戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第6章课件-pragmatics

1英语语言学EnglishLinguistics

2ChapterSix

PragmaticsTopicsofthechapter6.1SomebasicnotionsDefinition,Pragmaticsvs.semantics,context,Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning6.2Speechacttheory6.3Principleofconversation6.4Cross-culturalpragmaticfailure(omitted)346.6.1DefinitionofPragmatics

语用学定义Thestudyoflanguageinuse.Thestudyofmeaningincontext.thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.56.1.2Pragmaticsvs.semantics

语用学和语义学Semanticsisthestudyoftheliteralmeaningofasentence(withouttakingcontextintoconsideration).Pragmaticsthestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeaker(takingcontextintoconsideration),e.g.e.g.“TodayisMonday”,semantically,itmeansthattodayisthefirstdayoftheweek;pragmatically,youcanmeanalotbysayingthis,alldependingonthecontextandtheintentionofthespeaker(aninvitation…）.

6.1.3Context语境

Contextabasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchasculturalbackground,situation(time,place,manner,etc.),therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,etc.….676.1.4SentenceMeaningvs.UtteranceMeaning句子意义和言语意义Utterancevs.SentenceSentence:abstractunitsofthelanguagesystem.Utterance:unitsoflanguageinuse.8It’scoldinhere.

9Semanticmeaning:themoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaningPragmaticmeaning:themoreindeterminate,themorecloselyrelatedtocontext101.A:Areyougoingtotheseminar?B:It’sonlinguistics.2.A:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.3.A:我带的钱不够，今天买不了。B:那就下次再买吧。116.2SpeechActTheory

言语行为理论JohnAustin(1911-1960),BritishphilosopherSpeechActatermderivedfromtheworkofAustinandnowusedtorefertoatheorywhichanalyzestheroleofutterancesininterpersonalcommunication.

Itaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?”126.2.1Austin’soriginalmodelofspeechacts

奥斯丁最初的言语行为模式Constatives:

(叙述句)statementsthatservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingise.g.IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.

13Performatives:(施为句）sentencesthatareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:

name,bet,etc.14Ido.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Iapologize.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.15Featuresofperformatives行为句的特征FirstpersonsingularSpeechactverbs/performativeverbs:ThepresenttenseIndicativemoodActivevoiceAustingaveuphisinitialdistinctionlateron,andsetupanewmodel.16Austin’snewmodelofspeechacts

奥斯丁新的言语行为模式

Accordingtothenewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:Alocutionaryact:

言内行为theactofsayingsomethingi.e.anactofmakingameaningfulutterance(literalmeaningofanutterance);Theillocutionaryact言外行为

anactperformedinsayingsomething:insayingX,IwasdoingY(theintentionofthespeakerwhilespeaking).Insaying“Iwillcometomorrow”,Iwasmakingapromise.Theperlocutionaryact言后行为anactperformedasaresultofsayingsomething:bysayingXanddoingY,IdidZ.17e.g.“Itiscoldinhere.”

Itslocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaningtheweatherisclodinhere;Itsillocutionaryactcanbearequestofthespeakertoshutthewindow;Itsperlocutionaryactcanbethehearer’sshuttingthewindoworhisrefusaltocomplywiththerequest.18196.2.2Searle’sclassificationofspeechacts(1969)塞尔的言语行为分类法JohnSearle(1932-)Americanphilosopher,linguist约翰·罗杰斯·塞尔Assertives/representatives(陈述)Directives(指令)Commissives(承诺)Expressives(表达)Declarations(宣布)1.Assertives/representatives阐述类Statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue,e.g.Ithinkthefilmismoving.I’mcertainIhaveneverseenthemanbefore.Isolemnlyswearthathehadgotit.202.Directives指令类

Tryingtogetthehearertodosomethinge.g.Iorderyoutoleaverightnow.Openthewindow,please.Yourmoneyoryourlife!213.Commissives承诺类

Committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction,e.g.Ipromisetocome.Iwillbringyouthebooktomorrowwithoutfail.224.Expressives表达类

Expressingthespeaker’spsychologicalstateaboutsomethinge.g.I’msorryforbeinglate.Iapologizeforthesufferingsthatthewarhascausedtoyourpeople.

235.Declarations宣告类

Bringingaboutanimmediatechangeintheexistingstateoraffairse.g.Inowappointyouchairmanofthecommittee.Youarefired.Inowdeclarethemeetingopen.

246.3Principleofconversation

会话原则

PaulGrice(1913-1988)Americanphilosopher保罗格赖斯Cooperativeprinciple(CP)AccordingtoGrice,inmakingconversation,thereisageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.Itgoesasfollows:(Seep.87)FourmaximsofCP（Seethesamepage)2526MaximofQuantity:数量准则Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).（为了当前的会话）提供足够的信息Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.不要提供超于所需信息之外的信息MaximofQuality:质量准则Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;27MaximofRelation:

关系准则

Berelative.有相关性MaximofManner:方式准则

Beperspicuous.说话清楚Avoidobscurityofexpression.避免表意含糊Avoidambiguity.避免歧义Bebrief.简洁Beorderly.有条理28CPismeanttodescribewhatactuallyhappensinconversation.Peopletendtobecooperative会话中相互合作andobeyCPincommunication.However,CPisoftenviolated.ViolationofCPanditsmaximsleadstoparticularizedconversationalimplicature.会话含义

inferredbythehearerwithreferencetothecontextofcommunication.E.g.29Violationofthemaxims(Quantity数量准则)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.

A:昨天上街买了些什么?B:就买了些东西。>Idon’twanttotellyouwhatIbought.30DearSir,Mr.X’scommandofEnglishisexcellent,andhisattendanceattutorialshasbeenregular.Yours>Mr.Xisnotsuitableforthejob.312.

Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Aunt:HowdidJimmydohishistoryexam?Mother:Oh,notatallwell.Teachersaskedhimthingsthathappenedbeforethepoorboywasborn.>Hersonshouldnotbeblamed.32A:Yourkidbrokethewindow.B:Boysareboys.Alltheboyswouldactlikethat(Wariswar.)33Violationofthemaxims

(Quality质量准则)1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.You