重庆大学-过程控制-process-control-中文-翻译-第一章

1ProcessControlSystems

过程控制系统CollegeofAutomation,ChongqingUniversity过程控制自动化重庆大学2OutlineoftheIntroductionWhatIsProcessControl?DefinitionAfewexamplesandforms一些例子和形式WhatDoesItDo?Differencesfromautomaticcontroltheory自动控制理论的差异Whattobecontrolled?HowDoesItDo?如何实现Formulatingtheproblem制定问题ControlEquipmentandProcessEquipment控制设备和工艺设备ModelingtheprocessoftheProblem建模过程的问题3IntroductiontoProcessControlOperator’sViewofProcessControl操作员的观点的过程控制ADayinaLifeofaPlantOperator4WhatIsProcessControl?DefinitionThetechnologyofcontrollingaseriesofeventstotransformamaterialintoadesiredendproductiscalledprocesscontrol.控制技术的一系列事件把资料达到所希望的最终产品,被称为过程控制Shortexamples:Makingoffireforcookingrice(primitiveandmodern)Thefly-ballgovernorforsteamenginecontrol(1774)短的例子:让火煮米饭(原始的和现代)州长的fly-ball蒸汽发动机控制(1774)Tendencyofindustrialprocesscontrolbeingcomputerized,beingautomatized,andbeinginstrumentedwithsmartsensorsandMEMS工业过程控制的趋势在计算机化,在潜意识中自动使用,被装备智能传感器和微机电系统(MEMS)5WhatIsProcessControl?

AFewExamplesFlowControlinOilrefineryPlant:Dowerunaroundtheplanttoadjustthevalveswhenrequired?流量控制,是炼油厂植物:我们到处跑植物调节阀门在需要的时候吗?6WhatIsProcessControl?

Manual手册AutomatedpHcontrolAFewExamples2.pHControl7WhatIsProcessControl?AFewExamples:3.Roomtemperaturecontrol8WhatIsProcessControl?AFewExample4.WattCentralfugalSpeedGovernor

瓦特Centralfugal调速器9WhatIsProcessControl?AFewExamples5.LevelControl液位控制10WhatIsProcessControl?AFewExamples6.CrossDirectionProceControl十字方向过程控制Severalhundredsensorsandactuators,Millisecondoperation,Controllingpaperthicknesstowithinmicrons!几百传感器和执行器,微操作,控制纸张厚度和在微米!11WhatIsProcessControl?AFewExamples7.DiscreteManufacturingProcesses离散型制造过程12WhatIsProcessControl?

AFewExamples8.Typicalcontinuousprocesses典型的连续过程13WhatIsProcessControl?

AFewExamples9.Typicalnon-continuousprocesses14WhatIsProcessControl?AFewExamples10.ASemi-ContinuousProcess半连续过程Howlargeshouldthetankvolumebe?油箱体积是多大呢？15WhatIsProcessControl?Sample-Plant:MillWideProcessControl轧机广泛的过程控制16WhatIsProcessControl?SampleSoftware:HoneywellIntellimap样品软件:霍尼韦尔Intellimap17WhatIsProcessControl?SummaryoftheExamples-Forms总结的例子-形式DiscreteManufacturing,Motion,andPackaging离散型制造、运动、和包装RoboticAssemblyLineinAutomotiveProduction机械的汽车生产流水线MetalStampingforthediscretepiecesofproduct五金冲压为离散件产品Continuous

Production

ofFuels,Chemicals连续生产的燃料、化学品RoomTemperatureControl室温控制NucleusChemicalReactor核化学反应器BatchProductionofintermediate/endproducts批量生产中间/终端产品AdhesivesandgluesFood,Beverages,andMedicine18WhatIsProcessControl?Tedency:BeingCompueterized,Automatized,andInstrumentedbysmartsensorsandMEMS计算机化，自动化，和动态化由智能传感器和微机电系统Sensors,local

indicators,andvalvesintheprocess传感器、当地的指标,和阀门在这个过程中ValveopeningdeterminedbythesignalfromcomputerDisplaysofvariables,calculations,commandstovalvesandhistoricaldataareinthecentralizedcontrolcenter.显示变量的影响,计算,命令对阀门和历史数据是在中央控制中心19WhatDoesItDo?DifferencesfromAutomaticControlTheory自动控制理论的差异UsingControlTheoryasaToolSolvingtheReal-WorldProblemsforMaintainingcontrolledvariablesatthedesiredvalues保持控制变量在期望值Manufacturingproductswithconsistentquality

whenrawmaterialpropertieschange?生产质量稳定的产品，原料性质改变时？Respondingdangeroussituationswithgiventime危险的情况下和给定的时间响应BeingSpecializedbytransducer作为专业的传感器SmartsensorsMEMS

微机电系统20WhatDoesItDo?WhatToBeControlled?TypicalControlledVariablesTemperature,Pressure,Flow,Level,Concentration浓度Physicalproperty物理性质BeyondtheTypicalPosition,Velocity,andAccelerationinMotion位置、速度和加速度运动……21HowDoesItDo?FormulatingtheProblemStatement制订问题的声明ProblemStatement:Heatingupthetemperatureinaroomisaprocess:havingthespecific,desiredoutcometoreach,为了达到具体的，理想的结果maintainingadefinedtemperature(setpoint),keepingtemperatureconstantovertime.一直保持温度恒定22HowDoesItDo?FormulatingtheProblemTerminologyintheprocess制定问题术语过程中ThetemperatureistheControlledVariable(CV)TheheaterstateiscalledtheManipulatedVariable加热状态被称为操纵变量FactorscausingCVtodeviatefromtheirsetpointsiscalledtheDisturbanceor“Load"

Variables造成控制变量偏离设定值被称为“负载“变量或干扰23HowDoesItDo?FormulatingtheProblemControllingthetemperatureTheTemperatureCyclesPeriodically温度周期定期24HowDoesItDo?Control(verb)FeedbackControl(noun)tomaintaindesiredconditionsinaphysicalsystembyadjustingtheselectedvarialblesinthesystem保持理想条件在一个物理系统通过调节系统中变量makesuseofanoutputofasystemtoinflunceaninputtothesamesystem利用输出系统影响一个输入在相同的系统中Input=CauseOutput=Effect25HowDoesItDo?

26HowDoesItDo?TwoClassesofProcessControl两级过程控制Regulatorycontrol-disturbancechange常规控制ThetransientbehaviorwhenadisturbanceentersAcontrolsystemshouldbeabletoreturneachcontrolledvariablebacktoitssetpoint.当一个扰动暂态行为进入一个控制系统应该能够恢复各被控变量应该能够恢复回它的设定Servoingcontrol-setpointchange伺服控制ThesetpointsignalischangedThemanipulatedvariableisadjustedappropriatelytoachievethenewoperatingconditions.被控变量能达到新的平衡27HowDoesItDo?ControllingtheTemperatureFromFeebackControlStandpoint28HowDoesitDo?Stability–ControlEvaluation稳定,控制评价Delaysinthesystemandfeedbackloop,延迟系统和反馈回路causingthecorrectionsignaltobein-phasecausingtheerrorsignalchangeout-of-phasetwosignalsbecomeadditive–causinginstability修正信号,使同步造成误差信号改变异相两个信号成为添加剂-引起系统不稳定Avoidinginstabilitytuningofthesystemanddamping,attheexpenseofreductionintheresponsetimeofthesystem.调节系统、阻尼、牺牲系统的响应时间29HowDoesitDo?Regulation–ControlEvaluationThedeviationfromthesetpoint从设置点的偏差,itshouldbeastightaspossible它应该尽可能的接近itisexpressedasapercentageofthesetpoint它是以百分比表示的设置点.Asmallerrorisalwayspresentitisusuallyamplifiedtodrivetheactuator它通常是放大用以驱动执行器thesmallertheerror,thehigherthegaininstability越小的误差,更高的增益®不稳定.Anexample,thesetpointmaybe120oC,theregulationmaybe120±2.5oC,allowingtemperaturetovaryfrom117.5to122.5oC30HowDoesitDo?TransientResponse–ControlEvaluation瞬态响应Reactiontimetoasuddenchange,e.g.,一个突然的改变的反应时间asuddenincreaseinmaterialdemand,物质需求的突然增加causingachangeinmeasuredvariableorinsetpoint.造成测量变量或设定值的变化Thereactioncanbespecifiedasadampenedresponseoralimiteddegreeofovershootofthemeasuredvariable反应可以被指定为阻尼响应或有限度的测量变量,Returningthemeasuredvariabletothesetpointinaspecifiedtime返回变量设定值在一个指定的时间31HowDoesItDo?ControlEvaluation控制效果评价Beingusedtosatisfiedthethreebasicneeds:用来满足三个基本的需要ReducetheinfluenceofexternaldisturbancesPromotethestabilityoftheprocessEnhancetheperformanceoftheprocess32HowDoesItDo?ControllingtheTemperatureFromEquipmentStandpoint:

FourBasicElementsinaControlSystem四个基本要素的控制系统33HowDoesItDo?ControllingtheTemperatureControlEquipment34HowDoesItDo?ControllingtheTemperatureProcessEquipment35HowDoesItDo?ControlEquipmentExample1needtoregulatetheflow需要调节流量robustlyshutoffifneeded需要稳定的开关36HowDoesItDo?ControlEquipmentExample2lowflowresistancewhenopen开路时电阻低流量infrequentlyusedbutneedreliability不经常使用但需要牢固37HowDoesItDo?ControlEquipment-Example3

needgoodrangeability,需要良好的可调范围flowresistanceokay,流阻好robustshutoffneeded鲁棒关闭需要38HowDoesItDo?ControlEquipmentExample4lowflowresistance低流阻goodcontrolabilities39Example5notacontrolvalve,ventsifpressureistoohigh不能控制阀口，如果压力过高HowDoesItDo?ExamplesofControlEquipment40HowDoesItDo?ControlEquipmentProcessEquipment–YourExamples?Dependingontheapplicationareas根据应用领域Beingcharacterizedwiththespecialknowledge作为具有的特别的知识Example6

preventbackflow防止回流41HowDoesItDo?TheoreticalModeling理论模型Physical/chemicallaws(fundamental,global)Material/energybalancesHeat,mass,andmomentumtransferThermodynamics,chemicalkinetics

Physicalpropertyrelationships物理/化学法(基本,全球)物质/能量守恒热量、质量、动量传递热力学、化学动力学物理性质的关系42HowDoesItDo?TheoreticalModelingConservationLaw

守恒律ConservationofComponenti43IntroductiontoProcessControlTheoreticalModelingThefirstlawofthermodynamics热力学第一定律

44IntroductiontoProcessControl介绍过程控制AspectsofTheoreticalModelling方面的理论模型

Modelcomplexityassumptions模型复杂性的假设

Computationallyexpensive(notreal-time)计算量大的

Expensive/time-consumingforextrapolationandscale-up昂贵/费时的推断规模Noexperimentaldataisrequiredformodeling(datarequiredforvalidationandfitting)没有实验数据建模所需(所需的资料验证和配件)45IntroductiontoProcessControlEmpiricalModeling(BlackBox)LargenumberofunknownparametersBeingobtainedquickly(e.g.,linearregression)ModelstructureissubjectiveDangeroustoextrapolate实证建模（黑盒）

大量的未知参数

迅速获得（例如，线性回归）

模型的结构是主观的

危险推断46IntroductiontoProcessControlSemi-EmpiricalModellingCompromisingoffirsttwoapproachesModelstructuremaybesimplerTypically2to10physicalparametersestimated

(e.g.,nonlinearregression)Goodversatility,allowingextrapolationRunningonlineinreal-time半实证模型

牺牲前两种方法

模型的结构可能是简单的

通常2到10个物理参数