合并会计中的商誉问题【外文翻译】

外文文献翻译原文：TheGoodwillIssueintheConsolidationAccountingIntroductionBackgroundDuringthe1980’sand2000’sagreatnumberofbusinessmergersandacquisitionstookplace,especiallyhappenedintelecommunications,defense,bankingandfinancialservice,healthcare,andentertainment.Companiespurchaseothercompaniesforavarietyofreasons.First,insomecases,competinginagivenindustryrequiressignificantresources,atpresent,moreandmorecompetitionsintheeconomicmarket,onlylargecompaniescansurvive.Secondacommongoalinthesebusinesscombinationswastoattractlargeamountsofinvestmentcapital.Third,asacorporatestrategy,somecompaniespurchaseothercompaniesinordertogainaccesstonewcustomersandmarkets.Theyaimtodiversifyintodifierentproductareas.LikeMaytag’sexample,Maytag’sgoalistojointheglobalapplianceindustry.Corporatemanagementoftenisrewardedwithhighersalariesasincreaseofthesizeofthecompany.Inaddition,prestigefrequentlyincreaseswiththeexpansionofacompanyandwithareputationforthesuccessfulacquisitionofothercompanies.Asaresult,corporatemanagementoftenfindsitpersonallyadvantageoustoincreasecompanysize.FormsofM＆AFirst,astatutorymergerisatypeofbusinesscombinationinwhichonlyoneofthecombiningcompaniessurvivesandtheotherlosesitsseparateidentity.Second,astatutoryconsolidationisabusinesscombinationinwhichboththecombiningcompaniesaredissolvedandtheassetsandliabilitiesofbothcompaniesaretransferredtoanewlycreatedcorporation.Third,astockacquisitionoccurswhenonecompanyacquiresthevotingsharesofanothercompanyandthetwocompaniescontinuetooperateasseparate,butrelatedlegalentities.Therelationshipthatisformedinastockacquisitionisreferredtoasaparent-subsidiaryrelationship．Aparentcompanyisonethatownsamajorityofthevotingstockofanothercompany,referredtoasasubsidiary.Theparent—subsidiaryrelationshipisimportantbecausetheparentcompanieshavetheabilitytocontrolthesubsidiarycompanies.Inthisdissertation,thiswillbefocusonthiskindofrelationshipcompanies’financialstatementreporting．ThereportingentityandconsolidatedfinancialstatementManycompanieswouldliketooperatecompaniestheyacquiredasseparatelegalentitiesratherthanawholecompany.However,fromafinancialreportingpointofview,statementuserswanttoseetheentireeconomicentity’sfinancialstatementresult.Forthisreason,financialdepartmentusuallyconsolidateorcombinethefinancialresultoftheseparatecompanies.Therefore,consolidatedfinancialstatementspresentthefinancialsituationandtheresultsofoperationsforaparentcompanyandoneormoresubsidiarycompaniesasiftheindividualentitiesactuallywereasinglecompanyorentity.Accountingprinciplesrequireconsolidatedfinancialstatementswhenaparentcompanyownsmorethan50％ofaSubsidiarycompany.Consolidatedstatementsarebasicallyusedtopresentforthebenefitoftheshareholders,creditorsandotherresourceprovidersoftheparent.Evenwhenonlyafewrelatedcompaniesareinvolved,consolidatedfinancialstatementsoftenprovidethebestandthefullestinformationregardingtheactivitiesandresourcesoftheoveralleconomicentity.FormandpurposeofconsolidatedaccountsConsidernowthecaseofacompanythatacquiresamajority(51％ormore)ofthevotingsharesofanother.Suchashareholdinggivesitcontroloftheinvestee.Itmaybeashort-intermsofshareownership-foraninvestorcompanytomovefromsignificantinfluencetocontrolbutthedifferenceinaccountingisprofound.Accountantsarguethatwhenonefirmacquiredcontrolofanother,aneweconomicentityiscreated.Agroupconsistsoftheinvestorcompanyandtheinvesteecompanyoritssubsidiaries.Theparentcompanypreparesaccountsforthegroup:theseareknownasconsolidatedaccounts.Inaddition,theparentandeachofthesubsidiarycompanies,beinglegalentities,continuetoprepareseparateaccounts.Consolidatedaccountsprovidefinancialstatementreaderswithinformationaboutalltheresourcesunderonecompany’scommand:whatformtheytake,howtheyarefinancedandhowsuccessfullytheyhavebeenemployedintheyear.Thisisthereasonofexistenceofconsolidationaccounts.LiteratureReviewThehistoryofcombinationaccountingIn1970,theAccountingPrinciplesBoardoftheAmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountantsissuedanOpiniononBusinessCombinations,whichsetoutindetailtheprinciplesonwhichthePoolingandPurchasemethodsshouldbeused.Inl971theAccountingStandardsCommittee,onbehalfoftheprincipalaccountingbodiesinBritainandIrelandissuedanexposuredraft(ED3)ofaproposedstatementofstandardpracticeonAccountingforAcquisitionsandMergers.ThisfollowedtheAICPlAstatementinoutline,butwithsomedifferences,andinmuchlessdetail.Thisproposedstatementwasallowedtolapse,sinceitdidcontravenethetwoprovisionsoftheCompaniesAct1984,buttheaccountingbodiesdidnotmakeanystatementdisapprovingthemergermethod.ThisambivalenceendedwiththedecisioninShearerV.BercainLtd.Aholdingcompanywhichhadacquiredtwosubsidiariesbyshareexchangeusedtheacquisitionmethod,andcrediteddividendsreceivedoutofthepre-acquisitionprofitsofthesubsidiariestothecostoftheinvestments,ratherthantoprofitandaccount.TheInlandRevenueclaimedthatthecompanycouldhaveusedthemergermethod,whichwouldhavemadethepre-amalgamationprofitsofthesubsidiariesdistributabletothemembersoftheholdingcompany.Thecourtheldthatthecompanywaspreventedfromusingthemergermethodbytheruleinpar.15.5Sched.8C.A.1948andtheInlandRevenueclaimfailed.Thiswasthefirstjudicialrulingonthemergermethod,andasaresulttheDepartmentofTrade,attherequestoftheaccountingbodies,includedinthe1981CompaniesActretrospectivevalidationofthemergermethodforcompanieswhichhaduseditbeforetheActcameintoforce,andalesscomprehensiveclearanceforitsuseinthefuture.In1983theInternationalAccountingStandardsCommitteeissuedastatement(IAS22)onAccountingforBusinessCombinations,basedcloselyonAPB16.ThemethodsofcombinationaccountingBeforeIFR3therearetwomethodsofaccountingforbusinesscombinations:purchaseandpoolingofinterests.Poolingofinterestsmethodaccountingisonlyforthebusinesscombinationofacontinuityofownership;thatis,theownersofthecombingcompanycontinueastheownersofthecombinedcompany.Forexample,ifonecompanyacquiresanotherbyissuingsharesofcommonstockinexchangeforthecommonstockoftheothercompany,thestockholdersofbothcombiningcompaniescontinueasownersofthecombinedcompany.Apoolingofinterestscanoccuronlywhenonecompanyusesitsowncommonstocktoacquiretheassetsorstockofanothercompany.Purchaseaccountingisappropriatewhenanimportantownershipinterestiseliminatedinthebusinesscombination,whichmeans,onecompanyacquiresanothercompanyforcashthestockorassets,theownersoftheacquiredcompanydonotcontinueasownersofthecombinedcompany,whichhavingtakencashratherthananownershipinterest.Underpoolingofinterestsaccounting,thebookvalueoftheassets,liabilities,andowners’equitiesofthecombiningcompaniesarecardedtothecombinedcompanyasifthecompanieshadalwaysbeencombined:thatis,thebalancesheetitemsarenotadjustedtofairvalues.Underpurchaseaccounting,acquiredassetsandassumedliabilitiesarereportedbytheacquiringcompanyattheirfairvaluesatthedateofacquisition.Therefore,thepurchasedmethodwasthemorecommonmethodandwasusedinallcaseswhereonecompanywasseenasacquiringanother.Thepoolingofinterestwasusedonlywheretheshareholdersofthetwocompanieswereseenascomingtogetherto‘achieveacontinuingmutualshareintherisksandbenefitsattachingtothecombinedentitysuchthatneitherpartycanbeidentifiedastheacquirer.’(IAS22BusinessCombinations,IASCrevised1998,para.8-nowreplacedbyIFRS3)IFRS3nowallowsonlythepurchasemethod.Thiswillensuregreaterandclearcomparabilityoffinancialstatementsforusersandremovetheincentivetostructurecombinationsinsuchawayinordertoproducethedesiredaccountingresult.Inadditional,onlyinthepurchasedmethod,thefairvalueandgoodwillareinexistence.Theseshouldbeassessedcorrectlyandthatoccurlotsofargumentbetweenregulatorsandprofessionals.Iftheinvestmentisgreaterthantheshareofnetassetsthenthedifferenceisregardedasthepurchaseofgoodwill.Currently,goodwillisoneofthemostcontentiousissuesinaccounting.AnalyzeAnintangibleassetorgroupofassetsthatisacquired,otherthaninabusinesscombination,shallbeinitiallyrecognizedandmeasuredbasedonfairvalue.Ifagroupofassets,thecostwillbeallocatedproratabasedonfairvalue,andshallnotgiverisetogoodwill.TheSFAS141criteriaforincludingingoodwillintangibleassetsthatarenotseparableorarisesfromacontractualrightdonotapplyinSFAS142．Costsofinternallydeveloping,maintainingorrestoringintangibleassetsthatarenotspecificallyidentifiable,thathaveindeterminatelivesaretobeexpensedwhenincurred.Anintangibleassetwithafiniteusefullifeisamortized;onewithanindefiniteusefullifeisnotamortized.Usefulllifeistobedeterminedbasedonananalysisofallpertinentfactors,suchas:.Expecteduseoftheasset.Expectedusefullifeofanotherassetorgroupofassetstowhichtheusefullifeoftheintangiblemayrelate(suchasmineralrightstodepletingassets).Legal,regulatoryorcontractualprovisionsoravailablerenewalsOncetheusefullifeisdetermined,themethodofamortizationisnotnecessarilystraightline-themethodofamortizationshallreflectthepatterninwhichtheeconomicbenefitsoftheintangibleassetareconsumedorotherwiseusedup.Ifthatpatterncannotbereliablydetermined,astraight-1ineamortizationmethodshallbeused.Inrecordingamortization,residualvaluemustbeconsideredaswell.Ifanintangibleassetbeingamortizedislaterdeterminedtohaveanindefiniteusefullife,theassetwillbetestedfor,impairment,andshallnolongerbeamortized.ImpairmentofanintangibleassetthatisbeingamortizedistestedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofSFAS121-AccountingfortheImpairmentofLong-LivedAssets.AnintangibleassetthatisnotsubjecttoamortizationistobetestedforimpairmentatleastannuallyinaccordancewithSFAS142.Goodwillisnottobeamortized,anditisconsideredimpairedwhenitscarryingamountexceedsitsimpliedfairvalue.ReportingunitsImpairmentreviewsaretooccuratleastannually,atthe”reportingunit”level.Areportingunitisdefinedasanoperatingsegmentoronelevelbelowanoperatingsegment.AsdefinedinSFAS131,DisclosuresaboutSegmentsofanenterpriseandRelatedInformation,anoperatingsegmentisabusinesscomponentthatearnsrevenuesandincursexpenses,whoseoperatingresultsareregularlyreviewedbymanagementtoassessperformanceandallocateresources,andforwhichdiscretefinancialinformationisavailablet.Acomponentofanoperatingsegmentisareportingunitifitsassetsconstitutea‘‘business”inadditiontobeinganoperatingsegment.SFAS142permitstheaggregationofeconomicallysimilarcomponentsforimpairmentreviewpurposes.Thedefinitionofreportingunits.andthepossibleaggregation.couldhavesignificantfutureimpact,asthebusinesschangesovertime.Stepone-carryingamountcomparisonThefirststepcompares,the‘‘fairvalue”ofthereportingunittoitscarryingamount(shareholders’equityincludinggoodwill).Ifthefairvalueexceedscarryingamount,nofurthertestingisrequired.Ifhowever,carryingamountexceedsfairvalue,thereisevidenceofimpairment,meaningthevalueofgoodwfllislessthanitscarryingvalueonthebalancesheet.Steponeimpairmenttestingmustbedoneatleastannually,andcanbeperformedatanytimeduringtheyear,providedthetestisperformedatthesametimeeveryyear.Differentreportingunitsmaybetestedforimpairmentatdifferenttimes.Impairmentshouldbetestedbetweentheannualtestifcircumstanceschangethatwould‘‘morelikelythannot”reducetheunit’sfairvalue.Suchcircumstancesinclude:ChangesinlegalfactorsorthebusinessclimateAdverseactionbyaregulatorUnanticipatedcompetitionLossofkeypersonnelExpectationthatareportingunitmaybedisposedofSteptwo-impairmentmeasurementIfsteponeresultsinthecarryingamountofthereportingunitexceedingitsfairvalue,furtherimpairmenttestingmustbeconducted.Sincegoodwillcannotbemeasureddirectly,itsvalueisdeterminedasaresidualamountaftervaluingallassetsotherthangoodwill.Ifsteponerevealsanimpairmentofgoodwill,boththetangibleandidentifiableintangibleassetsarevaluedinordertodeterminetheimpliedfairvalueofgoodwill.Itmaybenecessarytoengagetheservicesofexpertsinvaluingmachineryandequipmeritandintangibles,SFAS142requiresvaluingacompany’srecordedandunrecordedintangibleassetssuchasinternallygeneratedpatents.Theimpliedfairvalueofgoodwillshallbedeterminedthesamewayasforabusinesscombination,thatis,fairvalueofthereportingunitwillbeallocatedtoalltheassetsandliabilitiesoftheunit,includingunrecognizedintangibleassets,asifthereportingunithadbeenacquired,andthefairvalueoftheunitwasthepricepaid.Theallocationisdoneonlyforpurposesoftestingtheimpairmentofgoodwill-nowrite-uporwrite-downofarecognizedassetorliabilityistooccur.Norshouldapreviouslyunrecognizedintangibleassetberecognizedasaresultofsteptwoimpairmenttesting.ConclusionInbackgroundpartoftheintroduction,thereasonsofconsolidatedcompanieshadbeenexplained,becauseattlleendoflastcentury,thatwasthepeaktimeofbusinesscombination,itshownthattheimportanceforresearcherstostudytheconsolidatedaccounting,andtoanalyzetheadvantageordisadvantageofitsapplicationinpractice.Continuously,thesortsofcorporateexpansionhavebeenlisted.Andthenimmediatelymmtheemphasisononeofthem:stockacquisition.Thatisoneofthebroadestformsforcombination.0fcourse,afteracademicbackground,theemphasisshouldbecontinuedtonarrow,sothattheconsolidationaccountingwhichthisstudytookhadbeenillustrated.Atthethirdpartoftheintroduction,thatisthewholepaperformintroduction,andpresentedthenoveltyofthisstudyforengagingthereaders.Intheliteraturereviewpart,largenumberofpublicationshavebeenreadandresearched.Fromthefoundationalconceptstotheargumentsofissuesofconsolidatedaccounting,thestudyhadbeendeepenedstepbystep.Toresearchthemostimportantissue,goodwillandintangibleassets,thebestwayistohearthevoicefromothers,therefore,thereisasectionlistedthegoodwilldebatefullyinthepartofliteraturereview.Then,previouswerkhadbeenusedtoinformthisstudy,intermsofdevelopingasetofresearchquestions,theoreticalmodelandformulatingortestinghypotheses.Theassociatedphilosophicalparadigmsgoverningmyresearchapproachisprimaryresearch,whichispositive,realiststance.ThemethodIusedtocollectthedataisqualitative,whichcamefromlotsofjournal,periodicalandliterature.Tobeconcluded,asbusinesshasbecomemorecomplexandindustrialprocessesmoresophisticated,theamountpaidtoacquireanintangibleassethasbecomesignificantincomparisontothefixedassetbaseofsomecompanies.Internallygeneratedintangibleassetsmaybecapitalizediftheyhavemarketvalue,purchasedgoodwillandintangiblesshouldbecapitalizedinthebalancesheet.Andafterdiscussion,weknewthatoncetheyhavebeencapitalized,theseassetseitherbeampnizedorsubjecttoaregularimpairmentreview,dependingontheirusefuleconomiclife.Source:GUOQin．TheGoodwillIssueintheConsolidationAccounting[R]．Binjing：BeijingJiaotongUniversity，ER．China，2009．197-202．译文：合并会计中的商誉问题1．介绍背景在1980年和2000年之间发生大量的企业兼并和并购，尤其是在电信、国防、银行及金融服务、医疗保健和娱乐领域。公司购买其他公司原因多种多样。首先，在某些情况下，某一行业的竞争需要大量的资源。目前，越来越多的经济市场竞争中，只有大公司才能生存。第二，这些业务组合的共同目标是要吸引大量的投资资本。第三，作为一个企业战略，有些企业购买其他公司是为了获得新的客户和市场。他们的目标是分散投资在不同的产品领域。像美泰克企业的目标是要加入全球家电行业。企业管理通常是以公司规模的增加而提供更高的薪水作为奖励。此外，一个公司的信誉常伴随着这个公司的扩张和成功收购别的企业而增加。因此，企业管理往往寻求利于自己增加公司规模的渠道。并购形式首先，法定合并是只有一个公司幸存，另一个公司失去生存的独立身份的企业合并类型。第二，企业法定整顿是一个商业组合，其中两公司合并解散，两家公司的资产和负债转移到一个新创建的公司。第三，股票收购发生在一个公司收购另一家公司有表决权的股份，两家公司单独继续经营，属于相关的法律实体。这种股票收购形成的关系称为母子公司关系。母公司，是指拥有另一家公司（子公司）的多数投票权股份的公司。母子公司关系是非常重要的，因为母公司有能力控制它的附属公司。在这篇论文中，这种关系是陈述报告类型的重点。报告主体及合并财务报表许多企业的经营是作为独立的法人实体收购，而不是整个公司。然而，从财务报告的观点来看，报表使用者希望看到整个经济实体的财务报表的结果。出于这个原因，财政部门通常对不同公司的财务结果进行巩固或合并。因此，合并财务报表是为母公司的经营业绩和一个或多个附属公司提供当前的经济状况和经营成果，犹如个别公司是一个实体经济。会计准则要求合并财务报表时，母公司拥有超过50％的附属公司。合并报表目前基本上用于为股东，债权人及其他资源提供者的投资者提供利益。即使只有一些相关的公司参与，合并财务报表往往提供最好最充分的资料相关的活动和整体经济实体资源。合并账目的目的和形式现以一个公司为例，获取了对其附属公司有大量的表决权股份（51％或以上），这样的股权使它的拥有投资控制的权利。可能在短时期内，这个公司主体为其附属公司提供有影响的控制，但在会计上的区别是深刻的。会计理论上认为，当一个公司收购另一个公司进行控制时，将建立新的经济实体，有投资公司和被投资公司组成及其分支机构。母公司为集团准备帐户：这些被称为合并报表。此外，母公司及附属公司分别作为法人实体，继续准备单独的帐户。合并报表提供财务报告使用者所有资源在一个公司的使用情况：他们采取何种形式，他们如何融资以及如何成功地聘请他们。这就是合并报表存在的理由。2．文献回顾合并会计的历史1970年，会计原则委员会对美国注册会计师协会发表了企业合并的意见：详列汇集和购买方式以及被使用的原则。1971年，会计准则委员会代表主要会计机构在英国和爱尔兰发表了一个征求意见稿，对收购和合并会计提供一个标准的做法提出声明。在此之前，在大纲AICP1A中有过声明，但是在细节上存在着差异。这项建议的声明被允许失效，因为它确实违反了公司1984年的两个法令规定，会计机构，但没有作出任何声明不赞成合并的方法。该公司的决定结束了这一矛盾。一个控股公司，通过股权置换收购了两家子公司使用的采集方法，并将对子公司的投资成本收购前利益记入股息，而不是利润和账户。税务局声明公司也可以使用作出分派到各附属公司的控股公司的成员前合并利润的方法。法院认为，该公司使用的规则导致合并方法受阻，税务局索赔失败。这是第一次在司法裁决合并方法，其结果是贸易部署在会计机构的要求，包括在1981年公司法对其中曾使用过它的法令生效后公司的合并方法回顾性验证，并为它将来使用较少的全面清理。1983年，国际会计准则委员会紧紧围绕这一基础发表了关于企业合并会计报表。合并的会计方法IFR的前3个有两个业务合并的会计方法：购买法和权益法。权益法核算只为一个拥有连续性企业合并，也就是说，合并公司的所有者继续担任合并后的公司的业主。例如，如果一个公司通过发行收购了其他公司的普通股，两公司合并的股东继续担任合并后的公司的所有者。购买时，所有者权益在企业合并中是重要的，一个公司以现金或资产的形式获得股份，被收购公司的业主不继续担任合并后的公司所有者，这已采取现金，而不是所有权权益。根据权益法会计，资产，负债的账面价值以及合并公司企业主的股票被梳理到合并后的公司，就好像这个公司一直在结合，这是资产负债表项目不进行调整以公允价值。购买法会计核算下，收购资产和承担的负债是由收购公司报告了于收购日的公允价值。因此，购买法是在所有情况下一家公司并购另一家公司常用的方法。权益法，只有在这两家公司的股东分别为走到一起承担的风险成为合并实体。例如，任何一方可以作为确定收购方持续经营。（国际会计准则22业务合并，机构间常设委员会1998年修订，第8段，现在改为国际财务报告准则3）IFRS3现在只允许购买法。这将确