英语四六级翻译总攻-语法精要

英语四六级翻译总攻——语法精要Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)时态1)现在完成进行时态(have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.I’vebeensittinginthegarden.2)过去完成进行时(由hadbeen+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.3)将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.4)将来完成时(由shall/willhave+过去分词构成):将来某时会业已发生的事.Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.语态可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你应该晓得速度限制)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.宾补结构的被动语态:ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.短语动词Vi+advTheplanetookofftwohourslate.Vi+prepTheylookedroundtheCathedral.Vi+prep(有被动语态)She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.Vi+adv+prepIbegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.Vt+O+advSomewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.Theytookhimon.Vt+adv+O(无被动语态)Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.Vt+O+prepWetalkedDonaldintoagreement.省略在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.在以thana)或asb)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.错误的省略HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.一致如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.代词作主语时的一致each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.Eachofushassomethingtosay.Iseverybodyready?Somebodyisusingthephone.Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.Haseitherofthemtoldyou?some,few,both,many等作复数some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:NoneofthebooksareeasyenoughforusNoneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.Noneofthisworriesme.all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(allofthe…,mostofthe…),动词用单数.由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由notonly…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.Thepolicearelookingforhim.有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.Theaudiencewasenormous.Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.Thisspeciesisnowextinct.Thesespeciesarenowextinct.表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.其他问题书名,国家名用单数:TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.manya或morethanone所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.anumberof后接复数,thenumberof后接单数:Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.oneofthose后用单数.在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.当one之前友theonly等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.Ⅱ非谓语动词不定式形式主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing完成进行式tohavebeendoing完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).(比较:Iamgladtoseeyou.)Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Hepretendednottohaveseenme.进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Shehatedtobeflattered.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.不带to的不定式:在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.Johnmadehertellhimeverything.这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.I’veheardtellofhim.在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.不定式的其他用法too…to结构通常表示否定意义:Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:He’sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.so…as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)形式完成式:如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名词的完成形式.Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.在某些动词后(或成语中),常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式,尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excusemeforcominglate.Idon’tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.另外,独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.被动式:当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.Hecouldn’tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等动词后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.Mypenneedsfilling.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Hermethodisworthtrying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语,宾语补足语,状语及用于独立结构中.Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.You’llfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn’tverywellrefuse.Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.完成被动式:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.句法功用作主语:Walkingisgoodexercise.It’snicetalkingtoyou.Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabourproductivity.作宾语:Yourshoesneedpolishing.Youmustn’tdelaysendingthetractorsover.Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.作介词宾语:动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面,常见的有:insiston,persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect…of,accuse…of,charge…with,hearof,approveof,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,dependon,thank…for,feellike,excuse…for,aimat,devote…to,setabout,spend…in,get(be)usedto,befondof,becapableof,beafraidof,betiredof,besickof,succeedin,beinterestedin,feel(be)ashamedof,beproudof,bekeenon,beresponsiblefor.作表语:Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来,在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.作宾语补足语:分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后,及可用现在分词,也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用不定式时表示动作发生了.Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.作状语:现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.Iranoutofthehouseshouting.Igothome,feelingverytired.DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn’twanttogotothecinema.现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语,相当于when引起的从句:Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while加分词这种结构.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构:一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.如果不是在句子开头,这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然一些.Idon’tmindhimgoing.Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.只能用动名词作宾语的动词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’thelp,mind,admit,enjoy,leaveoff,require,postpone,putoff,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure,escape,miss既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语的动词:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,attempt,can’tbear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can’tafford等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大,有时却有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等词后差别是比较明显的.Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.IregrettosayIhaven’tgivenyouenoughhelp.Shedoesn’twant(need)tocome.Thehousewants(needs)cleaning.Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.Let’strydoingtheworksomeotherway.悬垂修饰:分词作状语时,表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers.(walking是we的动作,正确)Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.(错误)Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(正确)Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(错误)分词意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozenfood afreezingwindaboredtraveller aboringjourneyalostcause alosingbattleaconqueredarmy aconqueringarmyafinishedarticle thelastfinishingtouchthespokenword aspeakingbirdaclosedshop theclosinghourarecordedtalk arecordingmachine来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.句法作用作定语:distinguishedguest贵宾,unknownheroes无名英雄,armedforces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品,boiledwater开水,steamedbread馒头,strickenarea灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnishedroom陈设简单的房间,clear-cutanswer明确的答复,highly-developedindustry高度发展的工业,heartfeltthanks衷心的感谢,hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造卫星作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.独立结构:在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致.但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立结构,一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.有时可以表示时间:Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.表示原因:Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.条件:Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.Ⅲ虚拟语气that从居中:wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:IwishIwereasstrongasyou.IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.IwishIrememberedtheaddress.Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句:Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost.itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,itisimportant,ithasbeendecided等结构后的主语从句中.ItwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweekItwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.在某些句型中itistimethatItistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.asif(though)引起的从句:Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的从句(这时谓语多用should+动词原形):Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.I’llkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时,谓语多用may加动词原形构成):Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead. 不管发生什么情况,我们都要干下去.Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,he’sstillagoodpolitician.我承认他年老体衰,然而尽管如此,它仍是优秀的政治家.条件句虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):从句主句过去式would+动词原形IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’tloseheart.Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况),谓语主要形式如下:从句主句had+过去分词wouldhave+过去分词Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.IfIhadn’ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,Youwouldn’thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.有时候,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作,发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的).这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.Ifwehadn’tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示,而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.Thatwouldhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.如果条件句从句中包含有were,had,should或could,有时可把if省略掉,并把were,had,should或could放在主语前面.Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.Ⅳ介词合成介词和复杂介词合成介词:inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without复杂介词:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,insteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfof,owingto,dueto,togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等介词在句末:Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?名词加介词(n+prep)某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor某些名词之前要求用某些介词:onone’sguard,atone’srequest,inallprobability,tomydelight动词加介词Vi+prep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchuponVt+O+prep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等Vi+adv+prep:Idon’twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.You’renottellingmethewholestory.You’reholdingoutonme.Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.Vt+O+adv+prep:Youshouldn’ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.Weshouldn’tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning.形容词加介词about---anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular,sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etcat---awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,useless,weak,etcfor---convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfrom---evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etcin---deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etcof---apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etcon---dependent,keen,intent,etcto---acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf,destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etcwith---awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,wrong,etcⅤ连词并列连词表示意义的引申:and,both…and,notonly…but(also),aswellas,and…aswell,neither…nor表示选择:or,either…or表示转折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)表示因果:for,so,therefore,hence从属连词表示时间:when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,once表示原因:because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat表示条件:if,unless,incase,provided(that),suppose,aslongas,oncondition(that),表示其他关系:(al)though,than,as/so…as,lest,inorderthat,so…thatⅥ定语从句限制和非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确;非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质,去掉了不会影响主要意义,通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词,或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限定词,其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythepostgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,通常不用that替代.Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.定语从句的引导词that,who,whom:非限制性定语从句,如果修饰人,一般用who,有时用that(作主语时用who较多).如果关系代词在从句中作宾语,就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉,在口语中可用who代替whom.Hereistheman(whom)you’vebeenlookingfor.Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.Thepeople(who/that)youweretalkingtowereSwedes.TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.但在介词后只能用whom:ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去,这时可用that,但省略时更多一些.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingaboutThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,也有时用which..当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all,everything等词时):Haveyoueverythingyouneed?(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.在介词后只能用which,在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去,这时可以用that,但省略的时候更多一些:Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.Thisisthequestion(that)we’vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的,但间或也可以修饰整个句子a),或是句子的一部分b),引导词用which:Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewantedWhendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingandsleeping.Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.whose:在表示“．．．的”这个概念时,可用所有格whose;whose用于指物,有时可与ofwhich交替使用,通常的词序是名词词组+ofwhich:Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.(…thepurposeofwhichwas…)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(…whosenameI’ve…)ofwhich前的名词词组也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基数词担任;这些词也能用在ofwhom之前.Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.It’safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic.关系副词when,where,why:它们的含义相当于atwhich,inwhich,forwhich,因此它们之间有交替使用的可能.Thedaywhenhewasborn…onwhichhewasborn…whichhewasbornon…Theofficewhereheworks…atwhichheworks…whichheworksat…有时可用that替代关系副词,在口语中that可省略.Everytime(that)thetelephonerings,hegetsnervous.ThiswasthefirsttimeIhadserioustroublewithmyboss.Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.Thatisthereason(why)hedidit.在theway后也可用that替代inwhich,在口语中that也可省略.Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hedidit.That’sthewayIlookatit.如果定语从句中谓语为thereis,作主语的关系代词也常可省掉:ImustmakefulluseofthetimethereislefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople.Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoNanjing.定语从句的简化:定语从句与不定式结构,-ing分词结构,-ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系.Hewastheonlyonetorealizethedanger(=whorealizedthedanger).Thewomandrivingthecar(=whowasdrivingthecar)indicatedthatshewasgoingtoturnleft.Themaninjuredbythebullet(=whowasinjuredbythebullet)wastakentohospital.Allthewomenpresent(=whowerepresent)lookedupinalarm.Ⅶ倒装全部倒装和部分倒装:如果谓语在主语前面,就是倒装语序.倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装.在全部倒装的句子中,整个谓语都放在主语的前面:Herearesomeregisteredlettersforyou.Incameamanwithawhitebeard.在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词,情态动词,或系动词be等)放在主语前面,其余部分仍在主语后面:Undernocircumstancesmustasoldierleavehispost.Icouldn’tanswerthequestion