冯朝托福写作讲义2

冯朝托福写作讲义2背景的写法

• 

概念扩展法• 

以题目中概念和概念关系为中心进行抽象或者展开阐述背景的写法

• 

范例：你是否同意父母是最好的老师？

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概念：父母、老师

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以“父母”为中心展开• 父母是孩子从出生以后就开始接触的人，他们的言行都会对孩子造成影响。而父母对孩子的教育也是孩子在成长过程中不可或缺的。背景的写法

• 

范例：你是否同意父母是最好的老师？• 

概念：父母、老师• 

以“老师”为中心展开• ⼀一个人一生要遇到很多的老师,自己的⽗父母、长辈、朋友，当然还有学校中的⽼老师。背景的写法

• 

概念扩展法• 

以题目中概念和概念关系为中心进行抽象或者展开阐述• 

名言警句法• 

⽤用与概念相关的名言警句作为观点的引导背景的写法

• 

范例：你是否同意⽗父⺟母是最好的⽼老师？

• 

名言：三人⾏行，必有我师。

• 中国著名教育家孔子曾经曰过：“三⼈人

行，必有我师”，意思就是任何人都可以成为别人的老师，有值得学习的地方。作为和孩子接触最多的人，父母也毫无疑问是孩子的老师。头脑风暴：观点和理由确定

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头脑风暴引导问题的设计原则• 

从熟悉到陌生• 

从具体到抽象• 

从微观到宏观头脑风暴：观点和理由确定

• 

范例：你更喜欢住在大城市还是小城市• 

Q1：你自己住在大城市还是小城市？简单描述⼀一下你居住的这个城市。• 

Q2：住在大城市有什么优缺点？请举例说明。• 

Q3：住在小城市有什么优缺点？请举例说明？• 

Q4：哪些因素决定你选择居住地点？请举例说明。头脑风暴：观点和理由确定

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引导问题的回答要求• 

具体，再具体• 

简洁，再简洁• 

清晰，再清晰头脑风暴：观点和理由确定

• 

Q1：你自己住在大城市还是小城市？简单描述⼀一下你居住的这个城市。• 

A1：我自己现在住在北京，是一个大城市。北京是一个有悠久历史的古都，而且是中国的首都，也是中国的政治、经济、文化中心。北京聚集了来自全国各地的人，所以这也是一个拥挤的城市。头脑风暴：观点和理由确定

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Q2：住在大城市有什么优缺点？请举例说明。• 

A2：住在大城市医疗条件比小城市好。比如在北京，三级医院的数量是小城市的几十倍，并且有针对各种专门疾病的医院，市民可以享受到更加优质的医疗服务。但是，大城市的自然环境不如小城市好，因为城市污染比较严重。比如北京指数常年很高，雾霾天气的数量也比小城市多很多。头脑风暴：观点和理由确定

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Q3：住在小城市有什么优缺点？请举例说明。• 

A3：住在小城市交通比较方便，因为城市不大，所以不论到哪儿都很快。比如我的家乡，是一个规模不大的城市，坐车转完整个市区也最多需要半天时间，而且人口少，从来不堵车。住在小城市的缺点是文化生活相对匮乏。一些小城市根本没有好的电影院，或者剧场，从来没有舞台剧演出。头脑风暴：观点和理由确定

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Q4：哪些因素决定你选择居住地点？请举例说明。• 

A4：我在考虑居住地点的时候，会考虑到⾃自然环境和⼈人⽂文环境，尤其是⼈人⽂文环境。⽐比如，⼀一个城市是否有⼤大型的书店，是否有好的剧场等。另外，我还会考虑交通是否⽅方便，如果城市有发达的公公交通系统，⽐比如上海、⾹香港，对于出⾏行来说会有极⼤大的便利。头脑风暴：观点和理由确定

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题目：你更喜欢住在大城市还是小城市• 

观点：更喜欢住在大城市• 

理由1：大城市的医疗条件更好（相比小城市）• 

理由2：大城市的就业机会更多（相比小城市）• 

让步：小城市的自然环境比大城市好头脑风暴的训练方法

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分组讨论• 

针对一个题目各自回答头脑风暴问题• 

相互交换并评价另一组的答案• 

各自提出自己的观点和理由• 

交叉检查理由和观点之间的因果关系• 

论证展开

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目的• 

消除理由和论点的逻辑断层：解释为什么理由可以证明/支持论点

• 论点：你不想我• 理由：你昨天一天没给我打电话“打电话”和“想”之间有什么必然关系？论证展开

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⺫⽬目的• 

消除理由和论点的逻辑断层：解释为什么理由可以证明/支持论点

• 论点：你不想我• 理由：你昨天一天没给我打电话• 解释：我们曾经约定，想我的时候一定并且只能用打电话的方式来表达。论证展开

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⺫⽬目的• 

消除理由和论点的逻辑断层：解释为什么理由可以证明/支持论点• 

阐述理由的合理化原因• 论点：我们分手吧• 理由：性别不合论证展开

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⺫⽬目的• 

消除理由和论点的逻辑断层：解释为什么理由可以证明/支持论点• 

阐述理由的合理化原因• 

⽅方式• 

分类、对比、类比、定义、推理、问答论证展开

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分类Within

the

wide

variety

of

topics

that

books

arewritten,

they

can

be

broadly

classified

into

fictionand

non-fiction.

These

two

types

each

have

theirown

merits

and

it

would

not

be

fair

to

only

readabout

“real

events,

real

people”,

when

there

can

beso

much

to

learn

from

imaginary

events

andimaginary

people.论证展开

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对比Dissatisfaction

and

a

permanent

need

or

want

starts

at

a

veryyoung

age.

Even

while

we

are

babies,

we

want

this

toy,

and

thatdoll,

and

no

matter

how

many

of

them

we

have

we

ask

for

more.Scientists

say

that

when

a

baby

is

given

a

familiar

toy,

he

or

shewill

play

with

it,

but

after

a

while,

he

or

she

will

get

used

to

it

andbecome

less

enthusiastic.

While

on

the

other

hand,

when

a

babyis

given

a

new

toy,

he

or

she

will

have

to

play

with

it

for

a

coupleof

days,

and

he

or

she

will

be

very

interested

until

again

he

orshe

will

get

accustomed

to

it

and

a

new

toy

will

take

its

place.Things

that

we

do

not

own

or

did

not

see

before

look

moreattractive

to

us

than

the

ones

that

we

have.论证展开

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类⽐比The

perfect

short

story

is

written

with

a

poet’s

sensitivity

forlanguage,

with

a

poet’s

precision.

The

shape

and

sounds

andrhythms

of

the

words

are

more

commonly

part

of

the

effectthat

they

usually

are

in

the

novel.

Just

as

in

a

poem,

the

barewords

themselves

are

never

the

complete

meaning.

Theyinteract

with

each

other.

Their

sounds

do

things.

How

theyare

placed

on

the

page

matters.

The

poem

tries

to

create

apiece

of

truth,

an

insight

into

being

human,

and

the

form

is

sotight,

so

sparse

that

we

can

argue

over

exact

meanings

longinto

the

night.论证展开

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定义A

computer

is

a

machine

designed

to

perform

workmathematically

and

to

store

and

select

informationthat

has

been

fed

into

it.

It

is

run

by

eithermechanical

or

electronic

means.

These

machinescan

do

a

great

deal

of

complicated

work

in

a

veryshort

time.论证展开

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推理（因果）For

those

who

are

content

with

the

direction

theirlife

is

heading,

the

idea

of

change

would

probablysend

shivers

through

them.

This

is

due

to

the

factthat

they

are

at

a

point

where

they

are

satisfied

withthe

way

they

have

maximized

their

God-givenpotential.

That

is

a

positive

reason

for

dreadingchange.论证展开

• 

推理（因果）For

those

who

are

content

with

the

direction

theirlife

is

heading,

the

idea

of

change

would

probablysend

shivers

through

them.

This

is

due

to

the

factthat

they

are

at

a

point

where

they

are

satisfied

withthe

way

they

have

maximized

their

God-givenpotential.

That

is

a

positive

reason

for

dreadingchange.论证展开

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问答Why

do

some

people

think

that

working

with

objects

ormachines

is

more

advantageous

than

working

withpeople?

For

one

thing,

objects

or

machines

are

easier

todeal

with.

Since

both

objects

and

machines

have

nowills,

they

do

not

argue

with

us.

On

the

contrary,

theyare

always

ready

to

follow

our

directions.

For

another,objects

or

machines

are

reliable.

Unlike

people

whosometimes

hurt

our

feelings,

they

never

cheat

us.

Inaddition,

I

suppose,

these

people

cannot

adaptthemselves

to

the

human

world

of

competition.素材积累和论据使用

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需要积累的素材• 

事实• 

数据• 

案例• 

专家意⻅见素材积累和论据使用

• 

概念扩展法• 

以⾼高扩展性概念为中⼼心设置话题进⾏行素材搜索• ⾼高扩展性概念：相关概念较多的概念• 科技、教育、政府、艺术、媒体、钱……素材积累和论据使用

• 

概念扩展法政经济治

艺

术政

府⼈人才科技教育素材积累和论据使用

• 

概念扩展法• 

范例：科技和教育的关系近日，伦敦大学加入以美国为基地的网上大学平台Coursera。将提供5类课程（括心理学、法律等）供学生免费学习。伦敦大学国际项目负责人Jonathan

Kydd表示，通过网上大学可以把课程推向全球学生。他希望利用网上大学平台学习课程，学生会进而申请正式的学位课程。Coursera是由斯坦福大学的两位教授创办的互联网教育网站，提供各大学的免费开放式课程。素材积累和论据使用

• 

好例子的标准• 

容易阐述• 

和理由构成因果关系• 

能够引起读者的共鸣• 

可以被“泛化”素材积累和论据使用

• 

“泛化”的概念• 

单一例子不能有效论证某个理由• 

“泛化”是把个例推广到一般情况的过程I,

for

example,

had

rice

at

breakfast,

lunch,

anddinner

yesterday.

For

most

Chinese,

rice

is

anintegral

part

of

a

meal,

as

expected

in

a

meal

asink

is

to

a

pen

or

wheels

are

to

a

car-a

mealwithout

rice

is

not

a

meal.素材积累和论据使用

• 

素材的管理• 

标签化• 

明确论证方向• 

管理工具• 

印象笔记（Evernote）• 

话题讨论范文分析

• 

Topic：Plants

can

provide

food,

shelter,

clothing,

or

medicine.

What

is

one

kind

of

plant

that

is

important

to

your

or

the

people

in

your

country?

Use

specific

reasons

and

details

to

explain

your

choice.范文分析

Plants

are

vital

to

the

survival

of

all

life

on

Earth--plantstransform

the

light

of

the

sun

into

energy

that

is

usable

toother

life

on

Earth.

Without

plants,

animals

would

not

beable

to

use

the

energy

of

the

Sun

that

reaches

the

Earth.The

removal

of

one

plant

from

the

ecosystem

can

causemany

unforeseen

changes,

sometimes

irreversiblydamaging

an

ecosystem.

However,

some

plants

are

moreimportant

than

others,

either

for

biological

or

culturalreasons.

In

my

country,

China,

I

would

say

that

the

grassthat

produces

rice

has

come

to

be

the

most

important

plant,notjustbecausericeisastaplefood,butalsoforotherculturalreasons.范文分析

Virtually

every

Chinese

eats

rice

at

least

twice

a

day.

I,for

example,

had

rice

at

breakfast,

lunch,

and

dinneryesterday.

For

most

Chinese,

rice

is

an

integral

part

of

ameal,

as

expected

in

a

meal

as

ink

is

to

a

pen

or

wheels

areto

a

car--a

meal

without

rice

is

not

a

meal.

In

fact,

if

I

havedinner

with

my

American

friends

and

do

not

eat

rice,

Iactually

feel

hungry

even

if

I

have

filled

myself

withpotatoes

or

other

food

while

eating

with

them.

Many

of

myfriends

have

made

similar

comments

to

me.

Therefore,

Ibelieve

that

rice

is

as

much

a

part

of

our

daily

lives

as

workor

talking

on

the

telephone

is.范文分析

However,

rice

is

much

more

than

just

a

staple

food

to

mostChinese--it

represents

the

very

sustenance

of

much

of

our

culture.

Ourhistory

teachers

tell

us

that

the

development

of

rice

as

an

agriculturalproduct

was

largely

responsible

for

the

advancement

of

Chineseculture--since

rice

was

portable

and

had

a

long

storage

time,

peoplehad

more

freedom

to

move

and

were

less

susceptible

to

changes

in

theweather.

In

many

ways,

rice

has

come

to

be

cons