历年托福考试阅读习题汇总含答案

历年托福考试阅读习题汇总含答案历年托福考试阅读习题汇总含答案32/32历年托福考试阅读习题汇总含答案***0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question1-11Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterialisexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothesebacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?Evenuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonlivingmatter.ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructurespresentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedidthisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.Aftertheguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithadtrappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteurfoundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom0.1mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycouldnotbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginatedfromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthat1******thesebodiesareconstantly(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedtoboilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryforspontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butaircouldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(a)Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.(d)Pasteur’sargumentnasgtthieatheoryofspontaneousgeneration.2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof(b)developinginto(c)resistantto(d)hurtby3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto(a)benefitfrom(b)appearsimilarto2******(c)jointogetherwith(d)growfrom5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto(a)trapparticlesforanalysis(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected0.2Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested0.3TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials(c)fairlyrare(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether0.4Theword“it”inline22refersto(a)anutrientsolution(b)aglassflask(c)boiling(d)spontaneousgeneration0.5Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?(a)Asealedcontainer(b)Freshair3******(c)Heat(d)Thepresenceofnutrients0.6Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofairQuestions12-20IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmerassociety’hsero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlybyThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagoodsociety,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomicenterprise.Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.Thenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesand(15)launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagricultural4******products.Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophershadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecome(20)morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspapersthatsprangupthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsandpureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.FarmersstreamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersrespondedlesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescitiesandindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecauseofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.0.7Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(a)TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques(d)Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmer0.8Theword“depended”inline3isclosestinmeaningto(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained0.9TheauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asan5******exampleof(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment0.10Thephrase“subscribedto”icnlolisnees8tiinsmeaningto(a)contributedto(b)agreedwith(c)thoughtabout(d)expandedon0.11Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheinformationinparagraph1?(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson’vieswsofagricultureandfarmers.(b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation’seconomy.0.12Accordingtothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT(a)buildroads(b)importnewplantvarieties(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts0.13Allofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmers’meetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth(c)plantingnewcrops(d)becomingmorescientific0.14Theword“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningto(a)predictable(b)impressive6***(c)famous(d)gradual0.15Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4?(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.(b)EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.(c)ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.Question21-29ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternofsoilregions.Ingeneral,therealm’ssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioninginto“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweenthe7******two.AridAmerica’ssoilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktowardneutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.Althoughmanyofthesedrylandsoils,particularlyintheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeansettlerslearnedoveracenturyagothatwateristhemainmissingingredientinachievingtheiragriculturalpotential.Inthe1970’sc,ertainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinallyprovidedarealopportunitytoexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentralLowlandintothedrierportionsoftheGreatPlains.GlaciationalsoenhancedtherichlegacyoffertilesoilsinthecentralUnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymeltwaterandfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthemiddleMississippiValley.NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,buttheenormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentinmoderntimeshasallbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelofthehypothetical.Nonetheless,thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalidgeneralization:thenaturalvegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthedrierclimatesgiverisetoagrasslandcover.TheforestsofNorthAmericatenttomakeabroadtransitionbylatitude.IntheCanadianNorth,needle-leafforestsdominate,buttheseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossesthe(25)borderintotheNortheastUnitedStates.AsoneproceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleafvegetationbecomesdominant.AridAmericamostlyconsistsofshort-grassprairiesorstepper.TheonlyareasoftruedesertareintheSouthwest.8******21WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Thewidevarietyofclimates(B)Soiltypesandvegetationpatterns(C)Improvedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagriculture(D)Thechangeinprecipitationpatterns22Theword“spawn”inline1isclosestinmeaningto(A)distinguisheliminateprotect(D)create23Theword“partitioning”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(A)divisionmodificationopening(D)circulating24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociatedwith(A)ahighsaltcontent(B)anincreaseinfarming(C)largeamountsofrain(D)glacialmeltwater25Theword“enhanced”inline13isclosestinmeaningto(A)impliedincreasedindicated(D)informed26HowdidglacialmeltdownaffectthesoilinNorthAmerica?(A)ItredistributedthesoiltypesItaddedsalttothesoilItmadethesoilmoreneutralincontent(D)Itaddedmineralstothesoil27Thephrase“rethgiisonalizationschememovementsofglacialdeposits

”inline19referstothe(A)9******patternsofnaturalvegetationhumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironment(D)distinctionbetweenhumidAmericaandaridAmerica28Theword“transition”inline23isclosestinmeaningto(A)elevationchange(C)advantage(D)condition29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?(A)AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresenceofdeserts(B)MostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnotbeenmodifiedbyhumans(C)Theaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigation(D)GlaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchoftheMississippiValleyQuestions30-40Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveranappreciableperiod,andindeedifanobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat1/25second),thehumaneyewillnotreactintimetoseetheobject.Aphotographicemulsionthatis,alight-sensitivecoatingonphotographicfilm,paper,orglasswill,however,recordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A(5)photographicflashcanthereforebeusedtocapturehigh-speedmovementonfilmaswellastocorrectdeficienciesofthenormalsurroundinglighting.Photoflashisnowgeneratedelectronically,buttheearliestform,firstusedin1864,wasapaperbagcontainingmagnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-richsubstance,suchaspotassiumchlorate.Whenthebagwasignited,themetalburnedwithanintenseflash.Acontemporaryobserverreportedthat“thisquiteunsafedeviceseemstohavedonenothingworsethatengulftheroomin10******densesmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityandoddposes.”Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,flashbulbs,containingfinewiremadeofametal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,capableofbeingignitedinanatmosphereofpureoxygenatlowpressure,wereintroducedonlyinthe1920’asr.liIensthteypee,themetalwasseparatedfromtheoxygenbyathinglassbulb.Theflashwasfiredbypiercingthebulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontactwiththemetal,whichignitedspontaneously.Laterbulbswerefiredbyanelectricbattery,whichheatedthewirebypassingasmallcurrentthroughit.Othercombinations,suchasthepairingofoxygendifluoridewithzirconium,havealsobeenused.Ineachcaseenoughenergyisgivenoutto(20)heattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhite-hotemissionofvisiblelight.Thesmokeparticlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;butsincetheyarewhite,theycontributetothebrilliancebyreflectingthelightfromtheirstill-glowingneighbors.Aslightlybiggerformofthemetalwillburnforalongertime.30Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)ThehistoryofthephotoflashTheoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolightThetechnologyofmodernphotography(D)Thedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflash31Accordingtothepassage,1/25secondistheminimumamountoftimerequiredforthe(A)recordingofanimageonfilmgenerationofartificiallightcreationofaphotographicemulsion(D)humaneyetoreacttolight32Accordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusingaphotoflashisthatit11******(A)canproducerepeatedburstsoflightintensitiescolorsinphotographsisshortenoughnottobotherhumaneyes(D)supplementsexistinglighting33Theword“ignited”inline9isclosestningmteoa(A)setonfirecutinto(C)opened(D)shaken34Whichofthefollowingphrasesisdefinedinparagraph1?(A)”appreciableperiod”(line1)(B)”photographicemulsion”(line3)”hig-hspeedmovement”(line5)”oddposes”(line11)35Theword“evolution”inline12isclosestinmeaningto(A)publicityadoption(C)development(D)manufacture36Thefunctionoftheglassinthefirstflashbulbswasto(A)producethesparkthatinitiatedtheflashmagnifythelightproducedbytheflashprotectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflash(D)keepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforetheflash37Theword“it”inline18refersto(A)oxygenbattery(C)wire(D)current38Theword“momentarily”inline20isclosestininmgetoan(A)effortlesslybrieflyelectronically12******(D)gradually39Accordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthesmokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbcontributesto(A)rapidcooling(B)brightillumination(C)electricalconductivity(D)intenseheat40Accordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbemadetoburnlongerbyusing(A)thickerwiremoreoxygenthinnerglass(D)continuouselectricityQuestions41-50ThestylisticinnovationinpainingknownasImpressionismbeganinthe1870’sT.heImpressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawinnature,buttheywereinspiredtoportrayfragmentarymomentsbytheincreasinglyfastpaceofmodernlife.Theyconcentratedontheplayoflightoverobjects,people,andnature,breakingupseeminglysolidsurfaces,(5)stressingvividcontrastbetweencolorsinsunlightandshade,anddepictionreflectedlightinallofitspossibilities.Unlikeearlierartists,theydidnotwanttoobservetheworldfromindoors.Theyabandonedthestudio,paintingintheopenairandrecordingspontaneousImpressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutsidesketchesandthenmovingindoorstocompletetheworkformmemory.(10)SomeoftheImpressionistspa’intingmethodswereaffectedbytechnologicaladvances.Forexample,theshiftfromthestudiototheopenairwasmadepossibleinpartbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,whichpermittedeasyandquickaccesstothe13******countrysideorseashore,aswellasbynewlydevelopedchemicaldyesandoilsthatledtocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartiststofinishtheirpaintingsonthespot.(15)Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfromsupportersbutfromangryartloverswhofeltthreatenedbythenewpainting.Theterm“Impressionism”wasbornin1874,whenagroupofartistswhohadbeenworkingtogetherorganizedanexhibitionoftheirpaintingsinordertodrawpublicattentiontotheirwork.Reactionfromthepublicandpresswasimmediate,andderisive.Amongthe165paintingsexhibitedwasonecalled(20)Impression:Sunrise,byClaudeMonet(1840-1926),Viewedthroughhostileeyes,Monet’spaintingofarisingsunoveramisty,waterysceneseemedmessy,slapdash,andanaffronttogoodtaste.BorrowingMonetstitle,artc’riticsextendedtheterm“Impressionismto”theentireexhibit.Inresponse,Monetandhis29fellowartistsintheexhibitadoptedthesamenameasabadgeoftheirunity,despiteindividualdifferences.Fromthenuntil1886Impressionismhadallthezealofa“church”,asthepainterRenoirputit.MonetwasfaithfultotheImpressionistcreeduntilhisdeath,althoughmanyoftheothersmovedontonewstyles.41Whataspectofpaintinginthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Theimpactofsomeartists’resistancetothefastpaceofli