化学词汇组词规律汇总

英语化学词汇的组词规律.化学元素（Chemicalelements）A—音译transliteration锂lithium镁magnesium硒selenium氦helium锰manganese钡barium氟fluorine钛titanium铀uranium氖neon镍nickel钙calciumB—意译transcribeorfreetranslation氧oxygen铝aluminium溴bromine氢hydrogen硅silicon钾potassium碳carbon磷phosphorus汞mercury氮nitrogen硫sulphur(sulfur)钠sodiumC意音兼译translationbymeaningandpronunciation碘iodine氯chlorine砷arsenic.化学基团chemicalgroups各种元素element的原子atom组合成分子molecule,按性质可以把分子分为不同的原子团radicle,分子中这些具有相对独特性质的原子团，称为官能团functionalgroup，或范围更广一点，称作化学基团chemicalgroup.-基-烷(正/1)-醇-烯-炔-酮甲/一methylmethanemethanolmethylenemethyneketone乙/二ethylethaneethanolethyleneethyneketene丙/三propylpropanepropanolpropyleneproynepropanone丁/四butylbutanebutanolbutylenebutynebutanone戊/五pentylpentanepentanolpentylene戊二烯pentene戊烯pentynepentanone己/六hexylhexanehexanolhexylenehexynehexanone庚/七heptylheptaneheptanolheptyleneheptyneheptanone辛/八octyloctaneoctanoloctyleneoctyneoctanone壬/九nonylnonanenonanolnonylenenonynenonanone癸/十decatyldecanedecanoldecylenedecynedecanone,说明：-ol表示醇羟基，-an与烷有关，表示是饱和状态，-en与烯有关，有不饱和的意义，相应的饱和状态的羟基即醇-anol，不饱和状态的羟基即酚-enol。在结构较为复杂的醇类化合物中，常常只用-ol；酮-one是相当于用氧o替换了烯-ene中的一个碳，二者均为不饱和结构。ether（醚），ester（酯），只要在化学基后加上这两个词，就获得了两组英文词。例如：甲醚methylether，甲酯methylester。.化合物类别及化学官能团Classesofcompoundsandfunctionalgroups化合物类别烃hydrocarbon酚hydroxybenzene/phenol月安amine烷alkane醚ether亚胺imine烯alkene酮ketone腈nitrile炔alkyne醛aldehyde亚砜sulfoxide苯benzene酸acid砜sulfone醇alcohol酎anhydride碱alkali/base官能团烷基alkyl羟基hydroxyl羰基carbonyl

苯基phenyl氨基amino羧基carboxyl苄基benzyl硝基nitryl酰基acyl其他官能团（注意类别）甲酰基formyl甲苯基tolyl/cresyl乙烯基vinyl乙酰基acetyl联苯基biphenyl/diphenyl丁二烯基bivinyl/divinyl丙烯酰基acryl苯氧基phenoxyl聚二烯基polyvinyl硝酰基nitroxyl苯乙基phenethyl亚硝酰基nitrosyl烯丙基allyl硫酰基sulfonyl/sulfuryl巯基mercapto磷酰基phosphoryl4.前缀和后缀prefixandsuffix（1）前缀A.表示取代位置的前缀prefixesexamples正normal-,n-n-phosphate正磷酸盐同分异构，iso-isobutyl异」.基；isoenzyme同功酶，isoelectricpoint等电点原，邻ortho-,o-o-hydroxylbenzoate邻羟基苯甲酸偏，间meta-,m-m-xylene=m-dimethylbenzene间二甲苯对para-,p-p-aminophenol对-氨基酚顺cis-cis-platin顺铂（铂platinum）反trans-trans-isomer反式异构体环cyclo-cyclodextrin环糊精B.表示取代数量的前缀戊、己、庚等指的是分子式中所含有的碳原子或其他原子的数目，而五、六、七等数字表示在个独立单位内，共存在几个相同的相对独立的个体。prefixesexamples单，一mono-monoacid一元酸，monoamine一元胺或单胺（单胺氧化酶为双，二di-或bi-monoamineoxidase）有时二者通用，di-在化学中使用较多三tri-triacetamide三乙酰胺四tetra-tetraacetate四乙酸盐（酯），五penta-ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid乙二胺四乙酸EDTApentabutyrylglucose五」酰葡萄糖六hexa-hexachlorocyclohexane八氯环己烷，即八八八七hepta-heptadiene庚二烯，heptadecanediacid十七烷二酸八octa-octadecylbromide十八烷基溴,octylformate甲酸辛酯C.表示旋光性的前缀prefixesexamples右旋dextro-Dextroglucose右旋葡萄糖左旋levo-Levodopa左旋多巴（抗帕金森药）消旋dl-dl-methyldopa消旋甲基多巴（抗高血压）D.表示氧化程度的前缀prefixesexamples高,过per-低，亚proto-potassiumpermanganate高锰酸钾，calciumperphosphate过磷酸钙protochloride低氯化物，氯化亚某stannum/tinprotochloride氯化亚锡次hypo-焦pyro-hypochlorousacid次氯酸sodiumpyrophosphate焦磷酸钠E.其他常用前缀：prefixesexamples聚poly-polypropylene聚丙烯微，弱，亚sub-半semi-subacid微酸（性），subacidity弱酸性semi-synthesis半合成假，伪，异pseudo-pseudobutylene2-丁烯，异丁烯pseudo-sapogenins假皂苷类（2）后缀A.糖-ose例：葡萄糖glucoseB.酶-ase或enzyme例：乳糖酶lactase；胞内酶intracellularenzymeC.醛-al或aldehyde例：氯醛chloralD.胺-amine例：氯胺chloramineE.苯胺-aniline例：硝基苯胺nitroanilineF.酰胺-amide例：乙酰胺acetamideG.酰亚胺-imide例：聚酰亚胺polyimideH.后缀-ide、-ate、-ite的比较与分析例：硫酸sulfuricacid亚硫酸sulfurousacid硫化物sulfide：硫化钠sodiumsulfide硫酸盐sulfate：硫酸钠sodiumsulfate亚硫酸盐sulfite：亚硫酸钠sodiumsulfite磷酸phosphoricacid亚磷酸phosphorousacid磷化物phosphide：二磷化钙calciumphosphide磷酸盐phosphate：磷酸钙calciumphosphate亚磷酸盐phosphite：亚磷酸钙calciumphosphite硝酸nitricacid亚硝酸nitrousacid氮化物nitride：一氮化三钠sodiumnitride硝酸盐nitrate：硝酸钠sodiumnitrate亚硝酸盐nitrite：亚硝酸钠sodiumnitrite碳酸carbonicacid含碳的carbonous碳化物carbonide：碳化钙calciumcarbonide碳酸盐carbonate：碳酸钠sodiumcarbonate特例：盐酸hydrochloricacid,只有氢氯化物hydrochloride的形式，翻译成盐酸某某某。5.翻译方法methodsoftranslation（1）顺式翻译例：polytetrafluoroethylene（PTFE）聚四氟乙烯，poly（聚），tetra（四），fluoro（氟，氟基），ethylene（乙烯）hydrocyanicacid氢氰酸acrylonitriledipolymer丙烯腈二聚物（2）反式翻译例：A.化学酸与化学元素化合时：Sodiumhydroxide（氢氧化钠），英文中钠在前，中文里钠在后。B.化学酸与化学基团化合时：Butylacetoacetate，aceto是acetyl（乙酰基、醋酸基）的变体Ethylthiocarbonatethio与sulfuric的差别：thio是“含硫的，硫代的"，指硫代替了其他原子，如噻吩，英文名为thiofuran，直译为“硫代呋喃”，相当于把呋喃中的氧用硫代替，得到的化合物。Sulfuric的含义则是以硫为基础，与其他原子形成的基团或化合物，看下面的词sodiumthiosulphate（硫代硫酸钠），硫代替了硫酸根上的一个氧。1-异丙氨基-3-[对-（2-甲氧乙基）苯氧基]-2-丙醇1-[4-（2-甲氧乙基）苯氧基]-3-[（1-甲基乙基）氨基]-2-丙醇1-（isopropylamino）-3-[p-（2-methoxyethyl）phenoxy]-2-propanol1-[4-（2-methoxyethyl）phenoxy]-3-[（1-methylethyl）amino]propan-2-ol#Develop的译法•表示（开始）得了某种疾病Somepeopledevelopskinrasheswhentheytakesulfas.有些人服用磺胺药物后会出现皮疹。Ifoneisdiscoveredtohavedevelopedhighblood-pressureorheart-disease,heisimmediatelytransferredtolightwork.如果发现谁得了高血压或心脏病，就立即调去做较轻松的工作。Lungfeverdevelopsfromflu.肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。Shedevelopedsymptomsofconsumption.她出现了肺结核症状。Hedevelopedacough.他开始咳嗽了。•用于动、植物的生长等Thebuddevelopedintoablossom.花蕾开出了鲜花。Landanimalsarebelievedtohavedevelopedfromseaanimals.陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物进化而来的。Warmrainsandsummersunsdeveloptheplants.和暖的雨水和夏日的阳光促使植物生长。Thefetusdevelopslungsrelativelylateinthegestationperiod.在妊娠期胎儿的肺生长得相对慢些。Anexampleisthefinestrainofricewehavedeveloped.我们培育出的优良品种就是一例。Sureenough,80percentoftheplantsdevelopedthedisease.果然,80%的庄稼都染上了这种病。Achickendevelopsintheegg.鸡在蛋中发育。•(电影、相照)胶卷的冲洗等也常用此词Thephotographersdevelopedthefilmbytreatingitwithchemicals.摄影师用化学药剂使底片显影。Hewasinthedarkroomdevelopinghisfilms.他在暗室洗相片。Thistypeoffilmdevelopsintwentyminutes.冲洗此类软片需要20分钟。•在科技文章中，除经常译成“研制、发展、开发、设计”等外，还可以译成：-AnotherAmerican,HenryFord,developedtheideaoftheassemblyline.另一个名叫亨利福特的美国人萌发了装配线的主意。-Aseriesofvolcaniceruptionsdevelopedalongthefault.一系列的火山爆发正在断层带酝酿。此外，develop一词有时可不必译出。如amotorthatdevelops100h.p.一台100马力的发动机。PackageInsertTheinformationinapackageinsertfollowsastandardformatforeverymedication.AftersomeidentifyinginformationsuchastheBrandNameandGenericNameoftheproduct,thefollowingsectionsappearsectionsDescription性状ClinicalPharmacology药理作用IndicationsandUsage适应症Contraindications禁忌症Warning注意事项•Precautions注意事项AdverseReactions不良反应Overdosage药物过量DosageandAdministration用法用量HowSupplied外观、包装、及贮藏PackageinsertsforsomemedicinesalsoincludesectionssuchasDrugInteractions,DrugAbuseandDependence.IfmattersonDrugAbuseandDependencearepotentialproblems,andsomebeginwith"BoxWarnings,"whichhighlightespeciallyserious(oftenlife-threatening)adversereactionsthathavebeenreported.DrugNameBrandName商品名=TradeName(namewithregisteredtrademark)GenericName非专利名称,通用名翻译方法:音译:Atropine阿托品谐音译:Reserpine利血平意译:TabletTribromidi三溴片►意音结合:NeostigmineBromide溴化新斯的明►中文译名的转化:Penicillin盘尼西林f青霉素DescriptionchemicalnameandstructureDosageformandadministrationtabletform,capsule,liquid,etc.given-bymouth(oraladministration),byinjection,byaddingittoasolutionbeinggivenviaanintravenous(IV)line(parenteraladministration),andsoforth.•inactiveingredients►filler,artificialcolor,orflavoringClinicalPharmacologyHowthemedicineworksinthebody:absorption,elimination,andeffectsatvariousconcentrations.Studiesindifferentgroupsofpeople:children,elderlypeople,women,orpeopleofdifferentraces.(Sometimes)Theresultsofstudiesfordifferentpurposes药理作用的常见相关标题ClinicalPharmacologyClinicalDataClinicalUseClinicalEffectModeofMechanismofActionPharmacologicalActionsTherapeuticalActionToxicologyIndicationsandUsageUses(indications)approvedbyregulatoryagencies相关词汇:indication适应症actionanduse作用与用途usage用途treatment主治DosageandAdministration常见给药途径:orally口服intramuscularly肌注intravenously静注subcutaneously皮下locally局部给药剂量单位:mg,ml,IU(InternationalUnit)性别male,female年龄adult,children,infant,newbornchildrenunder18yearsoldchildrenunder12yearsofagechildrenaged6-10yearsover10yearsofage服药时间和次数:everyday,aday,perday,dailyeveryotherday,two-dailyeveryeighthours,eight-hourlyonce/twice/threetimesadayperkiloofbodyweightmg/kg/day剂量和服法oncedailyfor10-15daysor0.5-1.0mg/kg/dayOnecapsuledaily,beforebreakfastor10-14hoursbeforeretiring.-oradheretotheinstructionsofthephysician遵医嘱Warnings,Precautions•Warnings:serioussideeffects►BoxWarning:especiallysevereorlife-threateningproblems•Precautions:adviseshowtousethemedicationmostsafelyandeffectivelyLaboratorytestsbeforetakenorduringinuseActivitiesrequiredspecialcautionInformationonpregnancy/nursingmothers/children/olderpeopleDrug/foodInteractions常用标题:causions,precausions,warning,note,notice,attentionAdverseReactionsallthesideeffectsreportedEverythingthathappenedtopeople(andsometimesalsoanimals)regardlessofwhetheritactuallyhadanyconnectiontothemed