英汉翻译之转换

Conversion转换

Warming

upActivity:Readthepassage“EnchantmentofSouthSeas”anddiscussinagroupastohowtotranslatetheunderlinedsentences. EnchantmentoftheSouthSeas

ThemightyPacificwashestheshoresoffivecontinents—NorthAmerica,SouthAmerica,Asia,Australia,andAntarctica.ItswatersmingleinthesoutheastwiththeAtlanticOceanandinthesouthwestwiththeIndianOcean.Itisnotontheshoresofcontinentsorinthecoastalislands,however,thatthesoulofthegreatPacificisfound.ItliesfaroutwherethefabledSouthSeaIslandsarescatteredoverthehugeoceanlikestarsinthesky.

Heregreatdisturbancesattheheartoftheearthcausedmountainsandvolcanoestoriseabovethewater.Forhundredsofyearstinycoralcreatureshaveworkedanddiedtomakethousandsofringshapedislandscalledatolls.

TheairthatsweepstheSouthSeaIslandsisfragrantwithflowersandspice.Brightwarmdaysfollowclearcoolnights,andtherollingswellsbreakinanever-endingroarontheshores.Overheadtheslendercoconutpalmswhispertheirdrowsysong.

WhenwhitemenfirstcametothePacificislands,theyfoundthatthepeoplelivingtherewerelikehappychildren.Theyweretallmenandbeautifulwomenwhoseemednottohaveacareintheworld.Coconutpalmsandbreadfruittreesgrewatthedoorsoftheirhuts.Theoceanwasfilledwithturtlesandfish,readyforthenet.

Theislandershadlittleneedforclothing.Therewasalmostnodisease.

Cruelandbloodywarssometimesbrokeoutbetweenneighboringtribes,andcanoeraidsweresometimesmadeonnearbyislands.Thestrongwarriorsenjoyedfighting.Manyoftheislanderswerecannibals,whocookedandatetheenemiestheykilled.Thiswaspartoftheirlawandreligion.Thesesavages,however,wereusuallyfriendly,courteous,andhospitable.SomeoftheearlyexplorersweresofascinatedwiththePacificislandsthattheyneverreturnedtotheirowncountries.Theypreferredtostay.

ThePacificislandshavechangedagreatdealsincewhitemenfirstlandedontheirshores.Thepeaceful-lookingislandsarestillthere,butthepeoplewhooncelivedinsuchcarefreehappinessarevanishing.Onislandswherethousandslivedahundredyearsago,onlyafewscoreareleft.EnchantmentoftheSouthSeasHeregreatdisturbancesattheheartoftheearthcausedmountainsandvolcanoestoriseabovethewater.TheairthatsweepstheSouthSeaIslandsisfragrantwithflowersandspice.南部诸海的魅力迷人的南部诸海在那里，由于地心剧烈活动，使山脉和火山露出水面。散发着鲜花和香料芬芳的微风轻轻地吹拂着南太平洋诸岛。WarmingupActivitytherollingswellsbreakinanever-endingroarontheshores.Theyweretallmenandbeautifulwomenwhoseemednottohaveacareintheworld.

Theoceanwasfilledwithturtlesandfish,readyforthenet.Theislandershadlittleneedforclothing.奔腾的巨浪拍打着海岸,咆哮不止。男人身材高大，妇女婀娜多姿，他们无忧无虑，好像对世界上的一切都不操心似的。海洋里鱼鳖成群，张网可得。岛上人几乎不需要什么衣服。WarmingupActivityCruelandbloodywarssometimesbrokeoutbetweenneighboringtribes,SomeoftheearlyexplorersweresofascinatedwiththePacificislandsthattheyneverreturnedtotheirowncountries.Thepeaceful-lookingislandsarestillthere,butthepeoplewhooncelivedinsuchcarefreehappinessarevanishing.邻近部落之间有时会爆发残酷的流血战争。一些早期的探险家因为太迷恋这些太平洋岛屿而不再返回自己的国家和平宁静的岛屿依然如故，但那些曾经在岛屿上无忧无虑地生活过的人正在消失。WarmingupActivityReflection:Cantheitalicizedwordsineachsentencebetranslateddirectlyinitsoriginalpartofspeech?Howcanwetranslatetheminanaturalway?Whattechniquedidyouuseintranslatingthem?Whyisitnecessaryforatranslatortoconvertpartsofspeechintranslation?WarmingupActivity8Conversion(词类转换)Whatisconversion?Whyconvert?Transitionofpartofspeech9Conversion(词类转换)DefinitionofconversionV.converttochange(something)intoanotherform,substance,state,orproduct;transform;Tochange(something)fromoneuse,function,orpurposetoanother;adapttoanewordifferentpurposeToexchangeforsomethingofequalvalue10convertwaterintoiceconvertforestintofarmlandconvertassetintocashconversionawordinsourcelanguageusedasacertainpartofspeechhasoftentobechangedintoadifferentpartofspeechinconformitywiththeusageofthetargetlanguage.Conversion(词类转换)11Conversion(词类转换)Whyconvert?

differenceinsyntacticstructureandidiomsbetweenEnglishandChineseinEnglishnouns/nounphrasespronounsprepositionusedfrequentlyconjunctionspassivevoice12Conversion(词类转换)Someexamples:Itwasbeyondexpectationforamanofyourtaste.遇到像你这么风趣（有品位）的人，真是出乎预料。Theearthistheshapeofapear.地球是梨形的。Thestreetsweresocrowdedthatourcarhadtogoveryslowly.街上太拥挤了，汽车只好慢慢开了。13Conversion(词类转换)inChineseverbsusedfrequentlyadjectivesarticles usedinEnglishabsentinChinesequalifiersmayabsentinEnglishusedinChineseConversion---Qualifiers中文里有很多量词，常见的如“只”、“个”，其中有几十个量词在英语里没有对应词一个人两个小孩

一个鼻子一个耳朵一个手指头一个苹果一个橘子一个月亮一个太阳洗个澡敬个礼一个小时两个月四个星期

15Conversion(词类转换)tensesshowedinverbforms(English)notshowninverbfromorabsent(Chinese)repetitiontendtobeavoided(English)

preferred(Chinese)

subjectmaynotbeomitted(English)

maybeomitted(Chinese)

16Conversion(词类转换)Someexamples:Hissuccessisoutofquestion.他必成功。Hissuccessisoutofthequestion.他必失败。Heisastudent,andmustbetreatedassuch.他是一个学生，就一定要按学生来对待。17Conversion(词类转换)Inconclusion：英语重形合，汉语重意合Englishisalanguageofphoneme,inwhichhypotaxis(从属关系)isthestructuremainlyused.Chineseisalanguageofideograph,inwhichparataxis(并列关系)isthestructuremainlyused.Conversion英语语法可以说是一种“形合”语法，即注重形式联系，以动词为中心，通过词型变化和各种连词、介词来表现词与词之间的相互关系，通过句子成份的“各居其位”来体现意义汉语语法可以说是一种“意合”语法，即词语间的组合以达意为标准，对词的形式，顺序没有太多特定的要求19Conversion(词类转换)Therefore,atranslationwithawordforwordcorrespondencemaynotresultinasmoothandnaturalsentence.itisnecessarytochangethepartofspeechofaparticularword词类转换是英汉翻译很重要的手段之一，运用得当，可以使可能生硬晦涩的译文更加灵活变通，不必拘泥于原文形式，却能更准确传达出原文内涵。教学内容：英译汉的常用词类转换形式

Conversion转换

ConversioninEnglish-ChineseTranslation

英译汉的常用词类转换形式1、ConvertingintoVerbs2、ConvertingintoNouns3、ConvertingintoAdjectives4、ConvertingintoAdverbs5、ConversionofSentenceElements

英语句子中只能有一个谓语动词，因此倾向于多用名词、形容词和介词表达意思。现代汉语中动词占优势，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓的动词连用，这是现代汉语句法的显著特征之一。Familiesupstairshavetocarrypailstothehydrantdownstairsforwater.

住在楼上的人家得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头打水。1、ConvertingintoVerbsTheycomeoutontothevillagegreenandphotographeachotherinastonearmchair,

saidtobethethroneofArtila.

(NancyMitford:TheWaterBeetle)译文：他们踏上村中草地，看到一张石椅，听说是匈奴王阿提拉的宝座，就要照相；一个个登上大位，你给我照，我给你照。（翁显良译）赏析：原文里只使用了两个动词，而译文中却有六七个动词之多，前面几个动宾结构连用，中间不用任何连接词，纯靠动作发生的时间先后而产生语义上的关联，读来顺畅，自然。从另一个角度来看，原文信息焦点在"photographeachother"，如将原文后半部译为"互相在据说是匈奴王阿提拉的宝座的石椅上照相"，未免有头重脚轻之嫌，用"一个个登上大位,你给我照,我给你照"稍稍展开一下，既弥补了这种缺陷，又使叙述更加生动，形象。1、ConvertingintoVerbs1）NounsConvertedintoVerbs含有动作意味的名词：Thesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.

看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。由动词派生的名词转译成动词：Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.

火箭己被用来探索宇宙。1、ConvertingintoVerbs表示动作执行者的名词表达动词意义：IthinkmylittlesisterisabetterteacherthanI.

我认为我的妹妹比我教得好。当指职业时一般不转译：Sheisawell-knownsinger.Someofmyclassmatesaregoodsingers.1、ConvertingintoVerbs使句子通顺、语义完整Highbloodpressureisacontraindicationforthisdrug.

高血压患者忌服此药。2）PrepositionsConvertedintoVerbsAforceisneededtomoveanobjectagainstinertia.

为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要个力。Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.

党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是昏暗的油灯。1、ConvertingintoVerbs3）AdjectivesConvertedintoVerbs作表语的形容词如果是表示意识、感觉、感情、欲望等等，经常译作动词。这些形容词包括：confident，certain，

careful，cautious，angry，sure，ignorant，afraid，doubtful，aware，concerned，glad，delighted，sorry，ashamed，thankful，anxious，grateful，able，etc.Doctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.

医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。Thefactthatshewasabletosendamessagewasahint.ButIhadtobecautious.

她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示，但是我必须小心谨慎。1、ConvertingintoVerbs4）AdverbsConvertedintoVerbsWhentheswitchisoff,thecircuitisopenandelectricitydoesn'tgothrough.

当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过。Inthiscasethetemperatureinthefurnaceisup.

这种情况下，炉温就升高。Thatdayhewasupbeforesunrise.

那天他在日出以前就起床了。1、ConvertingintoVerbs“Whatthedevilareyoudoingawayfromyourworkatthistimeo‘day?”(ThomasHardy:Tessofthed'Urbervilles)译文：“你他妈怎么这时跑开了，不快快干活？”（张谷若译）

赏析：原文语言鄙俗，译文语言也当鄙俗，故有“你他妈”放在句前。“不快快干活”去掉也未尝不可，只是这样的话，句子读来便有点太局促了，语气舒展不开。1、ConvertingintoVerbsHeshowedwithhiseyesthatheheard,butmadenosignofassentordissent.

从他的眼神看得出他听到了，但没有表示同意与否。Theyweresuspiciousandresentfulofhim.

他们不信任他，怨恨他。Ifwewereignorantofthestructureoftheatom,itwouldbeimpossibleforustostudynuclearphysics.如果我们不知道原子的结构，就不可能研究原子物理学。TimetoPracticeWiththepassageoftime,myadmirationforhimgrewmoreandmore.

随着时间的消逝，我对他越来越敬慕。（我对他仰慕之情与日俱增）Ifliedstraightahead,acrosstheharbourandoutoverthesea.

我笔直地向前飞行，越过港口，飞到海面上空。TimetoPracticeTheseproblemsdefyeasyclassification.

这些问题难以归类。Hehadsurfacedwithlessvisibilityinthepolicydecisions.

在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。Anacquaintanceofworldhistoryishelpfultothestudyofcurrentaffairs.

了解世界历史有助于研究时事。TimetoPracticeLaserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears,becauseofitsapplicabilitytomanyfieldsofscienceanditsadaptabilitytopracticaluses.

激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适合于各种用途，因此成了近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。Heisno

smoker,buthisfatherisachain-smoker.

他不抽烟，但他父亲抽起来没完。TimetoPractice1）VerbsConvertedintoNouns有些名词派生的动词无法直译为动词：Suchmaterialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。2、ConvertingintoNouns为了译文流畅 Theearthonwhichweliveisshapedaball.

我们居住的地球，形状象一个大球。Thefilmimpressedhimdeeply.

这部电影给他留下了深刻的印象。2）AdjectivesConvertedintoNounsthe+adj.:Theydidtheirbesttohelpthesickandthewounded.

他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。自然属性Inthefissionprocessthefissionfragmentsareveryradioactive.

在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。2、ConvertingintoNouns3）PronounsConvertedintoNouns还原代词所代替的名词Thespecificresistanceofironisnotsosmallasthat

ofcopper.

铁的电阻系数不如铜的电阻系数那样小。Theresultofthisexperimentismuchbetterthanthose

ofpreviousones.

这次实验的结果比前几次的实验结果都好得多。2、ConvertingintoNounsAwell-dressedman,wholookedandtalkedlikeanAmerican,gotintothecar.

一个穿着讲究的人上了车，他的外表和谈吐都象个美国人。Theyhavenotdonesowellideologically

asorganizationally.

他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。TimetoPracticeThedesignaimsatautomaticoperation,easyregulation,simplemaintenanceandhighproductivity.

设计的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.

他身体虽弱，但心智健全。

TimetoPractice1）NounsConvertedintoAdjectivesThepallorofherfaceindicatedclearlyhowshewasfeelingatthemoment.

她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。Thisexperimentwasasuccess.

这个实验很成功。Wefounddifficultyinsolvingthiscomplicatedproblem.

我们发现很难解决这个复杂的问题。Thesecurityandwarmthofthedestroyer'ssickbaywerewonderful.

驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。3、ConvertingintoAdjectives2)AdverbsConvertedintoAdjectivesEarthquakesarecloselyrelatedtofaulting.

地震与地层断裂有密切的关系。ThePresidenthadpreparedmeticulouslyforhisjourney.

总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。3、ConvertingintoAdjectivesMyaudiencevariedfromtenstothousands.

我的听众少则几十人，多则数千人。（听我演讲的人数从几十人到数千人不等）Independentobservershavecommentedfavorablyontheachievementyouhavemadeinthisdirection.

有独到见解的观察家们对你们在这方面所取得的成就给与了好评。Sincehelosthisjob,he’sbeenaloner.

他失业以后，就很不合群了。TimetoPracticeAsheisaperfectstrangerinthecity,Ihopeyouwillgivehimthenecessaryhelp.

他对这个城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。Hehadthekindnesstoshowmetheway.

他很好心地为我指路。Hespokewithfirmness,buthisfacewasverysadandhiseyesattimesweredim.

他讲话时态度坚决，但面带愁容，时而眼神暗淡。TimetoPracticeShepromptlyshepherdedthemoutofthecrowdedlivingroomandintotheprivacyofthelibrary.

她迅速带他们离开熙熙攘攘的客厅，来到私密的图书室。Sometimeswehavetopaydearlyformistakes.

有时候我们不得不为错误付出昂贵的代价。TimetoPractice1）AdjectivesConvertedintoAdverbs名词转化为动词时，修饰名词的形容词也就转化为副词Below4℃waterisincontinuousexpansioninsteadofcontinuouscontraction.

水在4摄氏度以下就不断地膨胀，而不是不断地收缩。Buckleywasinaclearminority.

巴克利显然属于少数。4、ConvertingintoAdverbs2)NounsandVerbsConvertedintoAdverbsIhavethehonortoinformyouthatyourrequestisgranted.

我荣幸地通知您，您的请求己得到批准。Thenewmayorearnedsomeappreciationbythecourtesyofcomingtovisitthecitypoor.新市长礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。4、ConvertingintoAdverbsTheintermittentflashesoflighteningmadeusturnapprehensiveglancestowards

thehighway.

断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着高速公路方向望去。Ahelicopterisfreetogoalmostanywhere.

直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去。Hewhoissubjecttotemptationstendstoerr.

不能抗拒诱惑的人往往会犯错误。TimetoPracticeThespeechwasaclearexplanationofthePresident'sreasonsforbeingwillingtobeginaChinese-Americandialogue.

这篇发言清楚地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。Thisissheernonsense.

这完全是胡说。Thethiefmadeatremblingconfessionofhiswrongdoing.

小偷哆哆嗦嗦地招认了自己的违法行为。TimetoPracticeAsthematchburns,heatandlightaregivenoff.

火柴燃烧时发出光和热。(fromthesubjecttotheobject)Thissortofstonehasarelativedensityof2.7.

这种石头的相对密度是2.7。(fromtheobjecttothesubject)Thebabydoubleditsweightinayear.

婴儿的体重一年中长了一倍。(fromthesubjecttotheattributive)Shebehavesasifshewereachild.

她的举止像是个孩子。(fromthepredicatetothesubject)5、ConversionofSentenceElementsThemasteryoflanguageisnoteasyandrequirespainstakingefforts.语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。Theadoptionofthisnewdevicewillgreatlycutdownthepercentageofdefectiveproducts.采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。

TimetoPractice他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。ThebookisareflectionofChinesesocietyinthe1930s.这本书反映了30年代的中国社会。 Boysthinkdifferentlyfromgirls.男孩与女孩的思维方式不同。

•Inhisspeechhelaidspecialemphasisonraisingthequalityoftheproducts.Theydonotknowathingaboutfactorywork,noraboutfarmwork.,noraboutmilitaryaffairs.他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗

Hewasaregularvisitor.他以前经常来。Independentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。

TimetoPracticeAppreciation---PoetryTranslation明月几时有，把酒问青天。不知天上宫阙，今夕是何年。我欲乘风归去，又恐琼楼玉宇，高处不胜寒，

起舞弄清影，何似在人间。转朱阁，低绮户，照无眠。不应有恨，何事长向别时圆。

人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺，此事古难全。但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。水调歌头

(苏轼)明月几时有，把酒问青天。不知天上宫阙，今夕是何年。Appreciation---PoetryTranslationWhenwillthemoonbeclearandbright?

Withacupofwineinmyhand,Iaskthebluesky.

Idon'tknowwhatseasonitwouldbeintheheavensonthisnight.Howlongwillthefullmoonappear？Winecupinhand,Iaskthesky.IdonotknowwhattimeoftheyearTwouldbetonightinthepalaceonhigh.

Howrarethemoon,soroundandclear!Withcupinhand,Iaskofthebluesky,"Idonotknowinthecelestial(天空的)sphereWhatnamethisfestivenightgoesby？”

许渊冲先生译作林语堂先生译作我欲乘风归去，又恐琼楼玉宇，高处不胜寒，起舞弄清影，何似在人间。Appreciation---PoetryTranslationI‘dliketoridethewindtoflyhome.

YetIfearthecrystalandjade

mansionsaremuchtoohighand