高中化学方程式(总)

2+–2+3++–––+––––+–+2+–2+3++–––+––––+–+––+–高中化学方程式一、金单（，Cl,S,N,P,C,Si，H、化：F+H===2HF(阴处炸)2F过量)==XeF

(过量)

+Xe==XeF(XeF是氧剂，能将Mn氧为MnO4

+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分+2HO===4HF+O水还)+HO2F+2NaCl===2NaF+ClF+2NaBr===2NaF+BrF+2NaI===2NaF+I

(过量)

+I7F+Cl2

(等体积)

===2ClF(ClF属于类素ClF+H)

(过量)

+Cl(ClF)323Cl+H

(H在Cl点燃；混合燃加、照发生爆)23Cl

2PCl

Cl+PCl

PCl

Cl3Cl+2Fe

Cl+Cu

CuCl

Cl+2FeCl(在溶中Cl+2Fe===2Fe+3Cl)32Cl+2NaBr===2NaCl+BrCl+2KI===2KCl+I3Cl(过量)+2KI+3HO===6HCl+KIOCl+I+3HO=6H+6Cl+IO35Cl+I+6HO===2HIO25Cl+IO=10Cl+IO+12H223

Cl+2Br=2Cl+BrCl+2I=2Cl+I2

Cl+Na↓Cl+S↓Cl+H↓(水液Cl+S2Cl+2HO===HSO+2HCl4ClO=4H+SO+2Cl22Cl+HO===2HCl+O

ClO=2H+Cl22O+3Fe

FeO

+K===KOS+H

H

ZnS3S+2Al

FeS既能由单质制取又由子)CuS(能单质制取，不能由离制)Al只由质取，不能由离子制)N+3H

2NH

NMgN32

N+3Ca31

++3+–––––––––––––––22++3+–––––––––––––––22N+3BaN

N22RbN

NN

N2AlN

NN32HLiH、原

NaPP3S+O

SO

S+HSO4

(浓)

3SO↑+2HO2

(浓)

H↑+2H2+6==6NO↑O+

SO

2-43S+4HNO

(稀)

3SO↑3S+4H+4

↑O2N+O

2NOO(常成)

（X表示，Cl，Br）222

PX

PX

+20HNO(3

4HPO+20NO+4HO4C+2F

CF

C+2Cl

C+O

(足量)

2C+O

(少量)

2COC+CO2COC+HOCO+H(成煤)22C+SiO制得粗)Si(SiCl+2H===Si(纯)+4HCl)4Si(

SiC(金刚)+2H↑

(Si+2OH+HO=↑、化应Cl+H（碱光照促进歧化：(ClOH）2Cl+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+HO(Cl+2OH=Cl+ClOO)22Cl+2Ca(OH)==CaCl+Ca(ClO)+2H(Cl=Cl+ClOO)22223Cl+6KOH浓)5KCl+KClO+3H+6OH5ClO)O(3S+6OH2S+SOO)22324P+3KOH()↑PO(4P+3OHO==PH↑PO)PO+15HSO2343C+CaO3C+SiO

+CO↑SiC+2CO↑2

+―+―+2++3++3++3+–––+2+2+2+2+2++―+―+2++3++3++3+–––+2+2+2+2+2+二．属质）的还原

O+O222

O2Na+O

NaO2

S爆）2Na+2HO==2NaOH+H↑==2NaNH↑2

2Na+2HO=2Na↑22Na+2NH=2Na+H↑24Na+TiCl

4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2MgOMg+S

MgCl

Mg+Br

MgBrCuS只能由单质Mg+2HOMg(OH)+H↑2Mg+TiCl2Mg+CO

Ti+2MgCl2MgO+C

Mg+2RbCl2Mg+SiO

MgCl+2Rb2MgO+SiMg+H2Mg+HSO+H↑4

(Mg+2H=Mg+H↑)2Al+3Cl

4Al+3O===2Al(常生致氧膜而钝化，在氧中)34Al(Hg)+3O.xHO)+4Hg铝齐）224Al+3MnO2Al+Fe

2AlAl+2Fe

2Al+Cr2Al+3FeO

Al+2Cr(热应)AlO32Al+6HCl===2AlCl+3H↑2Al+6H=2Al+3H↑SO===Al)+3H↑2Al+6H=2Al+3H↑422SO浓))+6H(Al,Fe冷浓的H,HNO中钝化)434Al+4HNO(===Al(NO)+NO↑+2HOAl+4H+NO=Al↑+2H323O===2NaAlO+3H↑O=2AlO+3H↑222Fe+3Br===2FeBr

Fe

(钢程Fe+I2FeS既由单质制备，又能离制)3Fe+4HO+4H↑42Fe+2HCl===FeCl+H↑

=Fe↑Fe+CuCl===FeCl+Cu+CuFe+SnCl===FeCl+SnCl(铁在酸性下,不能氯锡完全还原为单质锡2Fe+SnCl+Sn↓

Fe+Sn↓三．金氢物HF,HCl,HO,H)金氢物(NaH)2、原:3

+–2++2+–+-–2++––+3+––2+––+2++3+–+–2++2+–+-–2++––+3+––2+––+2++3+–++–+–2++4HCl(浓+MnOMnCl+Cl↑2+2Cl

+Cl↑+2HO4HCl(浓+Cl↑+2HO2+2Cl+PbOPb4HCl(g)+OO16HCl+2KMnO===2KCl+2MnCl+5Cl↑O22H+2MnO

+5Cl↑+8HO6HCl+KClO+3HO2+5Cl+ClO=3Cl↑+3HO14HCl+K+3Cl↑+7HO3214H+6Cl+Cr=2Cr+5Cl↑O7222H222HCl+F气与HCl、HBr、HI、H、NH气体不能共)223=2HCl+Br(Cl气HBrHI、HSNH气体不共)2232H2

(足量)

2SO2HS+O2

(少量)

2S↓+2H2HS+SO===3S↓+2HH(浓)===S↓+SO↑O3HS+2HNO

(稀)

↓+2NO+4HO+2NO3

↓+2NOO5HS+2KMnO+KSO+5S↓+8H22S+2MnO

=2Mn+5S↓+8H3HS+KCr+4HSO===Cr)+K+3S+7H2243242S+CrO===2Cr↓+7HO272HO+2HO===Na+6NaOH222HO+2HO=8Na+

SO

+

2NH+3HO2NH+3Cl===N+6HCl8NH+3Cl===N+6NHCl224NH+HCl==NaCl+N↑22NH+NO=N↑+2HO24NH+3O

(纯氧)

2NO

4NH+5O

4NO+6H4NH(氨除NO)2O===NaOH+H↑(生剂O=Na+OH↑2

Ti+4NaCl+2H↑

+2H↓↑2、性4HF+SiO===SiF+2H（可测定矿样或钢中SiO的量，玻璃雕刻）↑2HF+CaCl+2HClH↓+H↑2HS+CuCl弱酸强的典型反)H↓+2H4

++2++2+++++++––+2+2Br+2–++2++2+++++++––+2+2Br+2––––H===AgS↓3HS+2AgS↓+2HH===HgS+2HClH↓+2HH)↓(铅纸验气HS)23HS+Pb

↓+2HH↑银器空气中变黑的原)22NH

(液)

+H↑+HO===NaOH+NH)2、NH的碱性：NHX(X：、、Br、、S)4NH+HNONO332NH)24

NHNH

+NH===NaHCO+NHCl（德制：用于工业制备苏，打2NHS==NHHS、稳性H

H+Cl2

NHS=NH+242HO

HS2H+O2H===2H22

HS

H

2NH

催化剂

N+3H2HIH四．金氧物NNONNNSiO、22345O、PO、ClO、ClO、Cl、ClO、ClO)322、价的原：、、NO)2SO+OSO这SO在气缓发的环境化学反应）2242SO+O2

2SO

SO+NOSO+Cl+2HO===HSO+2HClCl+SO+2H+SO+2Cl242224SO+Br+2HSO+2HBrBr+SOO=4H+SO24224

––SO+I+2HSO+2HII+SO+2HO=4H+SO+2I224NO+NO+2NaOH===2NaNO（用于制硝工中收尾气中的NO和NO）22NO+NO+2OH=2NO2CO+O

2CO

Cu+CO3CO+FeO

2、化：SOS===3S+2H22SOK+I232NO+2KI+HO===NO+I+2KOH（不能用粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO）2224NO+HS===4NO+SOO325

+2++–-–-–2+―2+–23+2++–-–-–2+―2+–23––―–2NO+Cu

4CuO+N

NO+Zn2

2MgO+C(CO不能于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火)OSiO2MgO+Si、水作:SO+HSO3SO+HSO4

SO24

–3NO+HO===2HNO+NO(NO不是硝的)32N+HO===2HNO23

NOO=2H+2NO3

–O+H冷)===2HPO52OO(热水)===2H极易吸,作体干燥剂)542O浓)===2H543+HO===HCO2ClClO+H4

ClOO=2H+2ClO、碱物的用SO+H)2SO+(NH)+HO===2NHHSO422432NHHSOSO)+2HO+2SO↑(酸业尾气处理)24SO+Ca(OH)↓不能用澄清石灰鉴和CO可品鉴)22SO+MgO===MgSOSO+Ca(OH)↓2HCO243+2NH

(过量)

)3

(NH)23

(NH)O+2NH

(NH)CO+H(业取素2(过量)

COO2OH+CO=COO232

(过量+NaOH==NaHCO

+CO

(过量==CaCO+HO+2

+CO=CaCOO322CO

(过量)

+Ca(OH)==Ca(HCO)2

+CO

–+CaCO+H2

CO+CaCO+HO=Ca+2HCO33(不足)+3HO===2Al(OH)↓COCO+3H

–

↓+CO3

–(足

+NaAlOO===Al(OH)↓3CO+2H↓+HCO+CHONa+HO===CHOH66COHOO=CHOH↓+HCO263炼钢造)3SiO常下碱缓慢腐蚀玻)236

―――–+3++2++–+–+―――–+3++2++–+–++42+2++CaCO

NaSiO+CO制取璃3CaSiO(取璃)2NO+2NaOH==NaNO+NaNO+HO22NO=NO+NO+HO2NO+NO+HO(取酸业尾气吸)22NO+NO+2OH=2NO+HO五金氧物、价的原:6FeO+O34FeO+4HNO)+2H3FeO+4H+NO

―

+NOO、化:Na（反用制备Na）222MgO，AlO几乎没有氧化性，很难还为，Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe+3H2Fe+3HO(制原粉2Fe+4H3Fe+4HOCuO+H222Fe+16HI==O+2I22+16H+4I―=+8HO+2I422

FeFeO+C

(钢程加入废钢作氧化Fe+CO(温钢节含)(温钢节含)、水作:NaO+HNaO+H+2HO===4NaOH+O↑222Na+2HO=4Na↑2此应两:Na+2HO===2NaOH+HO;2H===2HO+OH的制可2222用似反:+H(稀)===BaSO+HO)2422MgO+HO===Mg(OH)(缓反)、酸物的用NaO+SONaO+COMgO+SO42234NaO+2HCl==2NaCl+H2NaO+2H+HO==2NaCO+O↑22232Na+HSO24

(冷)+HOMgO+HO44MgO+2H=Mg+HAlO+3HSO===Al)+3H427

+――+2++3++2++–+Cl+I=IO+Cl+-––++Cl+–44+――+2++3++2++–+Cl+I=IO+Cl+-––++Cl+–44242+2++-3+2++-3++–3+AlO+6H=2AlO32AlO+HO(Al两性氧化)223AlO+2OH=2AlO+HO3+HFeO+2HFe+6HCl===2FeCl3FeO3

Fe+8HCl===FeCl+2FeClFeOO4六．氧、化:+4HCl2ClO2+HI===HIO+HCl3

––ClO

–––+3HCl3HClO+I=IO+ClHClO+H===H+HCl34SO=3H+SO34

––HClO+H↑2O=H+Cl+HO+O↑2(氧化性:HClO>HClO>HClO>HClO但浓,的HClO氧化很强)3442HSO(+CCO↑↑422HSO(浓)↑OHSO+Fe(Al)室温下钝化SO()+2FeFe(SO)+3SO↑O4424222HSO(浓)CuSO+SO↑HSO(浓)+2HBr===SO↑+2H(能浓酸与NaBr制HBr)HSO4

(浓)

↑+I+2HO(不能用硫与NaI制取2HSO4

(稀)

+Fe===FeSO+H↑↑HSO↓+3H32

(浓)

+C↑+4NO↑+2H22

(浓)

↑2

(浓)

HPO↑O2

(稀)

+5NO↑4+5NOO+5NO↑

(浓足)

)+3NO↑+3HO

(浓)

(足)

)↑先Fe,Fe过量时再生Fe的盐)22

(稀足)

)+NO↑+2H2+NO

+NO↑+2H+8Fe===8Fe(NO)+3NO+15HO22H+6NO

+8Fe=8FeO+15HO2)+3N↑+18HO328

+–3++3++–+2+–+2+++2-–+2-+–2++2––3++2+–44+–3++3++–+2+–+2+++2-–+2-+–2++2––3++2+–44444+++2+36H+6NO

↑O2+8Fe===8Fe(NO)+3NH+9HH+3NO+3NHO4Zn+10HNO稀)==4Zn(NO)+NO↑+5HO3224Zn+10H+2NO=4ZnO↑+5HO224Zn+10HNO稀)==4Zn(NO)+NHO334Zn+10H+NO

–

=4ZnO2、原:HSO+X+HO===HSO+2HX(X表Cl)3222H+X+H+SO+X342HSO==2HSO34SO34HSOO===HSO3224H+HO=2H+H32425HSOSO+2HSO+3HO342SO+2MnO+3HO3HSO+HO===HSO+2FeCl32H+2Fe+HO=4H+2Fe+SO324、性HSO4

(浓)

CaSO↑

不发酸制取挥发性)HSO4

(浓)

+HCl(不挥发性酸制挥性)HSO4

(浓)

+2NaClNa↑(挥性制取挥发性)4HSO(浓)+HNO↑(不发酸制取挥发性酸4433HSO(浓))(强制酸)2HSO(浓)))PO4PO)+H↑322+CaCOO+CO↑2

工制肥)（和浓不制HS，，HBr，等还原性体24HPO(PO)43

3Ca(H)2

（钙H4

(浓)

+NaBrNaH+HBr(不发酸制取挥发性,磷是氧化性)H（NaH↑42、稳性

↑保存棕色瓶中)4NO↑+O↑O(保在色瓶)2HSOH↑在加热或酸性条件分)3HHO+CO↑在加热或酸性条件分)3HHSiO+HOHSiOSiO↓+HO432HSHO+S↑(加或性件下分)322七．9

––-–-–-––––+––2––3+–––––-–-–-––––+––2––3+–––+2+––3+2+3+2+3+2+2+3+-2+3+2++2+-2+2++-、价的原：+2HO===4Fe(OH)2、酸物的用：2NaOH+SO

(少量)

+SO+H32NaOH+SO

(足)(足)SiOO3+SiO=SiOO2NaOH+AlOO3+AlO=2AlOO3222KOH+Cl==KCl+KClO+HCl+2OH=ClO2H=HOS足)==NaHS+HO+HO2NaOH+H

(少量S=S

3NaOH+AlCl==Al(OH)↓+Al↓NaOH+Al(OH)==NaAlO+2H2=AlOO2

（AlCl和哪酸强？）Cl2CaCl↑+2HO(验制NH)NaOH+NHClNaCl+NH↑+HOMg(OH)+2NHCl==MgCl·O+NHCl不溶解)233+HSO==BaSO↓+2H4

=BaSO↓2HO2、稳:Mg(OH)MgO+H2Al(OH)Al+3HO222OOCuO+HO2AgOH==Ag3222八．、化(在溶中)+Fe==3FeCl2

+Fe=3Fe+Cu===2FeCl+CuCl用于雕刻铜路)+Cu=2Fe+Cu2+Zn少量)

2

+Zn=2Fe+Zn+Ag===FeCl+AgCl↓

+2Ag=2Fe↓Fe(SO)+2Ag===FeSO+Ag↓较反)Fe(NO)不反应3423+H+2HCl+S↓2Fe↓2+2KI===2FeCl+2KCl+I22

3+

+2I=2Fe+I+Mg===Fe+MgCl

Fe+Mg=Fe+Mg+NHCl==NaCl+N↑实验制)NH+NO=N↑O2422、原：10

2+3+-+--+--2++3+3++42+2+-222+2++-++22+3+-+--+--2++3+3++42+2+-222+2++-++22++22+2++-++--+-3+3+-+3Cl在水溶中需)23+6Cl(稀)↑+3S+4H323S+2NO=2NOO+2HNO稀)===3Na↑342

-

+2NO

-

+2NO↑+H===2NaSO在空气中易变342NaS33Na==2NaCl+S↓在溶中)

2-

+Cl+S、碱物的用：+CuSO==Cu(OH)↓↓(波尔多)24MgCl+2NH·HO===Mg(OH)Cl224Mg·HO=Mg(OH)↓+2NH24AlCl·HO===Al(OH)Cl24Al+3NH·HO=Al(OH)↓+3NH2

++3NH·HO===Fe(OH)↓+3NHCl334FeHO=Fe(OH)↓+3NH23·2

(足)↓)Cu

·HO=Cu(OH)↓+2NH22

+Cu(OH)+4NH·O=Cu(NH)+4H22Cu(OH)·HO=[Cu(NH)]+2OHO铜溶34·))O

总程Cu·HO=[Cu(NH)]+4HO铜氨溶液2AgNO·HO==AgOH↓+NHNO2AgOH=AgO242

(灰黑色AgO+4NH·HO=2[Ag(NH)]O银氨液332AgNO·O==Ag(NH)NOO2232Ag

·HO=[Ag(NH]O总方程式23+2NH·足)+(NH)Zn+2NH·HO=Zn(OH)+2NH2·O=Zn(NH)+4H2322+4NH·2

()==Zn(NH)SOOZn+4NH·HO=[Zn(NH)]+4HO总方式342、酸物的用：强酸制弱酸，不发酸挥发性酸NaPO+2HCl===NaHPO+2NaClPO44

-

PO

-NaHPOHPO44NaHHPO44

-

PO4NaCO+H3333↑=CO↑+HO2CO+2AlClO==2Al(OH)↓+3CO↑(质间双解反应33CO

2-

O=2Al(OH)↓+3CO↑3CO+3HO===2Fe(OH)↓+3CO+6NaCl物质之间的水反)33233CO

+2Fe+3H↓+3CO↑33NaHCO===Al(OH)↓↑(物之的双水解反)311

-3+3+-23+-3+-3+-+-----233---+SO=SO----++---2+-2+--3+3+-23+-3+-3+-+-----233---+SO=SO----++---2+-2+-2+2+-+-+-+-+-22+-3+3+-3HCO

+Al=2Al(OH)↓+3CO↑23NaHCO+FeCl===Fe(OH)↓↑333HCO+Fe=2Fe(OH)↓3S+Al(SO)+6HO===2Al(OH)↓+3HS2422O=2Al(OH)↑3

物质间的双水解反应)物质间的双水解反应)+AlCl+6HO==4Al(OH)↓NaCl(质间双水解反)3AlO

+AlO=4Al(OH)↓3+6H↓+Fe(OH)↓+333AlO

O=3Al(OH)↓+↓3NaAlOCl+2H↓+NH·HO+NaCl2AlOO=Al(OH)↓·HO432Na===2NaHCO3223CO

O+CO=2HCO23Na==2NaHSO+CO↑(1:2)3232CO

O+2SO=2HSO+CO↑CO3

(足)O+SO(CO中不用CO洗)2COO+SO+2HCO(2:1)Na+SOSO+CO322

(1:1)CO

-3

+CO+SO+CO(CO中的可用NaHCO洗气)2232HCO=2HSO+CO232NaHCO+SO==NaSO+2COO2322HCO=SO+2CO2NaSiO+2HCl===HSiO↓或NaSiO+2HCl+HO===H↓32232SiO↓或+2H↓334NaSiO+CO+2HO===H↓CO3222SiO

-

+COSiO↓+CO24、与复解应Na==BaSO+2NaCl(淀不溶于盐酸、)44SONa==BaSO(沉溶盐,在酸生新的沉,淀消)33SONa==BaCO+2NaCl(沉淀溶于盐酸沉消)3CO

-

↓Na+CaCl==CaCO↓(NaHCO不反应33CO

=CaCO↓AgNO+NaCl==AgCl+NaNO+Cl=AgClAgNO↓+NaNOAg+Br=AgBrAgNO+KI==AgCl+KNO

Ag+I=AgI+NaPO==Ag↓3Ag↓43444↓+NaSOCu+S=CuS↓43Fe(血色用Fe的性验12

+-+2+++++++H+H+PO+HSO+++++++-+++++-+2+++++++H+H+PO+HSO+++++++-++++、稳:NaS+HSO↓+SO↑O34242O+2H↓↑+HO32NHClNH+HCl3NHINH↑+HI↑2HIH+I32NHINH↑+H↑+I↑3NHHCONH↑+HO+CO↑322KNO2KNO+O↑222Cu(NO)↑↑2

2Ag+2NO↑↑保存棕瓶)25NHNO4N↑+9H10NHNO8N↑+4NO↑+O↑O(酸爆反应)22KMnOKMnO+MnO↑22KClO2KCl+3O↑22NaHCONaCO+H↑2322Ca(HCO)CaCO+HO+CO↑2CaCO

CaO+CO

↑九、离程的离HHNOHClHHFCHCOOHHCO、442HS、HNO、CHOH、2HSO==2H或：HSO+2HO==2HO44434==H+NO或HNO+HO+NO(下同)33HCl==H+Cl+BrHI==H+I

H4

H+H

24

H

HPO

+HF

H

+F

HSO3

H

+

+HSO

H

+

+SO

CHCOOH

H+CH

H3

H+

HCO

H+HS

H+HS

H

2

H+NO

HOHH+CO(苯不酸显性)5+CN

H+ClOHH+OH

2HHO+OH3、的(、、、Mg(OH)、NH·O)3313

++2+2+3++2+2+++4++3+-++2-2+3+32+3+++++2+2+3++2+2+++4++3+-++2-2+3+32+3++++-3+++++++++++++++++2+2+NaOH==Na+OHKOH==KMg(OH)Mg

+2OHNH·O2

Al+3OH+2OHNH

酸电

H+

O==Ca澄清石灰水

(石悬液)盐的(NaClNaNaHSOMgSOCaSOAl(SO)、442334、、AgNO、COONaNHNO、、CO、Na、3433233、、NaHPO、、KINaBr、NaClOAgCl、CaCO)4244+Cl

Na==2Na+SO+SONa==2Na+SO+HSO(错误书写：+H)34==MgSOAl(SO)==2Al+3SO+

AlCl==AlAgNO==Ag

CH+Na3NHNO==NH+NO43==Fe

Na==2Na+CO3

+

HCO

错书：NaHCO

CO

)Na+

2NaHS==Na+HS

(错书NaHS==Na+H+S

2

NaHPO42

NaHPO==2Na+HPO(误写NaHPO==2Na)44NaPO==3Na+PO4

KI==KAgCl

+I

+

NaBr==NaNaClO==Na(难溶微物在中发生微弱电)CaCO

+

CO

(错误书CaCO==Ca)14

2+2++2++3+2++3++3++2+---–---–----–--–-–-–-–-+-2+2++2++3+2++3++3++2+---–---–----–--–-–-–-–-+-CaSO

+SO错误书写CaSO==Ca+SO)44、融离NaClNa

Na+Cl+O

MgClAl3

MgCl2Al+3O

十、解应1、单水解---可逆水解NHCl+HONH·HO+HClNHOH+NHH3242+3HOFe(OH)O+3H33AlClOAl3

3Cu(OH)+H(属动序表中Mg以后的阳离子均水解222OH+NaOH不解NaHSO电离大于243NaO+NaOHCO3233

-–OH第一步远远于二，步不能叠)2Na+HONaHSO+NaOHHSO+OH333+HOSO+NaOH(一远大于第二步，二步不叠)23H+OH22NaS+HNaHS+NaOH2

-

ONaHS+HOS+NaOH(一远大第二步，二步不叠)HSOHS+OHNaPO+HONa+NaOHPO+O4424NaHPO+HO+NaOHHPO+HOHPO2424NaH+HO+NaOHH+HOHPO+OH4344CHCOONa+HCOOH+NaOHCHCOOO23HONa+HHOH+NaOHCHOCHOH+OH26552、水CHOCHCOOH+NH·43NHOHF+NH·23AlSO==Al(OH)↓+HS↑(隔空，封存2MgNO==Mg(OH)↓+NH↑(隔绝空气密保)NaO==3NaOH+PH↑隔绝空气，密封保)23+6HO==Zn(OH)↓↑(一老药剧毒经毒剂)23323↓+CH↑隔绝空气，密封)23HONa+HO==COH+NaOH25十一电及极程、解溶液在惰性电极条件，阴是活泼金属电极，极惰电条件下电2NaCl+2H2NaOH+H↑+Cl↑22-)2HO+2e==H+2OH或2H+2e↑22(+)2Cl-2e==Cl↑15

--2+2+2+++2+++++--+-2+2+2+++2+--2+2+2+++2+++++--+-2+2+2+++2+2Cl+2H

2OH↑↑CuCl

Cu+Cl↑--==Cu(+)2Cl

-2e-↑Cu2CuSO+2HO2

Cu+Cl↑2Cu↓↑+2HSO2-+4e-↓(+)2H-4e==O↑或4OH-==O↑4H22

4H2Cu+2HO2H↑+O2

2Cu↓↑4H-)4H-==2H↑(+)4OH--==O↑2H2中电4H

2HH↑+O↑2酸水：()+4e↑(+)2H==O↑22HH↑+O↑2碱水：

+

4OH-4e-↑+2H()==2H↑2

或4H+4e↑(+)4OH

-4e-↑2HO22HH↑+O↑2、镀镀作极，被镀金属作阳，镀属含氧酸盐作电解质液镀：电液镀(-)Cu+2e↓纯(+)–2e==Cu镀：电液

2+镀(-)+2e==Zn纯(+)Zn–2e==Zn镀：AgNO电镀液镀(-)Ag+e==Ag↓纯(+)Ag–==Ag镀：NiSO电镀液镀(-)Ni==Ni16

2+++3+3++2+++2+2+++2+2+3+22+2+++3+3++2+++2+2+++2+2+3+22+纯(+)Ni–2e==Ni、融态的解：(熔融)

2Na+Cl↑--(+)2Cl-↑+2Cl(熔融)

2Na+Cl↑2AlO

(熔融)

4Al+2O↑-)4Al==4Al(+)6O-12e↑4Al

+6O

4Al+3O↑(熔融)

H↑+F↑2-)2H==H↑-2e-==F↑H↑↑2十二原池应X—Y(解质溶液或X//解质溶液//Y(1)可逆电池苏电：—)4极(-Zn氧化反应)Cu极()2H+2e==H↑(原应离方式+==H↑化方式SO=ZnSO+H↑44铁电：—)3Fe()–氧化反)极++2e==H↑(原应离方式+==H↑+Fe(析氢腐蚀铁电：—、)2Fe()2Fe–4e

(氧化反)极++2HO+4eOH还原反应化方式2Fe++2HO==2Fe(OH)(氧)2+OO==4Fe(OH)223==FeO·nHO+(3-n)HO(锈生成过程)222铝电Al—Ni(NaCl溶液、)Al极-)4Al–12e==4Al

氧反应Ni(+)3O+6HO+12e==12OH还原反)化方式+3+6H(海灯电)3干池Zn—MnO(NHCl糊物)NHCl+HO==NH·HO+HCl4423极(-Zn

氧化应17

++++++++++++++Cu极()2MnO+2H+2e==Mn+HO(原)23化方式Cl+2MnO=ZnCl+MnO+2NH↑2(2)逆池铅电PbPbO(浓酸)电Pb极