技术创新与RIZ理论

协调性法则：实例结构不协调性能参数之间不协调动态性进化法则技术系统应该沿着结构柔性、可移动性、可控制性增加的方向进化。提高柔性子法则提高可移动性子法则提高可控性子法则1.提高柔性子法则单铰链多铰链刚体柔性体气体液体场粉末有两种特性的刚体实例：键盘提高可移动性子法则技术系统应该沿着系统整体可移动性增强的方向进化。不可动部分可动高度可动整体可动可移动性进化路线实例不可动部分可动高度可动整体可动提高可控性子法则技术系统应该沿着系统整体可控制性增强的方向进化。（利用中介物）（引入反馈机制）（智能反馈）直接控制间接控制反馈控制自我控制子系统不均衡进化法则发动机功率小，机翼面积大发动机功率提高，机翼面积减小早期一战期间发动机功率进一步提高二战结束近现代后掠翼三角翼任何技术系统所包含的各个子系统都不是同步、均衡进化的，每个子系统都是沿着自己的S曲线向前发展；这种不均衡的进化常常导致子系统之间出现矛盾；整个技术系统的进化速度取决于系统中发展最慢的子系统的进化速度；子系统不均衡进化法则一只木桶，最短的一片决定其容量！向微观级进化法则电子管收音机晶体管收音机集成电路收音机技术系统是沿着减小其元件尺寸的方向进化的。向超系统统进化法法则A、技术系系统沿着着以下路路线进化化：单系统→→双系系统→多多系统B、当技术术系统进进化到极极限的时时候，系系统中实实现某项项功能的的子系统统会从系系统中被被剥离出出来，转转移到超超系统中中，成为为超系统统的一部部分。在在该子系系统的功功能得到到增强的的同时，，也简化化了原有有的技术术系统。。12产品进化化13不同产品品技术的的进化路路径刚性单铰链多铰链柔性气体、液液体场有规律可可循（道亦有有道）14WashingMachine:FunctionStructureLoosendirtSeparatedirtRemovedirtWaterDetergent洗净剂WaterremoveWaterWaterDirtywaterDryClothesHotairMoistairSoiledclothesCleanClothesSmoothClothesRobot松散分离15技术预测测技术进化化定律给给出了技技术进化化的一般般方向，，但没有有给出每每个方向向进化的的细节。。每条定定律之下下有多条条技术进进化路线线，每条条技术进进化路线线由技术术所处的的不同状状态构成成，表明明了技术术进化由由低级向向高级进进化的过过程，提提供了技技术预测测的功能能。16技术预测测工程系统统的进化化遵循一一定的技技术进化化模式和和规律。。这就是是说，技术系统统的发展展（在一一定限度度内）是是可预测测的。17四、技术术创新方方法（TRIZ理论）问题100万只青椒椒要去籽籽做罐头头，有什什么好的的办法呢呢？解决方案案置于压力力锅内，，先升至至6psi，后后急急速降至至2psi其他问题题类似的的解决方方案坚果工业业化加工工原理葵花籽工工业化加加工原理理工程矛盾盾往复出出现（道法自自然）人们不断断的用相相同的方方法来解解决来自自于不同同领域的的“相同同”问题题。解决问题题的规律律性在不同的的时代，，不同的的技术系系统中，，同样的的问题反反复出现现，相同同的解决决方法被被反复使使用！（它山之之石，可可以攻玉玉）前苏联的的专利20万4万DescriptiveTitleCurrentDesignPurposeofInventionSolutionDescriptionPictureofDesign发明的级级别Level1:显而易见见的解(32%)常规的解解决方法法没有解决决矛盾专业范围围内已经经熟知的的方法试错次数数:1~20Level2:小的改进进(45%)对现有系系统进行行小的改改进部分解决决矛盾，，通常有有妥协行业范围围内已经经熟知的的方法试错次数数:20~100Level3:根本性的的改进(18%)对现有系系统进行行根本性性改进解决矛盾盾行业范围围外已知知的方法法试错次数数:100~1,000Level4:全新的概概念(4%)使用新的的原理实实现系统统主要功功能不是在技技术方面面，而是是在科学学方面找找到更多多的解决决方案试错次数数:1,000~10,000Level5:科学发现现(<1%)科学发现全新的系统统－开拓性性创新试错次数:10,000~100,000为提高防寒寒效果：双双层玻璃为减轻重量量，将斧头头柄做成空空心的电动控制系系统代替机机械控制系系统内燃机替代代蒸汽机飞机、计算算机重要结论：：95%的问题可以以依靠已有的知识识体系来解解决40个创新原理理01、分割原理理02、抽取原理理03、局部质量量原理04、增加不对对称性原理理05、组合，合合并原理06、多用性原原理07、嵌套原理理08、重量补偿偿原理09、预先反作作用原理10、预先作用用原理11、预先防范范原理12、等势原理理13、反向作用用原理14、曲面化原原理15、动态特性性原理16、未达到或或过度的作作用原理17、空间维数数变化原理理18、机械振动动原理19、周期性作作用原理20、有效作用用的连续性性原理21、减少有害害作用的时时间原理22、变害为利利原理23、反馈原理理24、借助中介介物原理25、自服务原原理26、复制原理理27、廉价替代代品原理28、机械系统统替代原理理29、气动与液液压结构原原理30、柔性壳体体或薄膜原原理31、多孔材料料原理32、颜色改变变，拟态原原理33、均质性原原理34、抛弃或再再生原理35、物理或化化学参数改改变原理36、相变原理理37、热膨胀原原理38、加速氧化化原理39、惰性环境境原理40、复合材料料原理原理1：分割A、一个物体体分割成几几个独立的的部分B、使物体成成易于组装装和拆卸几几部分C、提高物体体的分割程程度椿头分割为为砂粒以分分散受力奶粉分装盒盒临时交通灯灯的电杆原理3：局部质量量A、将均匀的的物体结构构或外部环环境变成不不均匀的B、让物体的的各部分执行不同的的功能C、使物体的的各部分具有不同的的功能尘土过滤器器婴儿勺超声波钻孔孔机为降低温度度，核心部部分用导热热材料，外围部分用用耐磨材料料原理7：嵌套A、把一个物体体嵌入第二二个物体，，然后将这这两个物体体再嵌入第第三个物体体，依此类类推B、一物体穿过过另一物体体的空腔俄罗斯套娃娃原理8：重量补偿偿A、将物体与另另一具有升升力的物体体组合，来来补偿物体体的重量B、利用外部环环境（空气气动力或流流体动力或或其它力））来补偿物物体的重量量

借力（重量补偿）

利用浮力（环境补偿）原理12：：等势在势能场中中限制位置置改变（即即在重力场场中改善运运作状态）），以减少少物体提升升或下降三峡大坝五五级船闸原理31：多孔材料料A、使物体多孔孔或添加多多孔元素（（嵌入其中中或涂层））B、如果已经是是多孔的物物体，则利利用这些孔孔，引入有有用的物质质或功能焦炭用药棉沾药药水擦伤口口四种工具：：创新原理——技术矛盾分离方法——物理矛盾标准解系统统——标准问题科学原理/效应库——“Howto…”创新原理——技术矛盾产品技术矛矛盾改进产品或或工艺流程程的某一特特性时常常常引起其它它特性恶化化参数A参数B技术矛盾是是两个参数数之间的矛矛盾：对参数A的改善，导导致参数B的恶化实例：折叠叠椅为了提高折折叠椅的承承受能力，，最简单的的方法就是是将其主要要的支撑部部件加粗，，但如此一一来却增加加了整个系系统的重量量。折叠椅强度折叠椅的重量矛盾强度运动对象的重量技术矛盾用来对技术术系统中出出现的技术术矛盾进行行分类；寻找“通用用”技术参参数的目的的：39个通用技术术参数来自于不同同技术领域域的众多参数数39个具有代表表性的参数数归纳、总结结39个通用技术术参数01、运动对象象的重量02、静止对象象的重量03、运动对象象的长度04、静止对象象的长度05、运动对象象的面积06、静止对象象的面积07、运动对象象的体积08、静止对象象的体积09、速度10、力11、应力或压压力12、形状13、稳定性14、强度15、运动对象的的作用时间16、静止对象的的作用时间17、温度18、照度19、运动对象的的能量消耗20、静止对象的的能量消耗21、功率22、能量的无效效损耗23、物质的无效效损耗24、信息损失25、时间的无效效损耗26、物质的量27、可靠性28、测量的精确确性29、制造精度30、作用于对象象的有害因素素31、对象产生的的有害因素32、可制造性33、可操作性34、可维修性35、适应性及通通用性36、对象的复杂杂性37、检测的复杂杂性38、自动化程度度39、生产率矛盾矩阵将技术矛盾分分类；将解决每种技技术矛盾最常常用的创新原原理找出来；；建一个表来描描述技术矛盾盾与创新原理理之间的对应应关系。在解决不同类类型的技术矛矛盾时，不同同的创新原理理使用的频率率是不同的！！矛盾矩阵恶化的参数数改善的参数数

运动对象的重量静止对象的重量运动对象的长度静止对象的长度运动对象的面积静止对象的面积运动对象的体积静止对象的体积速度力应力或压力形状对象的稳定性强度运动对象的作用时间静止对象的作用时间温度照度运动对象所需的能量静止对象所需的能量功率能量的无效损耗物质的无效损耗信息的损失时间的无效损耗物质的量可靠性测量的精确性制造精度作用于对象的外部有害影响对象产生的有害因素可制造性可操作性可维修性适应性或多功能性对象的复杂性检测的难度自动化程度生产率

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383901、分割原理1运动对象的重量+

15,8,29,34

29,17,38,34

29,2,40,28

2,8,15,388,10,18,3710,36,37,4010,14,35,401,35,19,3928,27,18,405,34,31,35

6,29,4,3819,1,3235,12,34,31

12,36,18,316,2,34,195,35,3,3110,24,3510,35,20,283,26,18,313,11,1,2728,27,35,2628,35,26,1822,21,18,2722,35,31,3927,28,1,3635,3,2,242,27,28,1129,5,15,826,30,36,3428,29,26,3226,3518,1935,3,24,3702、抽取原理2静止对象的重量

+

10,1,29,35

35,30,13,2

5,35,14,2

8,10,19,3513,29,10,1813,10,29,1426,39,1,4028,2,10,27

2,27,19,628,19,32,2219,32,35

18,19,28,115,19,18,2218,19,28,155,8,13,3010,15,3510,20,35,2619,6,18,2610,28,8,318,26,2810,1,35,172,19,22,3735,22,1,3928,1,96,13,1,322,27,28,1119,15,291,10,26,3925,28,17,152,26,351,28,15,3503、局部质量原理3运动对象的长度8,15,29,34

+

15,17,4

7,17,4,35

13,4,817,10,41,8,351,8,10,291,8,15,348,35,29,3419

10,15,19328,35,24

1,357,2,35,394,29,23,101,2415,2,2929,3510,14,29,4028,32,410,28,29,371,15,17,2417,151,29,1715,29,35,41,28,1014,15,1,161,19,26,2435,1,26,2417,24,26,1614,4,28,2904、增加不对称性原理4静止对象的长度

35,28,40,29

+

17,7,10,40

35,8,2,14

28,101,14,3513,14,15,739,37,3515,14,28,26

1,40,353,35,38,183,25

12,86,2810,28,24,3524,26,30,29,14

15,29,2832,28,32,32,101,18

15,17,272,2531,351,2626

30,14,7,2605、组合原理5运动对象的面积2,17,29,4

14,15,18,4

+

7,14,17,4

29,30,4,3419,30,35,210,15,36,285,34,29,411,2,13,393,15,40,146,3

2,15,1615,32,19,1319,32

19,10,32,1815,17,30,2610,35,2,3930,2626,429,30,6,1329,926,28,32,32,3222,33,28,117,2,18,3913,1,26,2415,17,13,1615,13,10,115,3014,1,132,36,26,1814,30,28,2310,26,34,206、多功能性原理6静止对象的面积

30,2,14,18

26,7,9,39

+

1,18,35,3610,15,36,37

2,3840

2,10,19,3035,39,38

17,3217,7,3010,14,18,3930,1610,35,4,182,18,40,432,35,40,426,28,32,32,29,18,3627,2,39,3522,1,4040,1616,41615,161,18,362,35,30,182310,15,17,707、嵌套原理7运动对象的体积2,26,29,40

1,7,4,35

1,7,4,17

+

29,4,38,3415,35,36,376,35,36,371,15,29,428,10,1,399,14,15,76,35,4

34,39,10,182,13,1035

35,6,13,187,15,13,1636,39,34,102,222,6,34,1029,30,714,1,40,1125,26,2825,28,2,1622,21,27,3517,2,40,129,1,4015,13,30,121015,2926,129,26,435,34,16,2410,6,2,3408、重量补偿原理8静止对象的体积

35,10,19,1419,1435,8,2,14

+

2,18,3724,357,2,3534,28,35,409,14,17,15

35,34,3835,6,4

30,6

10,39,35,34

35,16,321835,32,35,16

35,10,2534,39,19,2730,18,35,435

1

1,312,17,26

35,37,10,209、预先反作用原理9速度2,28,13,38

13,14,8

29,30,34

7,29,34

+13,28,15,196,18,38,4035,15,18,3428,33,1,188,3,26,143,19,35,5

28,30,36,210,13,198,15,35,38

19,35,38,214,20,19,3510,13,28,3813,26

10,19,29,3811,35,27,2828,32,1,2410,28,32,251,28,35,232,24,35,2135,13,8,132,28,13,1234,2,28,2715,10,2610,28,4,343,34,27,1610,18

10、预先作用原理10力8,1,37,1818,13,1,2817,19,9,3628,1019,10,151,18,36,3715,9,12,372,36,18,3713,28,15,12+18,21,1110,35,40,3435,10,2135,10,14,2719,2

35,10,21

19,17,101,16,36,3719,35,18,3714,158,35,40,5

10,37,3614,29,18,363,35,13,2135,10,23,2428,29,37,361,35,40,1813,3,36,2415,37,18,11,28,3,2515,1,1115,17,18,2026,35,10,1836,37,10,192,353,28,35,3711、预补偿原理11应力或压力10,36,37,4013,29,10,1835,10,3635,1,14,1610,15,36,2810,15,36,376,35,1035,246,35,3636,35,21+35,4,15,1035,33,2,409,18,3,4019,3,27

35,39,19,2

14,24,10,37

10,35,142,36,2510,36,3,37

37,36,410,14,3610,13,19,356,28,253,3522,2,372,33,27,181,35,161123519,1,352,36,3735,2410,14,35,3712、等势原理12形状8,10,29,4015,10,26,329,34,5,413,14,10,75,34,4,10

14,4,15,227,2,3535,15,34,1835,10,37,4034,15,10,14+33,1,18,430,14,10,4014,26,9,25

22,14,19,3213,15,322,6,34,14

4,6,21435,29,3,5

14,10,34,1736,2210,40,1628,32,132,30,4022,1,2,3535,11,32,17,2832,15,262,13,11,15,2916,29,1,2815,13,3915,1,3217,26,34,1013、反向作用原理13对象的稳定性21,35,2,3926,39,1,4013,15,1,28372,11,133928,10,19,3934,28,35,4033,15,28,1810,35,21,162,35,4022,1,18,4+17,9,1513,27,10,3539,3,35,2335,1,3232,3,27,1513,1927,4,29,1832,35,27,3114,2,39,62,14,30,40

35,2715,32,35

131835,24,30,1835,40,27,3935,1932,35,302,35,10,1635,30,34,22,35,22,2635,22,39,231,8,3523,35,40,314、曲率增加原理14强度1,8,40,1540,26,27,11,15,8,3515,14,28,263,34,40,299,40,2810,15,14,79,14,17,158,13,26,1410,18,3,1410,3,18,4010,30,35,4013,17,35+27,3,26

30,10,4035,1919,35,103510,26,35,283535,28,31,40

29,3,28,1029,10,2711,33,27,163,2718,35,37,115,35,22,211,3,10,3232,40,28,227,11,315,3,322,13,25,2827,3,15,401529,35,10,1415、动态特性原理15运动对象的作用时间19,5,34,31

2,19,9

3,17,19

10,2,19,30

3,35,519,2,1619,3,2714,26,28,2513,3,3527,3,10+

19,35,392,19,4,3528,6,35,18

19,10,35,38

28,27,3,181020,10,28,183,35,10,4011,2,1333,27,16,4022,15,33,2821,39,16,2227,1,412,2729,10,271,35,1310,4,29,1519,29,39,356,1035,17,14,1916、未达到或过度的作用原理16静止对象的作用时间

6,27,19,16

1,40,35

35,34,38

39,3,35,23

+19,18,36,40

16

27,16,18,381028,20,10,163,35,3134,27,6,4010,26,24

17,1,40,332235,10112

25,34,6,35120,10,16,3817、空间维数变化原理17温度36,22,6,3822,35,3215,19,915,19,93,35,39,1835,3834,39,40,1835,6,42,28,36,3035,10,3,2135,39,19,214,22,19,321,35,3210,30,22,4019,13,3919,18,36,40+32,30,21,1619,15,3,17

2,14,17,2521,17,35,3821,36,29,31

35,28,21,183,17,30,3919,35,3,1032,19,242422,33,35,222,35,2,2426,2726,274,10,162,18,272,17,163,27,35,3126,2,19,1615,28,3518、机械振动原理18照度19,1,322,35,3219,32,16

19,32,26

2,13,10

10,13,1926,19,6

32,3032,3,2735,192,19,6

32,35,19+32,1,1932,35,1,153213,16,1,613,11,619,1,26,171,19

11,15,323,3215,1935,19,32,3919,35,28,2628,26,1915,17,13,1615,1,196,32,1332,152,26,102,25,1619、周期性作用原理19运动对象所需的能量12,18,28,31

12,28

15,19,25

35,13,18

8,15,3516,26,21,223,14,2512,2,2919,13,17,245,19,9,3528,35,6,18-19,24,3,142,15,19+-6,19,37,1812,22,15,2435,24,18,5

35,38,19,1834,23,16,1819,21,11,273,1,32

1,35,6,272,35,628,26,3019,351,15,17,2815,17,13,162,29,27,2835,3832,212,28,3520、有益作用的连续性原理20静止对象所需的能量

19,9,6,27

36,37

27,4,29,1835

19,2,35,32-+

28,27,18,31

3,35,3110,36,23

10,2,22,3719,22,181,4

19,35,16,25

1,621、减少有害作用的时间21功率8,36,38,3119,26,17,271,10,35,37

19,3817,32,13,3835,6,3830,6,2515,35,226,2,36,3522,10,3529,14,2,4035,32,15,3126,10,2819,35,10,38162,14,17,2516,6,1916,6,19,37

+10,35,3828,27,18,3810,1935,20,10,64,34,1919,24,26,3132,15,232,219,22,31,22,35,1826,10,3426,35,1035,2,10,3419,17,3420,19,30,3419,35,1628,2,1728,35,3422、变害为利原理22能量的无效损耗15,6,19,2819,6,18,97,2,6,136,38,715,26,17,3017,7,30,187,18,23716,35,3836,38

14,2,39,626

19,38,71,13,32,15

3,38+35,27,2,3719,1010,18,32,77,18,2511,10,3532

21,22,35,221,35,2,22

35,32,12,19

7,2335,3,15,23228,10,29,3523、反馈原理23物质的无效损耗35,6,23,4035,6,22,3214,29,10,3910,28,2435,2,10,3110,18,39,311,29,30,363,39,18,3110,13,28,3814,15,18,403,36,37,1029,35,3,52,14,30,4035,28,31,4028,27,3,1827,16,18,3821,36,39,311,6,1335,18,24,528,27,12,3128,27,18,3835,27,2,31+

15,18,35,106,3,10,2410,29,39,3516,34,31,2835,10,24,3133,22,30,4010,1,34,2915,34,3332,28,2,242,35,34,2715,10,235,10,28,2435,18,10,1335,10,1828,35,10,2324、借助中介物原理24信息的损失10,24,3510,35,51,262630,2630,16

2,2226,32

1010

19

10,1919,10

+24,26,28,3224,28,3510,28,23

22,10,110,21,223227,22

35,333513,23,1525、自服务原理25时间的无效损耗10,20,37,3510,20,26,515,2,2930,24,14,526,4,5,1610,35,17,42,5,34,1035,16,32,18

10,37,36,537,36,44,10,34,1735,3,22,529,3,28,1820,10,28,1828,20,10,1635,29,21,181,19,26,1735,38,19,18135,20,10,610,5,18,3235,18,10,3924,26,28,32+35,38,18,1610,30,424,34,28,3224,26,28,1835,18,3435,22,18,3935,28,34,44,28,10,3432,1,1035,286,2918,28,32,1024,28,35,30

26、复制原理26物质的量35,6,18,3127,26,18,3529,14,35,18

15,14,292,18,40,415,20,29

35,29,34,2835,14,310,36,14,335,1415,2,17,4014,35,34,103,35,10,403,35,313,17,39

34,29,16,183,35,31357,18,256,3,10,2424,28,3535,38,18,16+18,3,28,4013,2,2833,3035,33,29,313,35,40,3929,1,35,2735,29,25,102,32,10,2515,3,293,13,27,103,27,29,188,3513,29,3,2727、廉价替代品原理27可靠性3,8,10,403,10,8,2815,9,14,415,29,28,1117,10,14,1632,35,40,43,10,14,242,35,2421,35,11,288,28,10,310,24,35,1935,1,16,1111,282,35,3,2534,27,6,403,35,1011,32,1321,11,27,1936,2321,11,26,3110,11,3510,35,29,3910,2810,30,421,28,40,3+32,3,11,2311,32,127,35,2,4035,2,40,26

27,17,401,1113,35,8,2413,35,127,40,2811,13,271,35,29,3828、机械系统替代原理28测量的精确性32,35,26,2828,35,25,2628,26,5,1632,28,3,1626,28,32,326,28,32,332,13,628,13,32,2432,26,28,326,28,3232,35,1328,6,3228,6,3210,26,246,19,28,246,1,323,6,32

3,6,3226,32,2710,16,31,28

24,34,28,322,6,325,11,1,23+

28,24,22,263,33,39,106,35,25,181,13,17,341,32,13,1113,35,227,35,10,3426,24,32,2828,2,10,3410,34,28,3229、气动与液压结构原理29制造精度28,32,13,1828,35,27,910,28,29,372,32,1028,33,29,322,29,18,3632,28,225,10,3510,28,3228,19,34,363,3532,30,4030,183,273,27,40

19,263,3232,2

32,213,32,235,31,10,24

32,26,28,1832,3011,32,1

+26,28,10,364,17,34,26

1,32,35,2325,10

26,2,18

26,28,18,2310,18,32,3930、柔性壳体或薄膜原理30作用于对象的外部有害影响22,21,27,392,22,13,2417,1,39,41,1822,1,33,2827,2,39,3522,23,37,3534,39,19,2721,22,35,2813,35,39,1822,2,3722,1,3,3535,24,30,1818,35,37,122,15,33,2817,1,40,3322,33,35,21,19,32,131,24,6,2710,2,22,3719,22,31,221,22,35,233,22,19,4022,10,235,18,3435,33,29,3127,24,2,4028,33,23,2626,28,10,18+

24,35,22,25,28,3935,10,235,11,22,3122,19,29,4022,19,29,4033,3,3422,35,13,2431、多孔材料原理31对象产生的有害因素19,22,15,3935,22,1,3917,15,16,22

17,2,18,3922,1,4017,2,4030,18,35,435,28,3,2335,28,1,402,33,27,1835,135,40,27,3915,35,22,215,22,33,3121,39,16,2222,35,2,2419,24,39,322,35,619,22,182,35,1821,35,2,2210,1,3410,21,291,223,24,39,124,2,40,393,33,264,17,34,26

+

19,1,312,21,27,1222,35,18,3932、颜色改变原理32可制造性28,29,15,161,27,36,131,29,13,1715,17,2713,1,26,1216,4013,29,1,403535,13,8,135,1235,19,1,371,28,13,2711,13,11,3,10,3227,1,435,1627,26,1828,24,27,128,26,27,11,427,1,12,2419,3515,34,3332,24,18,1635,28,34,435,23,1,24

1,35,12,18

24,2

+2,5,13,1635,1,11,92,13,1527,26,16,28,11,18,28,135,1,10,2833、同质性原理33可操作性25,2,13,156,13,1,251,17,13,12

1,17,13,1618,16,15,391,16,35,154,18,39,3118,13,3428,13352,32,1215,34,29,2832,35,3032,40,3,2829,3,8,251,16,2526,27,1313,17,1,241,13,24

35,34,2,102,19,1328,32,2,244,10,27,224,28,10,3412,3517,27,8,4025,13,2,341,32,35,232,25,28,39

2,5,12+12,26,1,3215,34,1,1632,26,12,17

1,34,12,315,1,2834、抛弃和再生原理34可维修性2,2735,112,27,35,111,28,10,253,18,3115,13,3216,2525,2,35,11134,91,11,10131,13,2,42,3511,1,2,911,29,28,2714,1015,1,1315,1,28,16

15,10,32,215,1,32,192,35,34,27

32,1,10,252,28,10,2511,10,1,1610,2,1325,1035,10,2,16

1,35,11,101,12,26,15+7,1,4,1635,1,13,11

34,35,7,131,32,1035、物理或化学参数改变原理35适应性或多功能性1,6,15,819,15,29,1635,1,29,21,35,1635,30,29,715,1615,35,29

35,10,1415,17,2035,1615,37,1,835,30,1435,3,32,613,1,352,1627,2,3,356,22,26,119,35,29,13

19,1,2918,15,115,10,2,13

35,283,35,1535,13,8,2435,5,1,10

35,11,32,31

1,13,3115,34,1,161,16,7,4+15,29,37,28127,34,3535,28,6,3736、相变原理36对象的复杂性26,30,34,362,26,35,391,19,26,242614,1,13,166,3634,26,61,1634,10,2826,1619,1,3529,13,28,152,22,17,192,13,2810,4,28,15

2,17,1324,17,1327,2,29,28

20,19,30,3410,35,13,235,10,28,29

6,2913,3,27,1013,35,12,26,10,3426,24,3222,19,29,4019,127,26,1,1327,9,26,241,1329,15,28,37+15,10,37,2815,1,2412,17,2837、热膨胀原理37检测的难度27,26,28,136,13,28,116,17,26,24262,13,18,172,39,30,1629,1,4,162,18,26,313,4,16,3536,28,40,1935,36,37,3227,13,1,3911,22,39,3027,3,15,2819,29,39,2525,34,6,353,27,35,162,24,2635,3819,35,1619,1,16,1035,3,15,191,18,10,2435,33,27,2218,28,32,93,27,29,1827,40,28,826,24,32,2822,19,29,282,215,28,11,292,512,261,1515,10,37,28+34,2135,1838、强氧化剂原理38自动化程度28,26,18,3528,26,35,1014,13,17,282317,14,13

35,13,16

28,102,3513,3515,32,1,1318,125,136,9

26,2,198,32,192,32,13

28,2,2723,2835,10,18,535,3324,28,35,3035,1311,27,3228,26,10,3428,26,18,232,3321,26,131,12,34,31,35,1327,4,1,3515,24,1034,27,25+5,12,35,2639、惰性环境原