【语法课件】2020年高考语法系统复习之构词法课件（共29张ppt）

2020年高考语法系统复习之构词法1．复合名词的主要构成方式名词＋名词bloodtest验血；half­moon半月(形)；silkworm蚕；classroom教室；airport飞机场形容词＋名词double­dealer两面派；shorthand速记；greenhouse温室v.­ing＋名词readingroom阅览室；meetingroom会议室；swimmingpool游泳池动词＋名词breakwater防波堤；pickpocket扒手名词＋v.­inghandwriting笔迹；sunbathing日光浴动词＋副词get­together联欢会；breakthrough突破副词＋动词downfall垮台；outbreak爆发2.复合形容词的主要构成方式形容词＋名词＋­edcold­blooded冷血的；kind­hearted心肠好的形容词＋名词high­class高级的形容词＋v.­inggood­looking好看的；easy­going随和的；fine­sounding动听的形容词＋过去分词newborn新生的；readymade现成的形容词＋形容词dark­blue深蓝色的；light­green浅绿色名词＋v.­inglife­saving救生的；ocean­going远洋的名词＋过去分词handmade手工制作的；ice­covered冰雪覆盖的名词＋形容词nationwide全国性的；ice­cold冰冷的数词＋名词＋­edone­eyed独眼的；two­faced双面的数词＋名词＋形容词five­year­old五周岁的；two­metre­tall两米高的3.复合动词的主要构成方式名词＋动词sleepwalk梦游副词＋动词overcome克服；undergo经历；overthrow推翻；understand明白形容词＋动词white­wash粉刷；blacklist列入黑名单4．复合代词的主要构成方式代词宾格或物主代词＋self(selves)ourselves我们自己；herself她自己；themselves他们自己某些不定代词some(any,no，every)＋body(one,thing)everyone;everybody;everything;anyone;anybody;anything;nothing;something方法二、转化法转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。现就常见的转化法分类列举并归纳如下：名词转化为动词face脸—face面对hand手—hand传递nurse护士—nurse护理形容词转化为动词dirty脏的—dirty弄脏narrow窄的—narrow变窄clean干净的—clean打扫动词转化为名词find发现—find发现物divide划分—divide分界处waste浪费—waste废物形容词转化为名词daily每日的—daily日报weekly每周的—weekly周刊形容词转化为副词deep深的—deep深深地sure确信的—sure的确方法三、派生法派生法是英语主要的构词法。此方法是借助于前缀或后缀，制造出派生词，主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。1．前缀构词法前缀是加在一个词根前面的音节，它并不是独立的单词，但本身有一定的含义，它不改变词性，但改变原词义。常见前缀：前缀例词dis­(不，否定)dissatisfy使不满意；dishonest不诚实un­(不)unable不能够；unlucky不幸的un­(做相反动作)undress脱衣服；unload卸货in­(不，非)inactive不活跃的；incorrect不正确的im­(不，非)impolite没有礼貌的；impossible不可能的ir­(不，非)irregular不规则的；irresponsible不负责任的il­(不，非)illogical不合逻辑的；illegal非法的前缀例词non­(不，非)non­existent不存在的；non­stop直达的mis­(错误的；坏的)misunderstand误解；misfortune厄运re­(重复，再)rewrite重写；remarry再婚en­(使可能)enrich丰富；enable使能够ex­(以前的，前任的)ex­president前任主席/总统；ex­wife前妻super­(在……上面；超级)supermarket超市；supermodel超级名模under­(在……之下)underestimate低估；underground地下的前缀例词sub­(在……下；次于；低于)subway地(下)道；地铁；submarine潜水艇inter­(相互之间)international国际的；interact相互作用semi­(半)semi­final半决赛；semicircle半圆multi­(多，多种)multi­national跨国的；multicoloured多种颜色的kilo­(千)kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克centi­(一百；百分之一)centimetre厘米；centigram厘克milli­(毫；千分之一)millimetre毫米；milligram毫克前缀例词tele­(远)telephone电话；television电视a­(在……上/里；向……)aboard在船/火车/飞机上；ahead在前面；aside在旁边；abroad在国外auto­(自己的，独自的)automobile机动车，汽车；autobiography自传over­(太，完全，过度，多……)overfull太满的，过多的；overstudy用功过度extra­(额外，以外，特殊)extraordinary非凡的；extramarital婚外的pre­(预先，在……之前)predict预告；preview预习2.后缀构词法后缀是加在一个单词后面的音节，它本身一般也有一定含义，能够改变单词的词性，有的也可以改变词义。(1)名词后缀后缀例词­age(状态；集合)shortage缺少；marriage婚姻­an/ian(人，……家)American美国人；Italian意大利人；musician音乐家­ence/­ency(构成抽象名词)dependence依靠；frequency频率­ance(性质，状态)importance重要性；significance意义后缀例词­ant/­ent(人)assistant助手；student学生­cion/­sion/­tion/­ation(动作，状态)suspicion怀疑；tension紧张；repetition重复；preparation准备­ee(动作承受者或受影响者)employee受雇者；refugee难民­er/­or(人或物)writer作家；actor演员；cooker炊具；tractor拖拉机­ess(女性)actress女演员；waitress女服务员；hostess女主人­ism(主义，……教)communism共产主义；socialism社会主义；Buddhism佛教后缀例词­ist(主义者，……家)communist共产主义者；dentist牙科专家；physicist物理学家­ment(行为；结果；状态；性质)argument争论；government政府；development发展­ship(关系，身份)friendship友谊；citizenship公民身份­hood(身份；性质；时代)childhood童年；neighbourhood街区；knighthood骑士身份­ty(状态；性质)plenty大量；difficulty困难；anxiety焦虑­ure(结果；行为；状态；实物)pressure压力；picture图画；pleasure高兴­al(动作过程；结果)arrival到达；approval同意(2)形容词后缀后缀例词­able/­ible/­bleunbelievable不可信的；tolerable可忍受的；responsible负责的­alnational国家的；continental大陆的­edlearned有学识的；talented有才华的­engolden金色的；woolen毛(织)的；wooden木制的­fulbeautiful美丽的；useful有用的；colourful多彩的­ic/icaleconomic经济的；political政治的；electronic电子的­ishchildish幼稚的；selfish自私的后缀例词­iveactive积极的；productive有生产力的；creative有创造力的­lessuseless无用的；careless粗心的；meaningless无意义的­lyfriendly友好的；deadly致命的；weekly每星期的­ous/­iousdangerous危险的；glorious光荣的；famous著名的­warddownward向下的；backward向后的­yrainy多雨的；noisy吵闹的；snowy下雪的(3)动词后缀

后缀例词­en(使变得，使成为……)lengthen延长；harden使变得坚固；deepen加深­fy(使……化)satisfy使满意；beautify美化；simplify简化­ize/­ise(使……变成……)realiz(s)e实现；industrializ(s)e使工业化(4)副词后缀

后缀例词­lycarefully小心地；beautifully美丽地；quickly迅速地­ward(s)forward向前；backwards向后；downwards向下；upwards向上自主巩固练习用所给单词的适当形式填空(1)Herpreparationcourseishelpinghertogetusedto________(academy)requirementsofaWesternuniversity.(2)Afireman________(accident)discoveredthecauseofthefire.(3)Itcost________(approximate)$300—Ican'trememberitexactly.(4)________(beg)can’tbechoosers.(5)Otherdisabledpeoplefindthewebsite________(benefit)becausetheycanreadaboutpeoplewithsimilardifficultiestotheirown.(6)Sheglanced________(casual)throughamagazineasshewaited.(7)Thetwoofthemareina________(compare)financialsituation.(8)Hequitplaying____(compete)footballattheageof24.(9)Man'ssocialbeingdetermineshis________(conscious)．(10)Thecafhasarelaxed______(continent)feelaboutit.(11)Shehasplayeda________(decide)roleinthepeacenegotiation.(12)Themanstandingthereisa________(distinguish)novelistandphilosopher.(13)Itisa________(drama)storyaboutaninvasionoftheEarthbyaliensfromMars.(14)Theteachersarevery________(enthusiasm)andfriendlyandtheclassroomsareamazing.(15)Buildinganewfactorytherewouldbe________(environment)disastrous.(16)Yesterdayweheldaceremonytowelcomethe________(honour)soldierswhojustcamebackfromWenchuan.(17)Tosayyouwere________(ignore)oftherulesisnoexcuse.(18)Touristsshouldn'tmissthe103buswhichoffersoneofthemost________(impress)routes.(19)Hishesitationindicates________(will)．(20)Youshould________(loose)upyourmusclesbeforeplayinganysport.(21)Thiswillhelpusachieve________(modern)．(22)Somegroups,________(name)studentsandpensioners(退休人员),willbenefitfromthenewtax.(23)Womenincreasinglywentouttowork,usuallyoutofeconomic________(necessary)．(24)Hebreathed________(noise)throughhisnose.(25)Hecanbevery________(persuade)．(26)ThedaybeforeyesterdayProfessorLimadeaspeech________(plenty)ofhumor.(27)Ourinco