国际结算(双语)第二章：国际结算中的票据 chapter2 Instruments

INTERNATIONALSETTLEMENTChapter2NegotiableInstrument

Chapter2NegotiableInstrument

2.1GeneralIntroductionofNegotiableInstruments**2.2BillofExchange***2.3PromissoryNotes*2.4Cheque**

2.1GeneralIntroductionofNegotiableInstruments

1DefinitionofNegotiableInstrument

AccordingtotheUSUniformCommercialCodeof1952,negotiableinstrumentisanunconditionalwritingthatpromisesorordersthepaymentofafixedamountofmoney.InbroadsenseNegotiableinstrumentreferstoanycommercialdocumentoftitle.Itisanevidenceofsomeone’sownershipofmoneyorgoodsthatisactuallyunderhiscontrol,suchasinvoice,billoflading,insurancecertificate,warrant,certificateofdeposit,billofexchange,promissorynote,checkandetc.InnarrowsenseNegotiationinstrumentreferstothesecuritiesthatwiththepurposeofpaying.Thedrawersignsonthenegotiableinstrument,unconditionallyordersanotherpartyorhimselftopayacertainamountofmoneyatadeterminablefuturedate.2OpeningCaseabriefcaseofthethreenegotiableinstruments：thecashflowis：ABDCAinNewYorkimportsabatchofchairsfromBinParis,thetotalvalueis10,000dollars,ordernumber:95E03LC001,shipmentdate:July10th,2011,anditisstipulatedinthecontractthatpaymentshouldbeeffectedwithin30daysaftershipment;CinParisbuysdesksfromDinNewYorkwithtotalvalueof10,000dollars.MeanwhileCoffersfurnituretoBwhichcosts10,000dollars.Howtoissuethreedifferentinstrumentstoclearthecreditanddebtrelationamongthefourparties?cashflowWecanseeclearlyfromtheleftchartthatthecashflowgoesfromAtoBtoCandfinallyD.Inotherwords,Aisthepartythatwouldeffectpaymentfinally,andonthecontrast,Disthepartythatwouldreceivemoney.BillofExchangeIssuingBDrawerIssuesadrafttoAAAddresseeCPayeePay10,000dollarsDFinalholderendorsethedrafttoD

DpresentsthedrafttoA,Apays10,000dollars,DreturnsthedrafttoAExampleofDraftIssuingPromissoryNoteIssuingAPAYERBPAYEECDAissuesapromissorynotebyitself,promisestopay10,000dollarstoB,BendorsesthepromissorynotetoC

CendorsesthepromissorynotetoDDpresentsthepromissorynotetoA,Apays10,000dollars,DreturnsthenotetoAExampleofPromissoryNoteIssuingChequeIssuing(AhasanaccountinABCbank)APAYERBPAYEEDCIssuesachequeinfavorofBBendorsesthechequetoC

CendorsesthechequetoDABCBANKDpresentsthechequetoABCbank,ABCbankpays10,000dollars,DreturnsthechequetoABCbankExampleofChequeIssuing3CharacteristicsofNegotiableInstrumentscharacteristicsNegotiabilityRequisiteinFormWordsRestrictionReturnabilityRightSettingPresentmentNon-causativeNature1)RightSetting——meansalltherightsoftheinstrumentsisfollowedbytheissuingofinstrument:Therightoftheinstrumentsemergedbyissuingofinstruments,therightoftheinstrumentsistransferredbydeliveringofinstruments,therightoftheinstrumentsisexercisedbypresentingofinstruments.2)Non-causativeNature——meanswhenthecreditorexerciseshisright(askthepayerforpayment),heneedn’tindicatesthepayerthereason.Intheopeningcase,whenDpresentsthedrafttoAforpayment,itneedn’tindicateAthereason.3)Negotiability——meansthetitleofinstrumentscanbepassedfrompersontopersonbymerelydeliveryorbyendorsementanddelivery.4)WordsRestriction——meansalltherightofinstrumentsaredeterminedaccordingtothewrittenwordsoftheinstrument.Creditoranddebtorisonlybondedbythewordsoftheinstrument:creditorcannotrequiresomethingfromdebtorbeyondthewordsoftheinstrument,anddebtorcannotusesomethingbeyondthewordsoftheinstrumenttopleadtocreditor.5)

Requisiteinform——meansannegotiableinstrumentmustbeintheformofadocumentcontainingcertainrequireditems.Differentcountrieshavedifferentlawsonnegotiableinstrumentandhencedifferentrulesandregulationsontheformofanegotiableinstrument.6)Presentment——meanswhenthecreditorasksdebtortoperformliabilityoftheinstrument,itmustpresenttheinstrument.Iftheholderdoesn’tpresenttheinstrument,thedebtorhasnoliabilitytopay.7)Returnability——meanswhentheholderreceivespayment,itshouldreturnthesignedinstrumenttothepayer.Becauseofthereturnabilityoftheinstrument,itcannotbenegotiatedwithoutlimit,itsnegotiationisendeduponpaymentonduedate.4LegalSystemofNegotiableInstrumentAnglo-AmericanLawBillsofExchangeAct1882UK；1882;maincharacteristics:1、itprotectsthenegotiabilityofinstrumentbylaw.Ithasestablishedanintegratedsystemofnegotiationforinstrument;2,itprotectsthecreditandpaymentfunctionoftheinstrument;3,itprotectstheinterestsofthebankandimproveitsefficiency.UniformCommercialCodeUS;establishedin1952andrevisedin1962；Itisastandardcodewithrightsandobligationsasprincipalpart.Itcomposesauniformarticlerelatingtobillofexchange,promissorynoteandchequetoavoidtherepetitionofprovisions.ContinentalLawOthersGenevaConventionof1930Differences:

1,regardingtotheholderofbillofexchangeafterforgedendorsement,ContinentalLawconsidershecanbecomeaholderwhileAnglo-AmericanLawconsidershecannotbecomeaholder;2,thereisintegratedregulationsabouttheactofconfirmationandconsiderationinContinentalLaw,Anglo-AmericanLawonlyhasvaguerulesConventionProvidingaUniformLawforInternationalBillsofExchangeandInternationalPromissoryNotesandConventionProvidingaUniformLawforInternationalChequesInordertodiminishthedifferencebetweenAnglo-AmericanLawandContinentalLaw,afterrevisingforovertenyears,thesetwodraftconventionswereapprovedin1988.Later,theunitednationshasformallyfiledthetwoconventionstodifferentcountriesforcomment.Peoples’RepublicofChinaLawonNegotiableInstrumentsWasadoptedon10thMay1995,withthecharacteristicsofthefirstregulativelawonnegotiableinstrumentsinchina.

Wasrevisedon28thAugust,2004,showingChinesenegotiableinstrumentlawhaskeptpacewiththedevelopmentofinternationalinstrumentlaw..2.2BillofExchange

1

Definition

ofBillofExchange

BillsofExchangeAct1882:BillofExchangeis“anunconditionalorderinwriting,addressedbyonepersontoanother,signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthepersontowhomitisaddressedtopayondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetimeasumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonortothebearer.”2EssentialItemsandUnessentialItemsofBillofExchange1The“BillofExchange”wording2UnconditionalOrdertopay3DateandPlaceofIssue4Tenor5ExactAmount6NameandPlaceoftheAddressee7NameofPayee8NameandSignatureoftheDrawerSampleofdraftACCEPTED12thApril,2005

DueOn11thJuly,2005

ForBankofEurope,London(Signed)

⑤

③ExchangeforGBP5000.00,Beijing,5thApril,2005④

②

⑦At90daysaftersightpaytoCCo.orOrder⑤ThesumofGreatBritishpoundsfivethousandonly⑥ToBandofEurope,⑧ForACompanyLondonBeijing

⑧(signature)1)The“BillofExchange”wording：Theword“Exchange”or“BillofExchange”or“Draft”mustbeclearlyindicatedonthefaceofabillofexchangeinordertodistinguishitfrompromissorynoteandcheck.2)UnconditionalOrdertopay：meansthepayingorderonthedraftshouldbeunconditional,withoutanyextrarequirementterms.3)ExactAmount：Theamountofmoneyonthedraftshouldbeexactandunique,thatistosay,whenthedebtorispresentedbythedraft,itmustknowclearlyhowmuchmoneyheneedstopay.4)DateandPlaceofIssue：Thedateofissuinghasthreemainfunctions:identifyingtheduedate；identifyingthepresentingperiodofadraft.Inthecaseofsightdraft,thecreditorshouldmakepresentationwithinoneyearafterissuingdate;identifyingthecapabilityofissuer.5)NameandPlaceoftheAddressee：Addresseereferstothepartythatreceivesthepayingorder.Iftheaddresseedoesn’tsignonthedraft,itdoesn’tresponsibleforpayment.6)NameofPayee：Nameofpayeeisalsocalledtheorderofthedraft,usuallytherearethreekinds:RestrictiveOrder“paytoAonly”；”paytoAnottransferable”;“paytoA”and“nottransferable”.Demonstrativeorder“paytotheorderof”；”paytoAororder”or“paytoA”.PayabletobearerPaytobearer.7)NameandSignatureoftheDrawer：Draweristhepartyissuesthedraft.Ifthedrawerisaagentthatrepresentsacompany/corporation/bank/organization,heshouldadd“For”or“onbehalf”or“Forandonbehalfof”or“Perpro”beforethenameofthecompany/corporation/bank/organizationaswellasaddhistitleafterthesignatureofhimself.

Forexample:ForABCCo.Ltd.LondonJohnSmithManager8)Tenor：meanstimeofpayment,therearethreetypes:Billspayableatsight/ondemandpayto…….(B)BillspayableatadeterminablefuturetimeBillspayableat**days/**month(s)aftersight.b.Billspayableat**days/**month(s)afterdate.Billspayableat**days/**month(s)afterB/Ldate/shipmentdate/Stateddate.(C)Billspayableatafixedfuturedate

OnJune1stfixedpayto…比较以下文句，哪些有效，哪些无效：--PaytoJohnSmithororderthesumofonethousandUSdollar;--PaytoJohnSmithororderthesumofonethousandUSdollarwhentheship“queen”reachestheportofshanghai;--PleasepayMaryWhiteororderthesumoftwothousandUSdollar;--Paymentagainstarrivalofgoods;--About$1000;汇票上的文字不应使用请求或协商等语句，也不得出现任何付款的先决条件或支付限制，记载的金额应当肯定或可按照一定方式明确计算出来。（国际贸易中的跟单汇票不具备无条件支付命令的性质）汇票编号付款期限汇票金额小写出票日期、地点收款人汇票金额大写出票依据付款人出票人3PartiestoBillofExchangedrawerpayee/Firstendorserendorsee/holderpayer/acceptorissueeconomicrelationshipAskforacceptanceorpaymentendorseendorseendorsee/holderDraw

drawerpayee(1)Drawer——Itreferstothepartythatissuesanddeliversthedraft.Itusuallyhassomeeconomicrelationshipwithboththepayeeandtheaddressee.(2)Addressee/Drawee——isthepartywhoreceivesthepayingorder.Itbecomesaacceptorwhenitacceptsthedraftandsignsonthedraft.(3)Payee——Itisthepartywhowouldreceivemoneyindicatedonthefaceofthedraft.Payeecanbepaiduponpresentationofthedraftoritcantransferthedrafttoothers.RestrictiveorderPayto****Companyonly;Payto****Company,nottransferable(orun-negotiable)Demonstrative/IndicativeorderPayto****Company;Payto****Companyororder;Paytotheorderof****Company.BearerorderPaytobearer;Payto****Companyorbearer.(4)Endorser/EndorseeEndorser：

meansthepartythatsignhisnameonthereversesideoftheinstrumentandtransfertheownershipanditsrighttoanotherparty.Endorsee：thepersontowhomtheinstrumentistransferredToanendorsee,alltheendorsersonthedraftbeforehimiscalledpriorparties,andtoanendorser,alltheendorseeafterhimarecalledsubsequentparties(5)Guarantor——Guarantordoesnotbelongtothebasicpartytoadraft,itreferstothepartywhoguaranteestheactionsofthedrawer,endorser,acceptorandacceptorforhonor.Guarantorbearsthesameliabilityasthewarrantee.(6)Acceptor——Itisthepartythatacceptsthedraft,makesacceptanceonthefaceofadraft,andpromisestopayatmaturitydate.Acceptance

meanstheacceptoragreesthepayingorderfromthedrawer.Acceptoristheprincipaldebtorofthedraft,holder,endorser,drawercanclaimpaymentfromacceptor.(7)Holder——Holderispayeeorendorseeorbearer,itisthepartythatisholdingthedraftatpresent.Itisthepartywhichholdsthedraftandasktheaddresseetopay.Holderincludesholderforvalueandholderinduecourse.Value/consideration：meanssomethingsupportsatransaction,suchasmoney,service,goodsandetc.Holderforvalueapersonwhopossessesaninstrumentforwhichvaluehasbeengivenbyhimselforbysomeotherpersonpriortohim.Inotherwords,oncevalueisgivenforabill,theholdergivingvalueandallsubsequentholdersareholdersorvalue.Holderinduecourseanindividualwhoacquiresanegotiableinstrumentingoodfaith.AccordingtoBillsofExchangeAct1882,aholderinduecourseshouldmeetthefollowingrequirements:Theendorsementofhispriorpartyisauthentic;Draftiscompleteandregularonitsface;Draftisn’texpireuponreceiving;4LegalactstoBillofExchange1)Draw/IssueItistheactionofissuingadraft,signinganddeliveringit.AccordingtotheUKBillofExchangeAct1882,issuemeans“thefirstdeliveryofabillornote,completeinformtoapersonwhotakesitasaholder”.Issuecontainstwoactions：todrawandsignthedraft,todeliverthedrafttothepayee.2)

EndorsementEndorsementisthesigningonthebackofadraft,transferringtheownershipanddeliveringtotheendorsee.Onlywhenthepayeeisdemonstrativeorder,theactofendorsementwillcomeintobeing.Ifthepayeeisrestrictiveorder,thedraftcan’tbeendorsed;Ifthedraftisbearerorder,thedraftneednottobeendorsedSpecialendorsementPaytoD/PaytoDororderForC

signedB.BlankendorsementForC

signedC.RestrictiveEndorsementPaytoDonly/PaytoDnottoorder/PaytoDnotnegotiable/PaytoDnottransferable/PaytoDforaccountof…

ForC

Signed汇票PresentationPayer/drawee/AddresseePayee/HolderForpaymentForacceptance3)

PresentationTheactionofpresentingthedrafttothepayerforacceptanceorpaymentiscalledpresentation.Therearetwotypesofpresentation:Presentationforacceptanceandpresentationforpayment.Whenthedraftisatimedraft,beforethedateofmaturity,theholderpresentsthedrafttotheaddresseeforacceptance.Theaddresseesignshisnameonthebackofthedraft,promisestopayonduedate.Whenthedraftisademanddraft/timedraft,uponthematuritydatetheholderpresentsthedrafttotheaddresseeformoney。汇票AcceptancePayer/Acceptorholder签发承兑通知书4)

AcceptanceAcceptanceisanactionbywhichthepayerpromisestoeffectpaymentatthematuritydateofthedraft.Thepayerhasnoresponsibilityuntilitacceptsthebillinsuchawayastosignifyacceptanceofliabilitytopaythemoneystatedinthebill.A.Generalacceptance:Itmeanstheacceptorsignsonthefaceofthedraft,acceptingthedrawer’sorderwithoutrestrictivestatement,forexample:

Accepted

March5th,2011

ForAcompany,LondonsignedB.Qualifiedacceptance:Itmeanstheacceptorsignsonthefaceofthedraft,usingspecificwordingtochangetheeffectafteracceptance.a.Conditionalacceptance：Accepted

April15th,2011PayableondeliveryofBillofLadingForAcompany,Tokyo

signedb.Partialacceptance:Accepted

July18th,2011PayableforamountofUSD10,000only

ForAcompany,NewYork

signedd.Qualifiedacceptanceastotime：Accepted

Jan19th,2011Payableat6monthsafterdateForACompany,Australia

signedc.Localacceptance:：Accepted

Aug17th,2011PayableatTheHamburgBankandthereonly

ForABCBankLtd.,London

signedLegalactofBillofExchangePayment乙Payee5)

PaymentPaymentofabillisgenerallybeeffectedbytheaddresseeoracceptor.Paymentdateofsightdraftispresentingdate,paymentdateoftimedraftspecifyingpayableafter***daysaftersightiscalculatedfromtheacceptingdate.Theholderpresentsthedraftonmaturitydate,afterpaymentinduecourseismadebypayeroracceptor,theliabilityofthedraftthusbedischarged.Dishonoredbynon-acceptance（happensinusancedraft）：Whenabillisdulypresentedforacceptancebutisnotacceptedwithinreasonabletimeorspecifiedtime,thepersonpresentingitmusttreatitasdishonoredbynon-acceptanceDishonoredbynon-payment：Whenabillisdulypresentedforpaymentbutpaymentisrefusedorcannotbeobtained,thepersonpresentingitmusttreatitasdishonoredbynon-payment.6)DishonorActofdishonorisafailureorrefusalofacceptanceorpaymentofabillofexchangewhenpresented.(1)NoticeofDishonor：anoticemadebytheholdertoinformallhispriorpartiesaboutthedishonor.(2)Protest:acertificateundersealdrawnupandsignedbyaNotaryPublic(legal)orcourtorbankingassociationsorotherauthorizedpersoninthedishonorplaceforthepurposetogivingevidencethatabillofexchangehasbeenpresentedbyhimforacceptanceorforpaymentbutdishonored.7）

RightofRecourseRecoursereferstoactoftheholdertodemandforpaymentfromthedrawerandendorserincasethatthedrafthasbeendishonored.Theholdermayexecuteitsrightforrecourseonlywhenhehascompletedthefollowingprocedures:Topresentthedrafttothepayerforacceptanceorpaymentanditisdishonoredbynon-acceptanceornon-payment;Togivenoticeofdishonortoitspriorpartyinonebusinessdayafterthedateofdishonor;Topresentaprotestfornon-acceptanceornon-paymentinonebusinessdayafterthedateofdishonor.8）

Guarantee/avalActofguaranteeisperformedbyarelativepartycalledguarantor,whoengagesthatthebillwillbepaidonpresentmentifitisasightbilloracceptedonpresentmentifitisausancebill.Theguarantorwillalsoguaranteethepaymentonpresentmentifitisaacceptedusancebill.Theguarantorstandssurelyforthedebtorsuchasdrawer,endorser,oracceptorandassumeshisindebtednesstotheholder.PERAVAL/PAYMENTGUARANTEEDGivenfor____________________(guarantee)Signedby______________________(guarantor)Datedon__________________(date)(signature)5TypesofBillofExchangeBillofExchangeAccordingtothepaymenttimeSight/DemandBillTime/usanceBillAccordingtothedrawerandpayerofthedraftCommercial/Trader’sBillBanker’sBillAccordingtowhetherthebillisaccompaniedwithshippingdocuments,DocumentaryBillCleanBillAccordingtotheBillsofExchangeAct1882InlandBillForeignBill

2.3PromissoryNotes

1DefinitionofPromissoryNoteAccordingtoBillsofExchangeAct1882Article83,Apromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadebyonepersontoanothersignedbythemaker,engagingtopay,ondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetime,asumcertaininmoney,to,ortotheorderof,aspecifiedpersonortobearer.2EssentialItemsofPromissoryNoteBasedonBillofExchangeAct1882andGenevaConventionof1930,itcanbeconcludedthattheessentialitemsofpromissorynoteincludes:“PromissoryNote”wording;Anunconditionalpromisetopay;

Nameofthepayee;Signatureofthemaker;

Placeanddateofissue;Tenor;Asumcertaininmoney;Placeofpaymentandetc.国际结算的支付工具—本票“PromissoryNote”wordingAnunconditionalpromisetopayAsumcertaininmoney;NameofthepayeePlaceanddateofissuePlaceanddateofissueSignatureofthemaker图片来源：Tenor3MainTypesofPromissoryNotePromissoryNoteAccordingtothemakerofthenoteTrader’sNoteBanker’sNoteAccordingtothemakerofthepaymenttimeSightnoteTimenoteInternationalmoneyorderCentralbanker’snoteNegotiablecertificatesofdeposit4DifferencesbetweenBillofExchangeandPromissoryNoteBillsofExchangePromissoryNote(1)Anordertopay.(1)Apromisetopay.(2)Athreepartyinstrument.(2)Atwopartyinstrument.(3)Whenpayableafterdate/sight,abillneedtobeaccepted.(3)Neverneedtobeaccepted.(4)Beforeacceptance,thedrawerisprimarilyliableforpayment,butafteracceptancetheacceptorbecomesprimarilyliableforpayment.(4)Themakerisalwaysthepartyprimarilyliableforpayment.(5)Canbedrawninaset.(5)Onecopy.(6)Foreignbillsneedprotestingondishonortoretaintheliabilityofpriorparties.(6)Protestisneverneeded.2.4Cheque1DefinitionofChequeChequeisalsocalledcheck,accordingtoBillsofexchangeAct1882,itis“anbillofexchangedrawnonabankerpayableondemand”Itisanunconditionalorderinwriting,signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthebankertowhomitisaddressedtopayondemandasumcertaininmoneyto,ortotheorderof,aspecifiedpersonortobearer.2EssentialItemsofChequeAccordingtodifferentstipulationsindifferentnegotiablelaw,essentialitemsofchequeincludes:“Cheque”wording;Anunconditionalordertopay;Nameandaddressofpayingbank;

Nameandsignatureofthedrawer;

Dateandplaceofissue;Specifyingthetenorisatsight.Ifnotsoindicated,itisdeemedtobeatsight;Asumcertaininmoney;

Nameofpayeeorthenominatedperson.3CrossingofCheques1）

TypesofCrossingGeneralcrossing:meansnonameofthecollectingbankisspecifiesonthechequeandthechequecanbecollectedthroughanybank.Itincludes:Nonameofabankisindicated,theformofthistypeofcrossingisasfollows:B.Adding“banker”betweenthetwoparallels,theformofthistypeofcrossingisasfollows:C.Adding”&Co.”betweenthetwoparallels,theformofthistypeofcrossingisasfollows:D.Adding“Notnegotiable”betweenthetwoparallels,whichmeans“Donottransferthecheque”,ifthechequeistransferred,therightoftransfereecannotexceedsofitspriorparty.Theformofthistypeofcrossingisasfollows:E.Adding“AccountPayee”betweenthetwoparallels,it’sinstructionsforthecollectingbank,requiringittocollectonlyforthepayee’saccount.Theformofthistypeofcrossingisasfollows:Specialcrossing:Specialcrossingoftencontainsthenameofabankwhichmeansthefundscanonlybecollectedthroughthenamebank.Theformofspecialcrossingisasfollows:2）

MakerofCrossingThemakerofcrossingcanbethedrawer,thepayee,ortheholder.Achequemaybecrossedgenerallyorspeciallybythedrawerwhenhefirstissuesit;Whereachequeisuncrossed,theholdermaycrossitgenerallyorspecially;Whereachequeiscrossedgenerally,theholdermaycrossitspecially.4TypesofCheque（1）OpenChequeandCrossedChequeOpenchequeisthechequewithoutthetwoparallelsontheface,itcanbeusedforcashwithdrawalandaccounttransfer;Crossedchequeisthechequewiththetwoparallelsontheface,itcanbeusedonlyforaccounttransfer（2）CertifiedChequeandUncertifiedChequeCertifiedchequeisonethatiscertifiedbythedraweebank.Onceachequeiscertifiedbythedraweebank,allotherobligorsonthechequewouldbedischargedfromtheliabilityofpayment.

Uncertifiedchequeisthecounterexampleofcertifiedcheque.(3)Chequepayabletoorderandchequepayabletoorderchequepayabletobearer:Whenthepayeeofachequeisthebearer.Itcanbetransferredagainstdelivery.chequepayabletoorder:Whenthepayeeofachequeisanominatedperson.(4)Banker’schequeandPersonalChequeBanker’scheque:Whenthedrawerofthecheque;PersonalCheque:Whenthedrawerofthechequeisaperson.5DifferencesbetweenBillofExchangeandChequeChequesBillsofExchange(1)Thedraweemustbeabank,thedraweristhecustomerwhoopensacheckingaccountwiththedrawee.(1)Nospecificrequirement.(2)Achequeispayableondemand.(2)Abillispayableondemandoratadeterminablefuturedate.(3)Thedrawerisprimarilyliableforthecheque;Inthecaseofcertifiedcheque,thecertifyingbankbecomestheprincipalobligorandallotherpartiesaredischargedofliability.(3)Inthecaseofasightbillorusancebillbeforeacceptance,thedraweristheprincipalobligor;Inthecaseofanacceptedbill,theacceptoristheprincipalobligor.(4)Apaymentinstrument.(4)Bothapaymentinstrumentandacreditinstrument.(5)Achequecanbecanceledbeforepayment.(5)Afteracceptance,thepaymentisirrevocable.国际结算第二章国际结算中的票据第二章国际结算中的票据第一节票据概述第二节汇票第三节本票第四节支票第一节票据概述一、票据（Bills）的概念从广义上讲，票据是指商业上的权利单据，是某人的，不在其实际占有下的金钱或商品的所有权的证据，它可以指所有商业上作为物权凭证的各种单据（DocumentsofTitle）和金融票据（FinancialDocuments），包括股票、债券、汇票、本票、提单、仓单等；从狭义上讲，票据是指金融票据，即依据票据法签发和流通的，以无条件支付一定金额为目的的有价证券，包括汇票、本票和支票。二、票据的特性票据的特性流通性（Negotiability）要式性（RequisiteinForm）文义性（WordsRestriction）返还性（Returnability）提示性（Presentment）无因性（Non-causativeNature）（一）流通性（Negotiability）流通转让性是票据的基本特性。各国票据法都规定票据仅凭交付或经适当背书后交付给受让人即可合法完成转让手续，不需通知票据上的债务人。区别：流通转让（Negotiation）简称流通,又称议付、议让等，是指不受其他权益约束的转让之权。票据在流通转让的手续上，勿需通知原债务人、仅凭交付或背书后交付即可。在权利让渡方面，只要受让人善意地支付了对价，就可以获得充分完整的票据权利。让与（Assignment）也可称过户转让或简称过户，是指一般债权的让与或过户，如股票、债券之类的凭证，就可以让与的方式转让。特点：1在让与的手续上必须以书面形式通知原债务人，使其了解让与的事实；2受让人的权利要受到转让人权利缺陷的影响。交付转让（Transfer）有时称交付（Delivery）,是指物权凭证（如提单、保险单、仓单等）的转让。可以仅凭交付或加上适当背书而转让。其与过户转让的区别在于转让票据时不需对原债务人另作通知。（二）无因性（Non-causativeNature）票据是一种不要过问原因的证券，这里所说的原因是指产生票据上的权利与义务关系的原因。票据的原因是票据的基本关系，包括两个方面的内容：一是指出票人与付款人之间的资金关系。二是指出票人与付款人，以及票据的背书人与被背书人之间的对价的关系。但票据的转让不受票据原因的影响，也就是说，票据受让人无需调查这些原因，对取得票据的原因也不负证明责任，只要票据记载合格，就有取得票据文义载明的权利，票据的这种无因性才使得票据可以流通。（三）要式性（RequisiteinForm）所谓要式，是指票据的文字记载必须符合法定的形式要求。票据法规定的必要项目，票据上面必须齐全，各项必要项目还必须符合规定，否则就不能产生票据的效力。各国法律对于票据所必须具备的形式条件都做了具体的规定，当