaughterandlove.“Mom!”Lillyshouted,butitreallysoundedlikeahowl.Melindahadlostherselfinthinkingaboutthelifeshehadsharedwithherlatehusband.Lillypushedherdownthelongdarkhallsofthenursinghomeuntiltheyarrivedattherecreationalroom.Whenthedoorsopened,Melindaputherhandoverhermouthandwascompletelyspeechless.Theroomwascrowdedwiththepeoplenearestanddearesttoherandthewarmthandlovewasfeltinstantly.Thenightwenton;storiesandcocktailsweresharedandeverythingwasperfect.However,whenMelind