大学英语四级-议论文写作

议论文图画议论文提纲：1、描述图画2、利弊/原因/例子3、观点/措施建议2013年6月英语四级作文题目Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthenexpressyourviewsontheimportanceofdoingsmallthingsbeforeundertakingsomethingbig.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.看图作文的解题思路应用1.审题（认真阅读写作提示）：漫画信息

“expressyourviewsontheimportanceofdoingsmallthingsbeforeundertakingsomethingbig”确定写作主题：做任何大事前都应该从小事做起（一屋不扫，何以扫天下。）作文提纲（结构）第一段：简要描写图画内容（who,what,when,where…）:父子之间的对话，儿子关注核废料处理（disposalofnuclearwastes）,父亲认为要从小事做起（emptythedustbinfirst）；DoingBigThingsStartsfromDoingSmallOnes

Asisvividlyrevealedinthepictureabove,theboyexpresseshisworriesaboutthedisposalofnuclearwastes,whilethefathertellshimtoemptythedustbinintheroomfirst.Thepictureremindsusof

anoldChinesesaying—Ifyoudon’tliketodotrivialthingslikecleaningyourroom,it’simpossibleforyoutoundertakeanyimportanttask.

Undoubtedly,thesymbolicmeaningsubtlyconveyedinthepictureshouldbethatitisvitalandnecessarytodealwithtrivialthings.Doingsmallthingswellmayhelpusdevelopthegoodqualitiesneededinundertakingimportanttasks,whichlaysasolidfoundationforourfuturedevelopment.Smallthingswouldoftenmakethedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure.Wesurelyknowthatthewantofahorseshoenailmaycauseakingdomtobelost.Therefore,themostimportantthingtosuccessliesindoingeverytrivialthingwell.第二段：解释图画深刻含义（揭示主题）并加以解释和说明论证第三段：给出自己的看法（总结全文，强调正确的做法）。

实现做大事的目标，不仅需要有雄心壮志（thegreatambition）,还需要有从小事踏踏实实做起的实践精神（thepracticalspirit）.

Inoneword,toachievegoalsneedsnotmerelythegreatambition,

butalso

thepracticalspiritofdealingwithtrivialthings.Onlyinthiswaycanwemakethehighestsucess.2013年12月英语四级作文题目（1）Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.YoushouldstartyouressaywithabriefaccountoftheimpactoftheInternetonthewaypeoplecommunicateandthenexplainwhetherelectroniccommunicationcanreplaceface-to-facecontact.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.“DearAndy-Howareyou?YourmotherandIarefine.Webothmissyouandhopeyouaredoingwell.Welookforwardtoseeingyouagainthenesttimeyourcomputercrashesandyoucomedown-stairsforsomethingtoeat,Love,MomandDad.”范文一Astothispictureabove,aninterestingdialoguehappensbetweentheparentsandtheirchildontheInternet.Theparents,sittinginfrontofacomputer,say“...welookforwardtoseeingyouagainthenexttimeyourcomputercrashes...”Funnyasitshows,thepicturenaturallyleadsustobeassociatedwiththeimpactoftheInternetonthewaypeoplecommunicate.Itisnodoubtthatface-to-facecontactisinevitablyimpairedbyelectroniccommunicationbyInternet.

Somesuggestthatthenetbringsaboutchangesininterpersonalcommunication.Withthenet,wecouldcontactpeopletoshareagreatdealofinformationfromanywhereatanytime.What’smore,wecouldlearnalargeamountofknowledgefromdifferentpersonsonsuchanopeningflat.However,othersinsistthattheinternethasabadinfluenceoninterpersonalcommunication.Evenworse,somepeopleareaddictedtosurfingthenetsomuchastoisolatethemselvesfromtheirfamiliesandfriends,(whichisnotbeneficialtofurtherinterpersonalrelationshipandpromotethefeelingofharmony).

Frommypointofview,everycoinhastwosides.Whenweenjoythebenefitthatthenetbringsus,weneedtorealizethatthevirtualnetcouldnevertakeplaceoftheface-to-facecommunicationamonghumanbeings.Afterall,weallliveinarealworld.Therefore,itisadvisableforustohaveamorefacetofacecommunicationwithourfamilies,friendsandacquaintancesinreallifeinsteadofmerelythroughtheInternet.图表议论文提纲：1、描述图表2、利弊/原因/例子3、观点/措施建议2012年12月英语四级作文题目Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionentitledEducationPaysbasedonthestatisticsprovidedinthechartbelow(Weeklyearningsof2010).Pleasewriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.范文一Whatisshowninthechartaboveisthatthosepeoplewithhighdegreeearnmorethanthosewithlower.Forexample,staffwithmaster’sdegreereceiveabetterpaymentthanthosewithbachelor’sdegree,accordingtoasurveyofthepaymenttotheemployee.Thesesurveyindicatesthateducationdegreedoeshavearelationshipwithearnings,contrarytotherecenttheoryofuselesseducation.Recently,thereisaheateddiscussionaboutthesignificanceoftheeducation.Somepeopleholdaviewthathighereducationisuselesssincecollegeeducationcannotmeshwiththesocialneeds.Somethinkthathighereducationisnecessaryifyouwanttogofarinbothyourstudiesandlife.Nowthatsurveyhasprovedwhichpartiswiser.

Asforme,Idefinitelysupporttheviewthateducationisnecessaryforpeople’slife.Readingcannotonlymakemesurvivewellinthissocietywithfiercecompetitionbutalsohelpmemakesenseoflife.Ipursueforitformywholelife.范文二Fromthechartabove,wecandefinitelygetaconclusionthatthemoreyoulearned,thehigheryoursalarywouldbe.Thefiguresinthechartdeniedtheclaimthatknowledgeisuseless.Howeverquiteafewpeoplestillholdtheopinionthatahighereducationdoesnogoodtoabetterjobsincethattherearemanyuniversitystudentswhocannotgetanidealjob.WhatIwanttopointoutisthatthereismorethanonefactorthatcontributestothefailureoffindinganidealjobforthosewhogotahighereducation.While,thosewhofailedtogetabettereducationwillhardlysucceedingettingagoodjobbecausetheydidn’tgettheknowledgesystematicallyandscientifically.Astheproverbgoeslikethis,Knowledgeispower.Educationpays,soonerorlater.理解型议论文提纲：1、解释话题2、利弊/原因/例子3、观点总述2011年12月英语四级作文题目Directions:You'reallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillbycommentingonthehumoroussaying,"Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I'vedoneithundredsoftime.“You'dwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.范文NothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWill

Aswehavereadfromabove,quitting-smokingseemseasy,butinrealityitisrarelyachieved.Thereissomethinginterestinginthisparadox,justbecausesworddoesnotwearthestoneasdrippingwaterdoes.Theabilitytodosomethingoverandoveragaininashorttimemayimplyits

easiness,butinalongrun,alifetimemaybe,thingsturnouttobequitetheopposite.As

isoftenthecase,onemayhaveobtainedallthetoolsandopportunitiestoachievesomething,butintheendtheystillfailduetothewillshortage.

Sohowcouldweavoidthedilemma?Hereistheprimeconditionofsuccess:willanddetermination.Focusyouenergy,thoughtandmindexclusivelyonthebusinessinwhichyouareengaged,hangoninthereandbepatient,for,asEmersonputit,noonecancheatyououtofyourultimatesuccessbutyourself.解决型议论文提纲：1、描述现象2、措施建议3、个人观点阐述/例子（两个提纲，第三个自行发挥）

2010年12月大学英语四级考试Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledHowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.1.目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2.为了让孩子独立,父母应该……HowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?范文一Nowadays,

there’sanincreasingnumberofhouseholdinChinathathasanonlyonechild.MostofparentsLoveandcareforchildrensomuchthatchildrenhaslesschancestodealwithproblemsbythemselves.Consequently,childrengetusedtodependingontheirparentsineverythingandlackofabilitytosolveproblemsindependently,whichisbadfortheirgrowing.Therearesomeeffectivewaysforparentstohelptheirchildrenbeindependent.Tostartwith,parentsshouldgivetheirchildrenmorechancestoexperiencetheworldandlifearoundthem.Thustheirchildrencanenhancethecapabilitytoovercomethedifficultiesandhandleproblemsindependently.Inaddition,parentsshouldofferenoughhelpwhentheirchildrenneedsomeinstructionsandadvices.Inthisway,theydependontheirparentsinarightwayandcansolveproblemsindependentlywhentheyfacethesameonenexttime.Lastbutnotleast,parentsshouldallowtheirchildrentomakedecisionsindependently.Childrenwouldimprovetheabilitytodealwiththeproblemstheyfaceintheirlife.Fromtheabovediscussion,Istronglybelievethatparentshouldhelptheirchildrenbeindependentbyinstructingtheminaproperwayratherthanplanningandconsideringeverythingforthem.It’schildrenwhodecidetheirfutureandfate,soitwouldbebeneficialforthemtoliveindependentlywithsomeproperinstructionsoftheirparents.范文二TodayinChina,manyfamilieshaveonlyonechild.Sothechildrenareusuallydoteduponbyallfamilymembers.Graduallysomeofthemgetusedtodependingontheirparentsandfamilymembers,asaresulttheylacktheabilitytofacetheirlivesbythemselves.Therearesomewaystohelpchildrentobeindependent.

Firstly,thechildshouldhaveachancetoseetheworldaroundhimindividuallytounderstandthattherearevariouspeopleandcompetitionsintheirlives,andlearntofindhisrightpositioninthesocietyonlybyindividualefforts.Secondly,itisimpossibletoaskachildnottodependonparentsatonce.Theparentsmaygivethechildenoughhelpandspacetomakehimfeelcomfortable.Achildneedshelpfromtheirfamilies.Becausewithoutanyhelp,thechildmaylosehisfaith.Thirdly,parentscanhelptheirchildrenmaketheirowndecisions,whichcanchallengehisabilitytodealwithproblems.Achildshouldbepraisedwhenheissuccessfulorencouragedwhenhefails.Tobeindependentisvitalforthechildren,becausenoparentscangowiththeirchildrenforthewholelife.Onlyanindependentpersoncanliveandenjoyafullandmeaningfullife.普通议论文提纲（1）：1、社会现象2、利弊/原因/例子3、观点总述2012年6月英语四级作文题目Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledExcessivePackagingfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.1.目前许多商品存在过度包装的现象2.出现这一现象的原因（及后果）3.我对这一现象的看法和建议OnExcessivePackaging范文一Nowadaysthephenomenaofexcessivepackagingofgoodsareprevailinginoursociety:clotheswrappedintissuepaper,placedincardboardboxandfinallywrappedinwell-designedplasticbags,importedbottlesofgrapewinepackedinwoodenboxes,fruitsputinhand-wovenbaskets,mooncakeseveninaluxuriouspackage,tonamebutafew.

Thereareseveralcausesofexcessivepackaging.Thefirstreasonisthatalargenumberofcompaniesbelievethattheycanattractcustomers’attentionandstimulatetheirpurchasingdesirebyover-packagingtheirgoods,thusgainingmoreprofits.Ontheotherhand,quiteanumberofconsumersmistakenlyholdthatthemoredelicatethepackageis,thebetterthequalitywillbe,thusencouragingexcessivepackaging.

Inmypointofview,excessivepackaginghasdisastrousresults,includingthelossofpreciousresources,excessiveconsumptionofwaterandenergy,andsoon.

Tosolvetheproblem,it’snecessarytotakethefollowingmeasures.

First,lawsandregulationsmustbemadetorestrictexcessivepackagingofcompanies.Inaddition,weneedtoraiseconsumer’sawarenessthatexcessivepackagingdoesn’tequaltohighqualityandadvocatepackagingrecycling.范文二Ibelievethatyouarefamiliarwiththephenomenonof“ExcessivePackaging”.Takingalookaround，wecanfindexampleswithease：asmallcomputerispackedinathickandheavycarton，clothesareputtedinawell-designedplasticbagsandmoon-cakesareusuallyplacedindelicateboxes.

Whatarethecausesofthisproblem?

Ontheonehand,toearnmoreeconomicgains,aconsiderablenumberofmanufacturesusuallywraptheirproductswithunnecessarybutappealingmaterialsaimingatattractingcustomer’sattention,arousingtheircuriosityandthenstimulatingtheirpurchasingdesire.Ontheotherhand,quiteafewcustomersbelievethatthemoredelicatethepackageseems，thesuperiorthequalitywillbe.Thethoughthasalsoencouragedthetrendofexcessivepackaging.

Tochangethissituation,Ithinkweshouldtakethefollowingmeasures.

First,lawsmustbemadeandimplementedtoimposerestrictiononexcessivepackaging.Moreover,apubliceducationcampaignshouldbelaunchedtoarousecustomers’consciousnessthatpackagingdoesn’tequaltoquality.Onlyinthiswaycanweputanendtothistrend.普通议论文提纲（2）：1、观点A2、观点B3、个人观点2006年12月英语四级作文１．许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会２．但有些人提出取消春节晚会．３．我的看法．范文一

TheSpringFestivalEveningGet-TogetherhasbeenheldinChinaforovertwodecades,whichseemstohavebeenanindispensablecompanyduringthetraditionalNewYear’sEveforagreatnumberofpeople,whoappeartobeaccustomedtoenjoyingthesightsandsoundsofabrilliantfeast,whilegatheringwiththeirbelovedfamily.

However,anincreasingnumberofpeoplehavevoiceddifferentopinionstowardsit,asmorediverselifestyleshaveemergednowadays.

Someprefertogotoafancyrestauranttoenjoyagourmetmeal;someintendtogoonavacationtoanincrediblyexoticdestinationforanovelandthoroughrelaxation;othersmayhaveevenmorepost-modernnotions,likegobunging,hiking,orcyclingforentirelynewdifferentexperiences,forgettingallabouttheSpringFestival.

Tome,theEveningGet-Togetherissupposedtobeheretostay.Itmaynotremainamustforallpeople,butitcanbringusastrongsenseoffestivityandserveasanalternativeamongthevarietyofholidayactivities.Besides,withsuchagathering,familymemberswillhaveaperfectopportunitytoenjoymorefunandhappiness,fornowadaysmostpeoplearesoengagedintheirdailybusinessesthattheycanrarelyfindanyextratimetostaywiththeirfamily,which,ifnotproperlyadjusted,mightaddfurthertothealreadyworseningsituationofthevaluesofChinesefamilies.例文TheapproachoftheChineseLunarNewYearposesanationalissueconcerningthenecessityofholdingtheCCTVSpringFestivalGala.Itsestablishedstatusisbeingchallengedbyagrowingnumberofpeople,especiallybyyoungergenerations.Itisincreasinglydifficulttocaterforalltastes.Someindividualsdeemthatitshouldbecanceledorreplacedbyotherprograms.

TheseyoungpeoplefocustheirattentiononotherformsofcelebrationinsteadofimmersingthemselvesinTV.Despitethat,themajorityofmid-agedpeopleandseniorcitizensupholdtheimportanceofthetraditionalperformance.Themoststrikingfeatureofthisgalaisitstraditionallycloselinkwithordinarypeople'slives.MostofpeopleviewthisgalaasanannualstapleonthetraditionalChineseSpringFestivalEve.Theyallhavearestlessnightandgluetheireyesonthetelevision.Iamnotsupportiveoftheviewthatthegrandgalashouldbeabandoned.Undoubtedly,itplaysavitalroleinthecelebrationofChineseNewYear.Toincreaseitsappealandmeetyoungadults'need,theupcomingperformanceshouldinvitesomebignamesincludingsuperstarsfromHongkongandTaiwan.Wearealleagerlyanticipatingthisunforgettableeveningshow.四级议论文写作段落类型HeadBodyTail1、描述图画1、利/弊1、个人观点2、描述图表2、原因2、措施建议3、现象重要性3、措施建议3、例子4、解释话语4、例子5、社会现象议论文写作结构一、文章的基本结构文章是由段落构成，而段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成，它的具体结构可以用以下的图表加以表示：二、文章的基本结构议论文写作的三段论模式大学英语议论文写作通常采用三段论模式，即：开头段(introduction)主体段(bodyparagraph)结尾段(conclusion)(一)开头段开头段概论常用的开头段的表达方法开头段的常用核心句型开头段概论对于大学英语四级的写作考题来说，限于篇幅，其开头段一般都不长。然而，这寥寥几句话却占有十分重要的地位，它表达的是整篇文章的主题思想。在议论文中，我们称之为中心论点，它起到驾驭全文的作用。一个意义清晰、明确的开头段，将有助于读者理解全文；一个精彩、新颖的开头段还能激起读者的阅读欲望。常用的开头段的表达方法使用引语（useaquotation）引用具体或粗略的数据（usefiguresorstatistics）提出问题（askaquestion）给出具体实例或报道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）定义法（givedefinition）主题句法（useoftopicsentence）常用的开头段的表达方法●使用引语（useaquotation）

使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如：

“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.

分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。常用的开头段的表达方法●引用具体或粗略的数据（usefiguresorstatistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如：

Asisdemonstratedinthetable,

moreandmorecollegegraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousproblemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Itisestimatedthatin2004,thereare500,000unemployedgraduates,morethan30%higherthanin2002.

分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。常用的开头段的表达方法●提出问题（askaquestion）

提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。如：

Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?

Money,promotions,interesting,challenges,continuallearning,work-basedfriendships,theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials?Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethanmaterialthings.

分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。常用的开头段的表达方法●给出具体实例或报道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）给出具体生活实例或新闻报道

如：

Asregardsthestressforcollegestudents,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionamongthepublicinthesociety.Itwasreportedthatastudentkilledfourofhisclassmatesjustbecauseofatrivialmatter.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatpressurehasbecomeaseriousissuewecannotneglect.

分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。常用的开头段的表达方法●定义法（givedefinition）

针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如：

Asweallknow,practicemakesperfect.Thisisanaccumulatedexperienceweinheritfromourforefathers,andnowitisstillwidelyappliedtoourdailylife.Itmeansthatthemorewepractice,themorelikelywearegoingtodothingsperfectly.

分析：文章用Itmeansthat这一句型，说明了practicemakesperfect的含义。常用的开头段的表达方法●主题句法（useoftopicsentence）

文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如：

NowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinaisfacedwithistheincreasingilliteracyamongtheadolescents.

AccordingtoarecentsurveybyDr.Li,deanofEducationalDepartmentofBeijingNormalUniversity,about18%ofthechildrenbetween8and15yearsoldhavedroppedoutofschoolacrossthecountry.

分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。(二)主题段主体段概述主体段段落扩充方法主体段概述主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好。主体段段落扩充方法一、列举法（Listing）二、举例法（Exemplification）三、分类法（Classification）四、比较对照法（ComparisonandContrast）五、因果法（CauseandEffect）列举法（Listing）定义是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。列举法作文例子

Togetthemostoutofyourtextbookyoushouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,youshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,youshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsasyouread.Next,

makenotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter.Then,testyourselftobesurethatyoucananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations.Finally,reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartoyou.常用于列举法的过渡连接词first,second,third,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace;firstofall,firstandforemost;tobeginwith,tostartwith;foronething,foranother;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore;aboveall;next;beyondthat;initially;eventually,lastbutnotleast…..一二三原则

考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1）first,second,third,last（不推荐，原因：俗）

2）firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally（不推荐，原因：俗）

3）thefirst,thesecond,thethird,thelast（不推荐，原因：俗）

4）inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,inthethirdplace,lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）

5）tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally（强烈推荐）

6）tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally（强烈推荐）

7）firstandforemost,besides,lastbutnotleast（强烈推荐）

8）mostimportantofall,moreover,finally

9）ontheonehand,ontheotherhand（适用于两点的情况）

10）foronething,foranotherthing（适用于两点的情况）

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！

举例法（Exemplification）定义作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少。举例法作文例子

Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.

Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatissuitabletothem.举例法中常见的过渡性词语forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas/such,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say(ing),next,namely,thatis,like,take…asanexample,etc.分类法（Classification）定义在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类地叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。

Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.

Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech,

whilethereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Forexample,Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.

Otherformsoflanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecodeandpicturesigns.常见的用以分类的词语动词：sort(into),divide(into),classify(into),group,fallinto,etc.名词：forms,sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.比较对照法（ComparisonandContrast）定义比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常用于说明文和议论文写作。比较描述的是所比对象的相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述对象之间的不同，甚至相反之处。常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法。在整块比较法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式为：A1、A2、A3……B1、B2、B3……第一种模块例子

Computershavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.

First,computerscancalculate.Theycanmakeworkmoreefficientfortheyhaveahighspeedofcalculation.Besides,peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,whichcostspeoplelessmoneyandlesstime.Mostimportantofall,computerscreatewidecommunicationaroundtheworld.PeoplecancommunicatewitheachotherviatheInternet.Theycanmakefriendsallovertheworld.第一种模块例子

Buteverycoinhadtwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,sincecomputerscandoalotofworkforus,suchascalculation,wemayrelytoomuchonthenandbecomelazierandlazier.Tomakemattersworse,althoughitisconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,theoriginalwarmrelationshipmaybecomecold,forpeoplewillhavefeweropportunitiestotalktoeachotherfacetoface.Worstofall,computerscanspreadvirusescausedbyelectronichackersresultinginalotofimportantinformationbeinglost.第二种模块及例子逐点比较法是A、B双方同时逐点描述，其模式为：A1B1A2B2A3B3……例如：Aproverbsays,“Likefather,likeson.”Buttheproverbdoesn’tseemtofitmygrandfatherandmyfatherbecausetheyhavemoredifferencesthansimilarities.

First,mygrandfatherisintroverted,

whilemyfatherisextroverted.Wecaneasilyreadwhatisonmyfather’smind,butitishardtofindoutwhatmygrandfatheristhinkingabout.Next,mygrandfatherisalwaysindifferenttochildren.Heseldomtalkswithchildrenandthechildrenaresomewhatafraid第二种模块及例子

ofhim.

Incontrast,myfatherisverywarm-heartedtochildren.Helikestotalkwiththem,sothechildreninmyfamilyalllikehim.Finally,mygrandfatherisobstinate.Oncehehadmadeadecision,heneverchangesit.However,myfather,evenafterhehasmadeadecision,willaskothersforopinions.Ifhethinkstheopinionsarereasonable,hemightchangehismind.

Althoughmygrandfatherandmyfatherresembleeachotherverymuchinappearance,theydifferincharacter,thinkingandbehavior.常见的比较对照的过渡性词语常用的表示比较的过渡性词语有：similarly,likewise,correspondingly,inasimilarway,inthesameway,too,also,like,resemble,similarto,equalto,equally,important,both…and…,thesameas…常用的表示对照的过渡性词语有：

ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,in/bycontrast,incontrastto,insharpcontrast,conversely,otherwise,however,nevertheless,but,yet,(al)though,eventhough,whereas/while,itistrue…but,instead,unlike,ratherthan,inspiteof,contrastwith,differ(ent)from,contraryto因果法（CauseandEffect）定义

因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答“为什么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。因果法作文例子

Theroleofwomenintoday’ssocietyischanging.

Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomen’smovement.Also,womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome.Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsofinterestserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen.Moreover,menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively.常用的表示因果关系的过渡性词语because,as,since,for,owingto,becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,thus,so,therefore,accordingly,consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,asaresult,asaconsequence,itfollowsthat…,resultin,contributeto（三）结尾段结尾段概述常用的结尾段的表达