伊顿离合器基础知识(中英版)-伊顿

ClutchBasics

离合器基础WhataretheBasic“Functions”ofaClutch?

离合器的基本功能？FunctionsofaClutchFunctionsofaClutch离合器功能WhataretheBasic“Functions”ofaClutch?

离合器的基本功能？TransferTorque传递扭矩BreaksTorque切断扭矩CleanRelease清晰的分离SmoothEngagement柔和结合FunctionsofaClutchFunctionsofaClutch离合器功能WhataretheBasic“Functions”ofaClutch?离合器的基本功能？TransferTorqueBreaksTorqueCleanReleaseSmoothEngagementDampenVibrations使振动变弱EngageaClutchBrake离合器制动TransferTorque传递扭矩BreaksTorque切断扭矩CleanRelease清晰的分离SmoothEngagement柔和结合FunctionsofaClutchFunctionsofaClutch离合器功能Thefunctionofaclutchistoconnect/disconnecttheflowofpowerfromtheenginetothedriveline离合器的基本功能是连接/切断发动机到传动轴的动力传递Providesawaytotranslateenginerotationintotransmissionrotation,将发动机的转动传递到变速箱的转动

Providesawaytoallowtheenginetorunwithoutthetruckmoving,允许发动机运转而车辆保持不动

Providesawaytobreaktorquetoselectandchangegears.在需要选档和换档时切断扭矩传递

WhatDoesaClutchDo?

离合器基本功能Discisclampedbytheclutchcover,connectingtheenginecrankshafttothetransmissioninputshaft从动盘被压盘夹紧,将发动机曲轴和变速箱输入轴连接起来Transmissionrotateswiththeengine变速箱与发动机一起旋转Flywheel飞轮Clutch离合器HowDoesitwork?–Engaged

怎样工作?–接合状态TransferTorque传递扭矩Pressureplateseparatesfromthedisc压盘与从动盘分离Transmissionisdisconnectedfromtheengine变速箱与发动机分离Flywheel飞轮Clutch离合器HowDoesitwork?–Disengaged

怎样工作–分离状态CleanRelease/BreaksTorque清晰的切断扭矩DrivenDisc从动盘:Thisisthediscwhichisincontactwiththeengineflywheelandthepressureplateoftheclutchassembly这是与发动机飞轮和离合器压盘都接触的零件Clutch-BasicComponents

离合器基本部件CoverAssembly压盘总成:Anassemblywhichismountedontheflywheel,andsqueezesthediscagainsttheengineflywheel.安装到飞轮上,将从动盘压紧到发动机飞轮上的零件Clutch-BasicComponents

离合器基本部件ReleaseBearing分离轴承:

Servesasastationaryconnectionforthereleaselinkage.Connectstothediaphragmspring.连接到膜片弹簧上,且与分离系统相连接.Clutch-BasicComponents

离合器基本部件Pressureplatebolts压盘螺栓:

Shoulder-headboltsthreadeddirectlyintotopofpressureplateandthroughthedrivestraps.带肩端台阶螺栓穿过传动片直接拧到压盘上部PressurePlateBolts压盘螺栓ShippingClips运输垫片:

Fitsbetweentheflywheelbracketandthepressureplatebolts.Usedto“cage”pressureplate,inordertofacilitateinstallationofdrivendiscs.Theclipsareremovedduringtheinstallationsprocess.在压盘螺栓和架子之间,以在运输中保持住压盘,有利于从动盘装配.在离合器安装过程中要拿走.ShippingClips运输垫片Shippingclip运输垫片FlywheelRing支撑环:

HousestheDiaphragmSpringsandPressurePlate.支撑膜片弹簧和压盘FlywheelRing/Bracket/Cover

支撑环/支架/盖DiaphragmSprings膜片弹簧:

Singlespringprovidethespringforcerequiredfordevelopingpressureplateclampload.弹簧提供要求的弹簧力满足压盘压紧力DiaphragmSprings膜片弹簧Collector收集器:Allowsaconnectionpointtothediaphragmspringandthereleasebearing.Allowsforclutchengagementanddisengagement.连接膜片弹簧和分离轴承,让离合器分离与接合.SpringCollector弹簧收集器DriveStraps传动片:ConnectstheFlywheelBrackettothepressureplate.Transmittorquefromtheenginetothepressureplateandprovidesaspringforcetoseparatethepressureplatefromthedrivendiscwhentheclutchisdisengaged.连接支架和压盘.传递发动机力矩到压盘.当离合器分离时,提供弹簧力以分离压盘和从动盘.DriveStraps传动片PressurePlate压盘:Providesaclampingsurfaceforthedrivendisc,allowingforenginetorquetobetransmittedtothediscandeventuallythetransmissioninputshaft.为从动盘提供夹紧面,同时传递发动机扭矩到从动盘和最终传到变速箱输入轴.PressurePlate压盘Facing摩擦面:Organicfrictionmaterialwhichwhenclampedupbetweenadjacentironsurfaces(pressureplate,engineflywheel)causesthedisctorotatewiththesecomponentstherebytranslatingflywheelrotationintotransmissioninputshaftrotation.有机摩擦材料当被到邻近的铸铁面(压盘,发动机飞轮)压紧时,将使从动盘与这些零件一起转动而将飞轮转动转换为变速箱输入轴转动.Facings摩擦面Facing摩擦面Damper减振弹簧:Asetofspringsradiallyarrangedaroundthehubtopreventtorsionalvibrations(generatedbytheengine)frombeingtransmittedtothehub,andinessencetherestofthedriveline.在花键毂周围径向布置的一套弹簧用以防止扭振(通常有发动机引起)传递到花键毂,本质上是保护传动轴.Damper减振弹簧Damper减振弹簧Hub花键毂:

Atoothedcomponentthatmateswiththetransmissioninputshaft,andisthepointoftorquetransfertothetransmission.与变速箱输入轴匹配的带齿零件,是传递扭矩到变速箱的零件.Hub花键毂Hub花键毂BearingTravel/ReleaseTravel轴承行程/分离行程:

Distancebywhichthereleasebearingmoveswhentheclutchpedalisfullydepressed.Ingeneral,12.7mmminimumtravelisrequiredfortheclutchtodisengage.离合器踏板全踩下时分离轴承移动距离.通常离合器分离要求12.7毫米最小.BearingLoad/ReleaseLoad轴承力/分离力:

Loadappliedatthereleasebearingtodisengagetheclutch.分离离合器时作用于分离轴承上的力.PlateLoad压盘力:

LoadappliedatthePressurePlatewhentheclutchassemblyisengaged.离合器接合时作用于压盘上的力.PlateDeparture压盘升程:DistancebywhichthePressurePlateretracts,freeingupthediscs,whentheclutchisdisengaged.当离合器分离时,为放开从动盘而使压盘回退的力.OtherTerminology其它术语ClutchTypes离合器型式

PushorPull推式或拉式WearThrough免调整

Single/TwinPlate单片/双片

Mechanicalrod机械杆

Hydraulic液压式

Boostedhydraulic液压助力

Splinesize花键尺寸

Facingtype摩擦面

Pre-damper预减振

Damperrate减振弹簧刚度

OrganicFacings有机材料摩擦面ClutchDisc从动盘ReleaseLinkage分离系统ClutchCover离合器盖总成Components零件PushorPull推式或拉式Wear-Through免调整Single/TwinPlate单片/双片ClutchCoverTypes离合器压盘型式Indicatesthedirectioninwhichforceisappliedtothereleasebearingforclutchdisengagement指出为了离合器分离而作用于分离轴承的力的方向.

(Disengagement分离=clutchpedaldepressed踩下离合器踏板)PUSH推式:Bearingmovestowardstheengine轴承向发动机方向移动PULL拉式:Bearingmovesawayfromtheengine轴承朝远离发动机的方向移动“PushorPull”“推式或拉式”LBAAdvantages优势

ReleaseBearingisseparatefrom coverassembly,分离轴承与压盘总成分开

SimplifiesTransmissioninstallation, (alignmentofyokenotnecessary).简单化变速箱安装(不必对齐拨动叉).Disadvantages劣势

Highcoverdeflectionsduetolarge“L”value,由于“L”值大而产生高压盘偏斜

Limitedplateloadcapacitydueto“A”diameter,由于“A”直径而限制压盘压紧力

Higherreleaseloadsduetolow“B/A”ratio,由于底的“B/A”值而产生高的分离力

Complexcoverdesign,(diaphragmpivot),复杂的压盘设计,(膜片弹簧支点)Cannotbeusedwithaclutchbrake.无法使用离合器制动Clutchdiameter离合器直径,(i.e.例如420mm)PushType推式LBADisadvantages劣势Advantages优势

Lowcoverdeflections(small“L”value),小的压盘偏斜(小的“L”值

Higherplateloadcapacity(“A”diameter),更高的压盘压紧力(直径“A”)Lowerreleaseloads(higher“B/A”ratio),更小的分离力(更高的“B/A”比值)Simplecoverdesign,简单的压盘设计

Canbeusedwithaclutchbrake.可以使用离合器制动

ReleaseBearingmustbeattachedtocover assembly,分离轴承须附在压盘总成上

DifficultTransmissioninstallation,

(yokemustalignwithreleasebearing).变速箱安装困难(拨叉须与分离轴承对齐)Clutchdiameter离合器直径,(i.e.例如430mm)PullType拉式Clampingloadisgeneratedbycoilspringmounteddirectlybetweentheclutchcoverandthepressureplate,hencethename“directpressure”.夹紧力由安装在离合器盖和压盘之间的螺旋弹簧直压产生,因此命名为“直压”.CoilSpring螺旋弹簧Leverforclutchdisengagement离合器分离杠杆WearThrough-DirectPressureCoilSpring

免调整–直压式螺旋弹簧离合器Disc盘CoilSpring螺旋弹簧NewDisc新片New新片ClampLoad夹紧力WornDisc磨损后Worn磨损后ClampLoad夹紧力WearLife磨损量Thecoilspringextendswithfacingwear.螺旋弹簧随摩擦面的磨损而伸展Therefore,thepressureplateclamploadreduces.因此,压盘夹紧力减小Travel行程力LoadWearThrough-DirectPressureCoilSpring

免调整–直压式螺旋弹簧离合器Clampingloadisgeneratedbydiaphragmspringmounteddirectlybetweentheclutchcoverandthepressureplate.夹紧力由装在盖总成和压盘之间的膜片弹簧产生WearThroughTravel免调整行程DiaphragmSpring膜片弹簧WearThrough-DiaphragmSpring

免调整–膜片弹簧离合器00NewDisc新片WornDisc磨损NewClampLoad新片夹紧力WornClampLoad磨损后夹紧力Thediaphragmspringprovidesauniqueloadcharacteristicwhichresultsinawornplateloadsimilartothenewplateloadvalue.膜片弹簧产生一个独特力的特性,而使磨损后的压盘力与新片时相似However,thereleaseloadcontinuestoincrease.但是,分离力持续升高.Travel行程WearThrough-DiaphragmSpring

免调整–膜片弹簧离合器ADJUSTABLE(NorthAmericanStyle)可调整(北美)Internalcompensationforfacingwear内部补偿摩擦面磨损Manuallyadjustedbyoperator操作者手动调整Automaticadjustment自动调整WEARTHROUGH免调整Nocompensationforfacingwear无摩擦面磨损补偿Clutchbearingpositionchangeswithfacingwear离合器轴承位置随摩擦面磨损而变化

“AdjustableorWear-Through”

“可调整或免调整离合器”SFGWDisadvantages劣势Addedweight重量增加Addedcost增加成本Morecomponents(installation)更多的零件(安装)Higherinertia更大的惯量Greaterriskofclutchdrag产生拖扭的风险更大Advantages优势Smallerdiameter更小的直径Lowerreleaseloads更小的分离力Lowerpedalefforts更小的踏板力Increasedwearlife增加的磨损寿命Increasedspacefortorsionaldampers给减振弹簧更多的空间Theoretically,atwoplatedesignwilldoublethetorquecapacityforagivenclutchsizeandclampload.理论上,在给定的尺寸和夹紧力时,双片设计将有双倍的扭矩容量.TwoPlatevs.SinglePlate

单片vs.双片FrictionMaterials摩擦材料CushionedFacings带软垫摩擦面TorsionalDampers扭转减振弹簧DiscTypes从动盘型式CeramicFacing陶瓷摩擦面OrganicFacing有机材料FrictionMaterials摩擦材料FrictionMaterialKnowledge

摩擦材料知识OrganicFacingMaterial有机摩擦材料Advantages优势GoodEngagementQuality好的接合质量GoodWearCharacteristics好的磨损特性Doesnotwearmatingfrictionsurfaces不磨损匹配的摩擦面

Disadvantages劣势EasytoAbuse易过度使用CoefficientDropswhenClutchgetsHotduetoAbuse当过度使用产生热量时,摩擦系数下降WearincreaseswhenclutchgetsHotduetoAbuse当过度使用产生热量时磨损上升.CeramicFacingMaterial陶瓷材料Advantages优势GoodWearCharacteristics好的磨损特性DifficulttoAbuse不易被过度使用CoefficientremainsthesamewhentheclutchgetsHotduetoAbuse当过度使用产生热量时摩擦系数不变WearisthesamewhenclutchgetsHotduetoAbuse当过度使用产生热量时,磨损相同

Disadvantages劣势EngagementQualitynotasgoodasOrganic接合质量不如有机材料Willwearthematingfrictionsurfaces将磨损相匹配的摩擦面FrictionMaterialKnowledge

摩擦材料知识ImportantInformation!!!!!!重要信息AllFrictionMaterialsarenottheSame!!!!!不是所有的摩擦材料都相同

CoefficientofFriction摩擦系数

EngagementQuality接合质量

WearRate磨损率

AbuseResistant抵抗过度使用能力Example-OrganicMaterial例子-有机材料Softensthemodulationbetweendisengagedandengagedconditionsforimprovedvehiclecontrollability.RequiredinmostEuropeancountries.使分离与接合更为柔和，提高车辆操作性能.在大多数的欧洲国家被要求.CushionedFacings带波形垫摩擦面CombinedSpringLoad

xRadial

Distance

=DamperTorque合成弹簧力x径向距离=减振器扭矩Distance距离SpringLoad弹簧力TorsionalDamper扭转减振器DamperTorque÷

Hub

Rotation

=Torsional

Rate减振弹簧扭矩÷花键毂旋转角度=扭转刚度TorsionalDamper扭转减振弹簧DiscB盘BDiscA盘ADesiredCapacity期望扭矩容量Rotation旋转角度Torque扭矩

DiscAreachesthedesiredtorquevalueinasmallamountofrotation,盘A在一个小的旋转下就达到期望的扭矩值.

DiscBachievesthesametorquevaluebutrequiresfarmorerotation,盘B获得同样的扭矩值要求更大的旋转角度

DiscBisreferredtoasa“softrate”ora“longtravel”(LTD)damper.盘B被称作“软刚度”或“长行程”减振弹簧TorsionalDamper扭转减振弹簧DiscBDiscARotationTorquespikeWhyusea“softrate”damper?为什么用“软刚度”减振器?Asoftdamperprovidesimprovedprotectionagainstdrivelinetorsionalvibration.软刚度减振器更好地保护传动系对抗扭转振动Inthisexampleshowingatorquespike,wecanseethat“discA”hasfarlesshubrotationthan“discB”,forthesamechangeintorqueload.本例中,在相同的扭矩变化时“盘A”比“盘B”有更小的旋转量.Itistheincreaseinhubrotation,foragivenchangeintorque,that“softens”theimpactontherestofthedriveline,wherethedamperspringsabsorbmostoftheenergy.(Consideryourcar’ssuspensionwhendrivingdownaroadwithpotholes).相同的扭矩变化,花键毂旋转量增加时,“软化”使传动轴得到更好保护,因减振弹簧吸收了大部分的能量(考虑汽车的悬架,当驶过道路坑道时).TorsionalDamper扭转减振器Pre-Damper预减振弹簧Referstoastagepriortomaindampertravel.在主减振器行程之前起作用Usedtoisolateenginetorsionalsatidlespeed,whentransmissionisinneutral,oftenreferredtoas“idlerattle”.可以隔绝发动机怠速,变速箱空档时的发动机扭振,所谓的“怠速噪音”Twotypes:两种型式

SpringLoaded弹簧载荷

FreeTravel(indischub)自由行程(在盘毂上)MainDamperSpringPre-damperSpringRotatesrelativetodiscTerminologyReview术语回顾BottomingLoad底部扭矩Torquethattheinternalstopofthedampergoessolid.减振弹簧内部压紧变成刚性时的扭矩.DamperRates减振弹簧刚度Theamountoftorqueperdegreestraveled每转一度的扭矩值Hysteresis阻尼InternalFrictionthatisdesignedinthedamper.被设计在减振器上的内部摩擦0-12-10-8-6-4-2024681012DEGREES角度TORQUE扭矩BottomingTorqueDamperRate=HysteresisFreeTravelorPredamperTravelBottomingTorqueTravelDrivenDiscAssembly从动盘总成430mmClutchReleaseBearings

430mm离合器分离轴承Informandcomparevarious430mmClutchreleasebearingdesigns了解和比较不同的430mm离合器分离轴承IncludesattachmentmethodstotheDiaphragmSpring包括搭接到膜片弹簧上的方法Introduction介绍Bellhousing离合器壳ReleaseBearing分离轴承Yoke分离拨叉Cross-shaft拨叉轴Quill前轴承盖Typical430mmClutchArrangement

典型430mm离合器布置QuillType前轴承盖型式:Internalbushingdoesnotcontactinputshaftbutisguidedbytransmission’squill内衬套不接触输入轴但由变速箱前轴承盖导向Bushingonlyhastosurvivelinearmotion;Thereforeitcanbeahigh-temperature,self-lubricatingcompositematerial衬套只保证直线运动;因此它用耐高温、自润滑合成材料Similarbushingarrangementsarecommonlyusedworld-widebyothers相似的轴承布置方式通常会被世界范围内其他厂家使用430mmClutchBearingArrangement

430mm离合器轴承布置EatonFuller430mmBearingConfiguration伊顿430mm轴承配置PermanentAttached非快速拆卸&QuickAttached快速拆卸Typical430mmBearingAssy.Drawing

典型430mm轴承总成图3.BearingSnapRing轴承夹紧环7.BushingSnapRing衬套卡簧4.Bearing轴承6.WaveSpring波形弹簧9.Bushing衬套8.ReleaseBearingHousing分离轴承壳1.SpiralwavePre-LoadSpring螺旋波形预紧弹簧2.SpringSnapRing弹簧卡环430mmBearingAssy.Drawing轴承总成图PermanentAttachedBearing非快速拆卸式InstalledonClutchAssemblybeforeInstallationonEngine’sFlywheel在离合器装配到发动机飞轮之前把轴承装到离合器总成上InternalgrooveandSnapRingretainsFulcrumRingfrommovingaxially.将卡环卡到内槽上防止支撑环轴向移动TransmitsactuationloadfromReleaseBearingtoDiaphragmSpring将助力泵推力从分离轴承传递到膜片弹簧Componentsofthe430mmEatonPermanentAttachedBearing伊顿非快速拆卸轴承部件430mmBearingAssy.Drawing轴承总成图

QuickAttachedBearing快速拆卸轴承QuickClipwith“ears”带“耳”的快速夹紧卡环StampedFulcrumRing冲压支承环RetainingWire保持环(NoPre-Loadgenerated)(不产生预紧力)CurrentStyleofFulcrumRingAssembly

支承环总成当前型式Sometimescalled“wireclip”有时称作“金属夹”“Snaps”overBEARING’ssnoutduringinstallation装配时锁住轴承猪嘴ConnectsFULCRUMRINGandBEARINGtogether将支承环和轴承连接在一起Mustwithstandactuationloadduringservicelife在工作时必须经受住分离力ReleasesfromBEARINGsnoutwhenunlatched当夹子不闭锁时从轴承猪嘴上松开Componentsofthe430mmEatonBearingQuickClip伊顿轴承快速夹紧夹子部件MechanicalRodorCable机械杆式或拉索式Hydraulic液压式BoostedHydraulic液压助力式Note:Linkagedesigndictatesclutchreleasetravel.注:分离系统设计要规定分离行程ReleaseLinkageTypes分离系统型式Connectsthecabpedaltoclutchwithoutanyflexiblecouplings.从踏板到离合器无任何柔性联结Cannotcompensateforchangesintheclutchreleasebearingposition.不能补偿离合器轴承位置变化Hencerequireslinkagefreeplaytoensurefullclutchengagement