托福考试阅读冲刺试题2022

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In1972,acenturyafterthefirstnationalparkintheUnitedStateswasestablishedatYellowstone,legislationwaspassedtocreatetheNationalMarineSanctuariesProgram.Theintentofthislegislationwastoprovideprotectiontoselectedcoastalhabitatssimilartothatexistingforlandareasdesignatedasnationalparks.Thedesignationofanareasmarinesanctuaryindicatesthatitisaprotectedarea,justasanationalparkis.Peoplearepermittedtovisitandobservethere,butlivingorganismsandtheirenvironmentsmaynotbeharmedorremoved.

TheNationalMarineSanctuariesProgramisadministeredbytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,abranchoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerce.Initially,70siteswereproposedascandidatesforsanctuarystatus.Twoandahalfdecadeslater,onlyfifteensanctuarieshadbeendesignated,withhalfoftheseestablishedafter1978.Theyrangeinsizefromtheverysmalllessthan1squarekilometerFagateleBayNationalMarineSanctuaryinAmericanSamoatotheMontereyBayNationalMarineSanctuaryinCalifornia,extendingover15,744squarekilometers.

TheNationalMarineSanctuariesProgramisacrucialpartofnewmanagementpracticesinwhichwholecommunitiesofspecies,andnotjustinpidualspecies,areofferedsomedegreeofprotectionfromhabitatdegradationandoverexploitation.Onlyinthiswaycanareasonabledegreeofmarinespeciespersitybemaintainedinasettingthatalsomaintainsthenaturalinterrelationshipsthatexistamongthesespecies.

SeveralothertypesofmarineprotectedareasexistintheUnitedStatesandothercountries.TheNationalEstuarineResearchReserveSystem,managedbytheUnitedStatesgovernment,includes23designatedandprotectedestuaries.OutsidetheUnitedStates,marineprotected-areaprogramsexistasmarineparks,reserves,andpreserves.Over100designatedareasexistaroundtheperipheryoftheCaribbeanSea.Othersrangefromthewell-knownAustralianGreatBarrierReefMarineParktolesser-knownparksincountriessuchasThailandandIndonesia,wheretourismisplacinggrowingpressuresonfragilecoralreefsystems.Asstate,national,andinternationalagenciescometorecognizetheimportanceofconservingmarinebiopersity,marineprojectedareas.whetherassanctuaries,parks,orestuarinereserves,willplayanincreasinglyimportantroleinpreservingthatpersity.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

ADifferencesamongmarineparks,sanctuaries,andreserves

BVariousmarineconservationprograms

CInternationalagreementsoncoastalprotection

DSimilaritiesbetweenlandandseaprotectedenvironments

2.Thewordintentinline3isclosestinmeaningto

Arepetition

Bapproval

Cgoal

Drevision

3.Thewordadministeredinline8isclosestinmeaningto

Amanaged

Brecognized

Copposed

Djustified

4.Thewordtheseinline11refersto

Asites

Bcandidates

Cdecades

Dsanctuaries

5.ThepassagementionstheMontereyBayNationalMarineSanctuarylines13-14asanexampleofasanctuarythat

Aisnotwellknow

Bcoversalargearea

CissmallerthantheFagateleBayNationalMarineSanctuary

Dwasnotoriginallyproposedforsanctuarystatus

6.Accordingtothepassage,whenwastheNationalMarineSanctuariesProgramestablished?

Abefore1972

Bafter1987

Conehundredyearsbeforenationalparkswereestablished

DonehundredyearsafterYellowstoneNationalParkwasestablished

7.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingareachievementsoftheNationalMarineSanctuariesProgramEXCEPT

Athediscoveryofseveralnewmarineorganisms

Bthepreservationofconnectionsbetweeninpidualmarinespecies

Ctheprotectionofcoastalhabitats

Dtheestablishmentofareaswherethepubliccanobservemarinelife

8.Thewordperipheryinline24isclosestinmeaningto

Adepth

Blandmass

Cwarmhabitat

Douteredge

9.Thepassagementionswhichofthefo