大学高级英语语法PPT第一章

ModernEnglishGrammar现代英语语法ModernEnglishGrammarIntroduction自学考试英语专业《英语语法》科目是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程，旨在考核考生能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论和概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及组句成篇的一般形式和规律。考试题型客观试题为主，主观试题为辅，分为十个题型：问答题名词解释多项选择词汇分类填空题句型转换题双项选择题改错题选择正确形式题联句成篇课程命题考试的规定闭卷百分制（六十分及格）考试时间：150分钟学习方法：学习语法是为了加强语言基本功和提高语言表达能力，不是为了记住规则。应以句法为主，词法为辅，把句子结构和句子结构的变化放在学习的主要位置。语法知识是通过大量的实践积累起来的，要结合自己的薄弱环节，辅以大量的练习，在语言实践中掌握语法。要自觉地、有意识地观察、分析、记忆各种语言现象，通过实践领会基础知识和基本规则，提高辨别正误、造句和理解能力。学习方法：5.语法规则不是停滞不前，脱离语言实际的僵死条文，而且长期以来语法界众说纷纭，各有所长，所以学习语法应采用灵活的、比较的、批判的方法。6.语法教材种类繁多，所用术语不尽相同，学习时要注意术语所代表的实质，不要纠缠于术语的异同。7.理论与实践相结合，在学习理论的同时，要注意操练巩固。8.要认真研读本教材，因为授课和命题围绕本教材进行。ChapteroneTheStructureofEnglishSentence本章学习重点：从语篇到词素各语言组成部分的层次关系构词法术语解释，如：nounphrase,complexsentence等1.IntroductionWhatisanEnglishsentence?Traditionalgrammar:blems:ImpracticaltotellwhereacompletethoughtbeginsandwhereitendsFailtoaccountforincompletesentencesModerngrammarfocusesontheinternalstructureofasentence.Asentenceisthelargestunittowhichagrammaticalstructurecanbeassigned.(句子是一个最大的可分配语法结构的语言单位）Asentenceiscomposedofsmallerunits:clauses,phrases,words,etc.whichbuildupahierarchicalstructure.Sentencescouldcometogethertoformatextsoastoconveyacompletemessage.AtextconsistsofoneormoresentencesAsentenceconsistsofoneormoreclausesAclauseconsistsofoneormorephrasesAphraseconsistsofoneormorewordsAwordconsistsofoneormoremorphemesA

morpheme

Thegrammaticalunitsthatformahierarchicalorder:(P3)

Higher↓Lower1.1Morphemes(p3-4)e.g.unmentionables→un-mention-able-s

unforgettable

unreliable

mentions

mentionedcomparable

advisable

desks

bedsTerms(p4):Morpheme（词素）istheminimalmeaningfulunitinalanguage.Morph(词素变体）isaforminwhichamorphemeisrealised.Allomorph（词素变体、同词词素）isaphonetically,lexicallyorgrammaticallyconditionedmemberofasetofmorphsrepresentingaparticularmorpheme.（受语音、词汇和语法限制）Forexample:

OrthographicformPhonologicalformMeaningmeanings[-z]Mapmaps[-s]Watchwatches[-iz]Thealternates[-z][-s][-iz]areallmorphsofthesamemorpheme{s}.Eachcanbesaidtobeanallomorphofthepluralmorpheme.Terms(p4):Freemorpheme:Amorphemethatcanoccurinisolationistermeda“freemorpheme”.（自由词素）Boundmorphemes:Amorphemethatcanonlyoccurinconjunctionwithatleastoneothermorphemeistermeda“boundmorpheme”（粘着词素，粘附词素）e.g.freemorpheme:boy/girl/do/go

boundmorpheme:loving/impolite/workerFreemorphemeisalsocalled

contentmorpheme(实义词素).Boundmorphemeisalsocalled

grammaticalmorpheme(语法词素).Afreemorphemecanbeasimplewordortherootofaderivative（派生词的词根）.e.g.house,red,write,love,un-mention-able-s,self-ish,im-polite

Aboundmorphemeisanaffix(词缀),eitherinflectionalaffix(变化的词缀、曲折词缀)orderivationalaffix(派生词缀).e.g.inflectionalaffix:boy-s,work-ed,go-ingDerivationalaffix:kind-ness,in-appropriate1.2Words

Wordsareclassifiedintermsofthreefactors(p5):theenvironmenttheinternalstructurethemeaning1.2.1Wordsclasses(词类）(p6)

Openclasses(开放性词类):noun,adjective,adverb,verb

theirmembershipisfairlyopen-endedbecausewecanreadilycoinnewwordstoaddtothem.Closedclasses(关闭性词类):determiner,pronoun,preposition,conjunction,auxiliary

TheyhavefairlyfixedmembershipMarginalclasses:numerals,interjections(感叹词）

Numbers,bothcardinalsandordinals,donotacceptnewcoinagesbutnumberitselfknownolimits.Thereareanumberoffixedformslikeoh,wowandJesus,buttheoreticallyanysoundutteredinaspecialwaycanbeaninterjection.

Wordsintheopenclassesaredeterminedonthebasisofthreecriteria:(p6)meaning

(semanticornotionalangle)Helpfulonlytoalimitedextent.form(morphology)e.g.oneclassofword(noun)generallyinflectsforpluralnumberandforgenitive属格(girls,girl’s)Anotherclass(verbs)inflectsforpasttense,-ingparticipleand–edparticiple(showed,showing,shown)function(syntactic)Wordsaregroupedintoclassesaccordingtotheiroperationinsyntacticstructure(词在句子结构中的功能）e.g.It’sdangeroustogoaroundwithalotofcash

inyourpocket.I’mgoingtothebanktocashthecheque.

1.2.2word-formation:(p7)Awordconsistsofoneormoremorphemes.Aone-morphemewordiscalledasimpleword

(简单词)oramorphemeword(词素词)Awordthatismadeupoftwoormoremorphemesiscalledeitheraderivative(派生词)

orcomplex(i.e.acombinationofarootandoneormoreaffixes)oracompound(复合词)(i.e.acombinationoftwoormorefreemorphemes)Word-formations:(1)Affixation词缀法:(p7-11)Affixationisakindofword-formation

approachthatitattachesalessermorpheme(affix)toamajorelement

(abase),whichmayalreadyhaveoneormoreaffixesincorporatedinit.AmajortypeofderivationThegeneraltermincludes:prefixes,infixesandsuffixes.(p8-9)infixation(中缀)aminortypeofaffixation(词缀法),attachinganinfixinsideabase.e.g.thermometer,pesticide

Terms:(p8)Root:

Arootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisnotfurtheranalyzableinmorphologicalterms.(词根)e.g.enforce,untouchablesStem:

Astemhastodowithinflectionalfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.(词干)e.g.chairs,worked,untouchablesBase:

Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.(词根或词干)是可以加任何词缀的形式e.g.touchable,untouchable,untouchablesThefunctionofaprefixtendstobesemanticallyoriented,i.e.,itaddsnewmeaningtoabase.(p9)Thereareprefixesthatareclass-changing,ofwhichthreearethemostcommon:

a-:formsadjectivesfromnounsorverbs

e.g.:ablaze,asleep,astir,awash

be-:formsverbsfromadjectivesornouns

e.g.:becalm,befriend,bewitch,bemoan

em-/en-:formsverbsfromadjectivesornouns.

e.g.:embitter,empower,embody,enlarge,encourage,endangerSuffixesarebasicallyclass-changingmorphemes.(P10-11)(2)

Composition复合法:(p11-12)Acompound,theproductofcomposition,isalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.

ThemajorityofEnglishcompoundscomprisetwobasesonly.E.g.girl-friend,snowfall,drawback,world-famous,overwork(3)Conversion转化法、转类构词法:(p13)Conversionisthederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclass

withouttheadditionofanaffix.

e.g.answer,love,smell(v.→n.)hand,empty,calm(n.→v.)Othertypesofconversion,chieflyusedininformalEnglish.

e.g.Hisspeechcontainsalotofifsandbuts.(4)Blending拼缀法、混成构词法:(p13-14)Blendingisakindofword-formationthatanewwordisformedfrompartsoftwootherwords.

e.g.motel(motor+hotel)smog(smoke+fog)cheesebuger(cheese+hamburger)medicare(medical+care)(5)Back-formation逆生法、逆向构词法:(p14)

Manynounsareformedfromverbs,suchasworkerfromwork,andadvisorfromadvise.Back-formationreferstoasimilarprocessonlyreversed.

e.g.babysitter→babysitchain-smoker→chain-smokehouse-keeper→house-keep(6)Shortening缩略法:(p14)Shorteningisaprocesswherebypartofawordisclippedsothattheoriginalwordisshortenedtoasmallerword.

e.g.ad(advertisement)phone(telephone)exam(examination)lab(laboratory)

(7)Acronyms首字母缩略法:(p15)Anacronymisawordcoinedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofagroupofwords.

e.g.c/o

(in)careofUFO

unidentifiedflyingobjectUN

theUnitedNationsFBIFederalBureauofInvestigation

NATOTheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationUNESCOTheUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization1.3Phrases:(p15-19)

(1)Definition:Aphraseconsistsofoneormorethanoneword,alwayswithaheadword(中心词)whichdeterminestheclassandthestructuredwayofthephrase.Itcanbeclassifiedintofiveclasses:nounphrase(NP),verbphrase(VP),adjectivephrase(AdjP),adverbphrase(AdvP),andprepositionphrase(PrepP).

(2)Fivephraseclasses:

Nounphrase:(p16)consistsofaheadword(anoun)andoneormoreoptionalmodifiers.e.g.Shakespearewrotetheplay.(headword)Idon’tlikethebook.(determiner+headword)

Thegirlsittingonmyleftismysister.(determiner+headword+-ingparticiple)

Verbphrase:(16-17)Theheadofaverbphraseisthemainverb.Twokindsofelementsinviewofthestructureofaverbphrase:themainverbandauxiliaries.TheSimpleverbphrase简单动词词组:Averbphrasethatgoeswithoutauxiliaries(amainverbormodifier+mainverb)e.g.Johnenjoysbeingflattered.IfullyappreciateyourgenerosityThecomplexverbphrase复合动词词组:withauxiliariese.g.Ihaveneverbeenthere.Evenexpertscanmakemistakes.

Verbphrase:(16-17)Verbphraseisdividedintotwotypesbasedontheforms:thefiniteverbphraseandthenon-finiteverbphrase.（a）thefiniteverbphrase限定动词词组：中心词或第一个成分为限定动词，有时态变化，要与主语保持一致。e.g.Suelikesblackcoffee.Marycouldspeaktwoforeignlanguageswhenshewasten.

（b）Thenon-finiteverbphrase非限定动词词组：第一个成分是非限定动词，它不像限定动词词组那样受限制。e.g.Ididn’texpectyoutobehere.(动词不定式）Shehatesbeingcalledbythewrongname.(现在分词）Thereweretwentypeoplekilledintheaccident.(过去分词）Adjectivephrase:(p18)consistsofanadj.asitsheadwordandoptionalmodifiers.E.g.Shelookspale.(headword)Thegamewasveryexciting(adverb+headword)Adverbphrase:(p18)consistsofanadverbasitsheadwordthatcantakeoptionalmodifiers.e.g.Hedoesn’tworkhard.(headword)Hedoesn’tworkveryhard.(adverb+headword)Hedoesn’tworkveryhardindeed.

(adverb+headword+adverb)

Prepositionalphrase:(p18-19)Atypicalprepositionalphrase:apreposition(theheadword)+anounphrase

(thecomplement)(介词+介词宾语，介词为中心词）

e.g.Thatmanisdressedlikeawoman.(headword+nounphrase)Thecomplementcanbeanadverb,asinsomefixedcollocationslikefromhere/there,beforelong,untilnow,byfar,etc.oranotherprepositionalphrase.e.g.Theydidn’tcomebackuntilafterthree.(headword+prepositionalphrase)

1.4Clauses:(p19-22)Aclauseisaconstructionofasubjectandapredicate（一个分句是主语和谓语的合成）Inviewofgrammticalrelations,clausesaredividedintotwobroadcategories:themainclause(主句)andthesubordinate

clause(从句)Subordinateclausemayfunctionasa

nominalclause(名词从句),arelativeclause(关系从句),oran

adverbialclause(状语从句).(1)ClausepatternsSevenbasicclausepatterns(asthestructureisconcerned根据句子结构):SV:subject+verb

e.g.Thesoliderhasrecovered.

SVC:subject+verb+complement

e.g.Iamhappy.

SVO:subject+verb+objective

e.g.Sheforgotthekey.

SVOO:subject+verb+objective+objective

e.g.Hegavemeapresent.

Sevenbasicclausepatterns(根据句子结构):SVOC:subject+verb+objective+complement

e.gHecallsherlittlesister.

SVA:subject+verb+adverbial

e.gThesunriseseachday.

SVOA:subject+verb+ob