2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

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SectionI UseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition_1_manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour_2_inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh34whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood._5_peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat_6_pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstinctthatpromptshumansto�7-withonehavefoundthatexposure_8_thisusinatrusting____2_:InaSwissstudy,sprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse._1_1_forus,wealsohaveasixthefordishonestythatmay___lLus.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,"What'sinhere?"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,"Wow!"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe"20"testerparticipatedinafollow-up[A]on [B]like [C]for [D]from[A]faith [B]concern [C]attention [D]interest[A]benefit [B]debt [C]hope [D]price[A]Therefore [B]Then [C]Instead [D]Again[A]Until [B]Unless [C]Although [D]When[A]selects [B]produces [C]applies [D]maintains[A]consult [B]compete [C]connect [D]compare[A]at [B]by [C]of [D]to[A]context [B]mood [C]period [D]circle[A]counterparts [B]substitutes [C]colleagues [D]supporters[A]Funny [B]Lucky [C]Odd [D]Ironic[A]monitor [B]protect [C]surprise [D]delight[A]between [B]within [C]toward [D]over[A]transferred [B]added [C]introduced [D]entrusted[A]out [B]back [C]around [D]inside[A]discovered [B]proved [C]insisted [D]remembered[A]betrayed [B]wronged [C]fooled [D]mocked[A]forced [B]willing [C]hesitant [D]entitled[A]Incontrast [B]Asaresult [C]Onthewhole [D]Forinstance[A]inflexible [B]incapable [C]unreliable [D]unsuitableSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering-havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums-fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.schoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow­wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.But--PAGE5-Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?Leadingpoliticians.Low-wagelaborers.Robotowners.Middle-classworkers.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheauthor'sview?Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasisoncreativeerativespirit.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedatencouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.Intext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwithopposingviewsonit.possiblesolutionstoit.itsalarmingimpacts.itsmajorvariations.Text2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersources,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives-especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills-andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocial--PAGE6-AccordingtoParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtsonthejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.theadministration'sabilitytohandleinformation.socialmediaasareliablesourceofnews.Thephrase"beefup"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningtosharpen.define.boast.share.AccordingtotheKnightFoundationsurvey,youngpeopletendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.verifynewsbyreferringtodiversesources.haveastrongsenseofresponsibility.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust".TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemisreaders'outdatedvalues.joumalists'biasedreporting.readers'misinterpretation.journalists'made-upstories.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalI--PAGE7-Text3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit"controlled"thedataandDeepMindmerely"processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdrugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmahasdone.arestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmaytumouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.Ms--PAGE9-WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatients'rights.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwithemptypromises.toughresistance.necessaryadjustments.sincereapologies.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2thatprivacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingmakingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegal.thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofAccordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealistheviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacytheuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareisambiguous.cautious.appreciative.contemptuous.Text4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanyreasonsthisformerlystablefederalinstitutionfindsitselfatthebrinkofbankruptcy.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewreality.Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimateoverseer-Congress-insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved-Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers-hasfinallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per­letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunions.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate-wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,notcomprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80percentofthecosts.AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperButpostalspecial­interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey're--PAGE10-ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlybyitsunbalancedbudget.itsrigidmanagement.thecostfortechnicalupgrading.thewithdrawalofbanksupport.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfduetotheinterferencefrominterestgroups.theinadequatefundingfromCongress.theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.theincompetenceofpostalunions.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedbyremovingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.attractingmorefirst-classmailusers.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswithrespect.tolerance.discontent.gratitude.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays.ThePostalService:KeepfromMyCheese.TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure.ThePostalServiceNeedsMoreThanaBand-A--PAGE13-PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]InDecemberof1869,CongressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments.TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneofl871.[A]Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwmgwasthefirsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury-theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasuryBuilding.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding.45.41. 1-1 C 1-1 42. 1-1 3. I-[I]-4. 1-1 45.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.(46)BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,school,organizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplying