UniGifGivingandReceivingEiquee送礼与受礼礼仪

UnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquette送礼与受礼礼仪FocalPoints1.Howtogiveandreceivegiftsinbusiness2.Howtochooseappropriategiftsfordifferentoccasions3.GeneralgiftingtipsContentsLeadin1ReadingA2ReadingB3ReadingC45ExercisesTestyourcrossculturalgift-givingetiquette.Warming-up1.IfinvitedtoahousefordinnerinTurkey,whichofthesewouldyoutake?A.MoneyB.PastriesC.Whiskey2.GiftsareopenedinfrontofthegiverinIndonesia.A.TrueB.False3.WhatcolorwouldyousuggestwrappingagiftinforaclientinIndia?A.GreenB.WhiteC.Black4.InBoliviawhatcolorflowerswouldmakeapoorchoiceforagift?A.WhiteB.RedC.Yellow√√√√Testyourcrossculturalgift-givingetiquette.Warming-up5.WhengivingorreceivingagiftinChina,youshouldsodousing...A.BothhandsB.RighthandC.Lefthand6.InJapangiftsareconsideredbribes.A.TrueB.False7.InBelgiumwhenshouldgiftsbegiventoahost?A.AfterthemealB.BeforethemealC.Duringthemeal8.WhichofthesegiftsisthemostappropriateforaSaudibusinessassociate?A.GoldwatchB.SilverPenC.SilkTie√√√√GivingandReceivingGiftsinBusiness

Givingandreceivinggiftscauseconsiderableconcerninbusiness,forobvious

reasons.Giftscanbeusedappropriatelytothankclientsforbusiness,torewardsomeoneforajobwelldone,tocelebrateapromotion,ortocommemoratealong-termrelationship.Butgift-givingcanalsoveerintoundueinfluenceandbribery.Twokindsofgift-givingoccurinbusiness.Thefirstkind—betweencolleaguesand/orsupervisors—iseasiertojustifyandislessfraughtwithdangerthanthesecondkind—gift-givingbetweencompanies.

ReadingAUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquetteGivingandReceivingGiftsinBusinessGift-givingbetweencoworkers,especiallyduringtheholidayseason,isacommonpracticeatmanycompanies.Ifyouworkforsuchacompany,you’llbeconsideredchurlishifyoudon’tparticipate.Thissituationisoneofthosecoercedactsofgenerositythatyoureallycan’tignoreorbelittle,sobitethebulletandjoinin.Giftsforcoworkersdon’thavetobelavishandoughtnottobetoopersonal.Somethingacolleaguecanuseintheoffice,suchasacoffeemugorapictureframe,isjustfine.ReadingAUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquetteGivingandReceivingGiftsinBusinessGroupgiftsforweddings,babies,andretirementsarethenorm.Hereagain,don’tpresumetoknowyourrecipientsowellthatyougethimsomethingpersonal.Focusontheutilitarianandthepractical,nottheexcitingorthealluring.Giftsforbossesareadifferentmatteraltogether.Thereiscauseforconcernwithgivingagifttoaboss.Youmaylooklikeyou’retryingtocurryfavorwithheror,worse,bribeher.Besides,ifyouspendtoomuch,yourboss—who,afterall,knowswhatyoumake—maydecidethatyou’reatoadyingfool.Followthesesimpleguidelines:Extravagantgift-givingisbothbadstrategyandpoortaste.Othersmaynotshareyourloveoflavishgifts,andtheymayresentyouforgoingoverboard.ReadingAUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquetteGivingandReceivingGiftsinBusinessSendgroupgiftsratherthanindividualgiftstobosses.Sendingacardorflowerstoyourbossifhehasbeenillorinthehospitalisallright.However,flowersaren’talwaysallowed.Checkwiththehospitalfirst.

GiftsbetweencompaniesGift-givingbetweencompaniesorbetweenemployeesofdifferentcompaniesisathornyissue—sothorny,infact,thatmostorganizationshaveexplicitrulesgoverningthepractice.Thefollowingsectionsdiscusstwokindsofcorporategift-giving:giftsthatyouoryourcompanypresentstoothers,andgiftsthatyouoryourcompanyreceivesfromothers.ReadingAUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquetteGivingandReceivingGiftsinBusinessGivinggifts

Companiescommonlygivegiftstoclientsandcustomersduringtheholidayseason.Solongasthegiftisn’tostentatious,thispracticedoesn’tseemtobeanattempttocurryfavor,andsolongasthegiftisreasonablywellmade,itdoesn’tseemlikeanattempttodumppromotionalitems.Becarefulwithhumorousgifts.Ifyouaren’tsurethattherecipientwillbepleasantlyamused,don’tsendit.ReceivinggiftsYoureallyhaveonlyonethingtoconsider:Knowyourcompany’spolicyaboutreceivinggifts!Somecompaniesdon’tallowemployeestoreceiveanygiftsworthmorethan,say,$25;othersrequireallgiftsworthmorethanaspecifiedamounttobedisclosedtosupervisorsorothermanagers.ReadingAUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquetteGivingandReceivingGiftsinBusinessProblemsarisewhenyoureceiveagiftthatviolatescompanypolicy.IfyoureceiveseasonticketsfortheGreenBayPackers,forexample,andyourcompanyforbidsacceptanceofanygiftsworthmorethan$100,you’’repainfullyobligedtodeclinethegift.Ouch!Ifyou’’reinthispredicament,youprobablywillhavetowritealetterdecliningthegift.Composetheletterinwhichyoudeclineagiftcarefully,focusingonyourcompany’’spolicyonreceivinggifts,ratherthanonyourpersonalfeelings.Thecompany’’spolicypreventsyoufromacceptingthegift,notyourowndispleasure.ReadingAUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquetteFindingAppropriateGiftsforEveryOccasionAfteryoufigureoutwhengivingandreceivingagiftisappropriate,youmaystillbemystifiedbytheprospectofchoosingagift.Luckily,youhaveonlyafewchoicestomake.Makethesedistinctionsbetweenpersonalandbusinessgifts:Ifyouknowaclientorcolleaguewell,socializingoutsideabusinesscontextonaregularbasis,youmaywanttogiveapersonalgiftforabirthday,promotion,orholiday.Sendordeliversuchagifttotheperson’’shome.ReadingBUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquetteFindingAppropriateGiftsforEveryOccasionIfyouwanttogiveabusinessgift,firstfamiliarizeyourselfwithyourfirm’’sgiftpolicy,ifany.Professionalgiftscanbequitevaried,fromfoodorwinetosmallconveniences(suchasabusiness-cardholderoranewpen)toofficeitems(suchasapictureframeoracomputeraccessory).Ifyouknowyourclientwellenoughtohavevisitedherofficemanytimes,youmayhavehadtheopportunitytodivineawelcomeaddition.Justasadistinctionexistsbetweenpersonalandprofessionalgifts,adistinctionexistsbetweenperishableandlastinggifts:ReadingBUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquetteFindingAppropriateGiftsforEveryOccasionPerishablegiftsare,asthenameimplies,giftsthathaveashortlife,suchasfood,flowers,andwine.Perishablegiftsarefineformostprofessionalgift-givingbetweencompaniesandbetweenpeoplewhodon’’tknoweachotherwell.Flowerscanbegreatgifts,butifyousendlong-stemmedrosestoanadministrativeassistantasathank-youforheroutstandingaccomplishmentingettingeveryoneorganized,yousendthewrongmessage.Rosestraditionallyhaveromanticovertones,whichisn’taprofessionalmessage.Tulips,atastefulmixedbouquet,orafloweringplantwouldbeabetterchoice.ReadingBUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquetteFindingAppropriateGiftsforEveryOccasionLastinggiftsareintendedtolastlonger——perhapsevenalifetime.Lastinggiftsarebetterreservedforespeciallysignificanteventsandforeventsyouwanttheothercompanyorpersontorememberforalongtime.Whetheragiftistemporaryorpermanent,personalorprofessional,takecaretopresentitcompetentlywrappedandwithacard.Otherwise,yourintentionswillbesabotagedbyyourshoddypresentation.Ifyoucan’’twrapabox,getsomeoneelsetodoit,suchasthecustomer-servicecounteratthestorewhereyoupurchasethegift.Itisbettertogivethantoreceive.Ingiving,youextendyoureverydaykindnesstoanactwhoseonlygoaliskindness.ReadingBUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquette10TipsforGift-giversandGift-receiversThepurposeofgivinggiftsistobringjoytoboththegiverandreceiver,promotegoodwill,andmakeforacloserrelationship.However,ifgift-givinggoesamiss,thereisariskofmakingthereceiveruncomfortableandcreatinganunpleasantsituationforbothsides.Toavoidanyill-effectsfromyourgift-givingpractices,keepinmindthesesimpletips:Whenyougive:1.Besureofthetruepurposeofthegift.Beyondsayingthegiftisforaparticularholidayoroccasion,thinkthroughhowwellthisgiftwillexpressyourfeelingsforthisperson.Tofigurethisout,askyourself:HowmuchdoIreallycareaboutthisperson?Howmuchtime,energy,andmoneyamIwillingtospendtoselectjusttherightgiftforhimorher?Lettheanswersguideyouthroughoutthisprocess.ReadingCUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquette10TipsforGift-giversandGift-receivers2.Doyourhomeworkaboutthereceiver.Beobservantabouthisorherfavoriteitems,thingsheorshemightneed,orthingsthatwouldbeameaningfulexpressionofyourrelationship.Trytoremembercommentsaboutfavoritecolors,foods,orbeverages.Asneeded,asksomeoneelsewhoknowstheperson,explainingthatthepurposeofyourinquiryistohelplearnsomethingthatwillhelpyouselectaspecialgift.Ithinkmostpeoplearewillingtohelpwithideas.ReadingCUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquette10TipsforGift-giversandGift-receivers3.Besensitivetopersonalandculturaldifferences.Withsuchadiversepopulationinoursociety,itisimportanttolearnsomethingaboutaperson’sethnic,religious,andculturalpracticesalongwiththeirpersonallikesanddislikes,beforeyoupresentagift.Taketimetolearnwhat’’sappropriateandwhat’snotindifferentcommunitiestogaininsightsonwhatapersonwouldorwouldnotappreciateasagift.Forexample,givingabottleofwinetosomeonewhodoesnotdrinkalcoholcouldmakethereceiverlessthanoverjoyedwithyourgift.ReadingCUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquette10TipsforGift-giversandGift-receivers4.Knowwhencorporatelogosareappropriate.Sometimesagiftwithacompanylogocheapensitsappearance.Thebestgiftsarethosewithoutanycompanylogosorpromotiononit,especiallywhengivenasspecialthank-yougift.Logogiftsarefineassmalltokensandremembrancesformeetingsheld,notgenerallyasthesincerestformofathank-yougift.5.Usesimpleandelegantwrapping.Forexample,Japanese-influenced,understatedwrappingisbestinmymind.Avoidusingbrightlycolored,bold,heavilypatternedpaperandalotofbrightlycolored,fancybowsandribbonsonthepackage.Useinstead,solidstatelycolorsandqualitypaperwithsimpleribbon.ReadingCUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquette10TipsforGift-giversandGift-receivers6.Presentyourgiftwithstyle.Thebestwaytopresentagiftisalwaysbeautifullywrappedandinperson.Andwhenyoudo,presentyourgiftheldwithbothyourhandsasthoughyouareholdingitonasilverplatter.ThisritualisadoptedfromAsianculturetoshowtheutmostrespectandcare.Inbusinesssituations,whensendingthegiftbymessengerormail,includeyourbusinesscardwiththegift,alongwithahandwrittennoteonpersonalnotecardorstationary.Whenyoureceive:1.Showyourappreciationwhenreceivingagiftinperson.Alwaysputasmileonyourfaceasagiftisbeingpresented.ReceivethegiftwithbothhandsReadingCUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquette10TipsforGift-giversandGift-receivers(againaninfluencefromtheAsianculture).Saythankyoualongwithabriefexpressionofappreciation.2.Letthegiverknowassoonaspossiblewhenagifthasarrived.Makeeveryefforttoletthesenderknowyoureceivedagiftsentbymailormessenger(email,fax,ortelephonecallisfine).Thenfollowitupbysendingtheproperthank-younoteassoonaspossible.3.Besensitivetoopeningagiftinfrontofothers.AmericansorAustralianstypicallyopengiftsassoonasitisreceived,eveninfrontofanaudienceandothergroupsofpeople.Knowthatinmanycountriesitisnotcustomaryorappropriatetoopengiftsinfrontofotherpeople.TheyarekepttobeReadingCUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquette10TipsforGift-giversandGift-receiversopenedalone.Whenreceivinghousegifts,specialguestandspeakergifts,besensitiveastowhetheryouwillorwillnotbeencouragedandexpectedtoopenitrightaway.4.Knowthebottomline.Always,alwayshandwriteathankyounoteforeverygiftyoureceive,nomatterwhat——regardlessofwhetheryoulikethegiftornot,evenifyouplantoexchangethegiftorgiveitaway.Simplysaid:Sendingathank-younoteistherightthingtodo.ReadingCUnitEighteenGiftGivingandReceivingEtiquetteTestYourGift-GivingEtiquetteExercisesWhengivingorreceivingthisholidayseason,there'saright--andwrong--waytogoaboutit.Forexample,isitokaytore-gift?Doyouknowhowtohandleanunexpectedpresent?Isane-mailthank-younoteacceptable?Takethequiztotestyourknowledgeofgiftingetiquette.1.Doyouhavetogiveagiftthathasthesamemonetaryvalueasagiftsomeonegaveyou?A.Yes,youdon'twanttolookcheap.B.Yes.Infact,youshouldspendmore.C.No.Findthenicestthingyoucangiveinyourmeans.√TestYourGift-GivingEtiquetteExercises2.Someonegivesyouagift,butyouweren'tplanningongivingthatpersonone.Doyouhavetoreciprocate?A.Yesandmakeupanexcuseforwhyyoudon'thavehergiftyet.B.Yes,butdon'tofferanexcusefornothavingoneatthetime.C.No.Justsay:Thankyou.3.Whenyougiveagift,shouldyouincludethegiftreceipt?A.Definitely.B.Onlyforclosefriendsandrelatives.C.No.It'sasignyoudidn'treallyknowwhattoget.√√TestYourGift-GivingEtiquetteExercises4.Arethank-younotesnecessaryifyouthankedthegiverinpersonwhenyouopenedthegift?A.Yes,inallcases.B.Onlyforpeoplewhoaren'tclosefriendsorrelatives.C.No.5.Isitokaytogivegiftstopeoplewhodon'tcelebratethesameholidaysyoudo?A.No,itmightbeoffensive.B.Yes,aslongasit'snotareligiousgift.6.Shouldyougiveyourbossagift?A.Yes,toshowyourappreciation.B.No,itmightlooklikeyou'rekissingup.√√√TestYourGift-GivingEtiquetteExercises7.Giftcardsarepopular,butaretheyacop-out?A.Yes,you'llbebreakingetiquetterulesifyougiveone.B.Notnecessarily.They'reacceptablenow.8.Ifyouarehostingaparty,areyourequiredtoservethewine,chocolateorothergiftsyourguestsbring?A.No,notifyoudidn'taskthemtobringanything.B.Yes,itwouldberudenotto.√√TestYourGift-GivingEtiquetteExercises9.Whichgiftwouldnotbeappropriatetogivetoanacquaintance?A.Cologneorperfume.B.Lingerieorunderwear.C.Alcohol.D.Alloftheabove.10.Isitokaytore-gift?A.Yes,aslongasyouknowthereceiverwon'tfindoutit'sarecycledgift.B.Yes,aslongastheitemisinitsoriginalpackaging.C.No,it'sdishonest.√√II．Role-play:Actouttherole-playaccordingtothefollowingsituation.ExercisesYourforeignteacherisleavingtheschoolattheendoftheyearandthestudentshavedecidedtobuyhim/herapresent.Butwhattobuy?YoucanusethevisualaidsbelowtohelpyoudecideonONEpresenttobuy.III.Readthefollowingarticleandfillouttheworksheet.ExercisesCross-CulturalGiftGiving

EtiquetteWithintheinterdependent,globalandmulti-culturalmarketplaceofthecentury,crossculturaldifferencesintheapproachesandpracticesofbusinesspeopleacrosstheworldareimportanttolearn.Alackofcrossculturalunderstandingcanleadtomisunderstandingswhichmayresultinoffense.Crossculturalawarenessandanunderstandingofforeignetiquetteisimportantfortoday'sglobetrottingbusinessperson.Oneareaofimportanceincrossculturalawarenessisinthedifferentgiftgivingetiquettesoftheworld.Understandinggiftgivingandtheetiquettesurroundingitcanhelpinternationalbusinesspeoplecementbetterrelationshipswithforeigncolleagues,clientsorcustomers.III.Readthefollowingarticleandfillouttheworksheet.ExercisesCrossculturalgiftgivingetiquetteinvolvesconsideringthefollowingpoints:Whoisreceivingthegift?Isitapersonoragroup?Whatisthestatusofthereceiver?Whattypesofgiftsareacceptableorunacceptable?Whatistheprotocolassociatedwithgiftgivingandreceiving?Shouldgiftsbereciprocated?InmanycountriessuchasinNorthAmericaortheUK,giftgivingisrareinthebusinessworld.Infact,itmaycarrynegativeconnotationsasgiftgivingcouldbeconstruedasbribery.However,inmanyothercountries,giftgivinganditsetiquettehaveacentralplaceinbusinesspractices.III.Readthefollowingarticleandfillouttheworksheet.ExercisesInordertohighlightsomeofthedifferentaspectsofcrossculturalgiftgivingetiquetteafewexamplesshallbepresented.GiftGivingEtiquetteinChinaItistheproperetiquetteforgiftstobeexchangedforcelebrations,asthanksforassistanceandevenasasweetenerforfuturefavors.Itishoweverimportantnottogivegiftsintheabsenceofagoodreasonorawitness.WhentheChinesewanttobuygiftsitisnotuncommonforthemtoaskwhatyouwouldlike.ItwouldbewisetodemonstrateanappreciationofChineseculturebyaskingforitemssuchasinkpaintingsortea.III.Readthefollowingarticleandfillouttheworksheet.ExercisesBusinessgiftsarealwaysreciprocated.Nottodosoisbadetiquette.Whengivinggiftsdonotgivecash.Donotbetoofrugalwithyourchoiceofgiftotherwiseyouwillbeseenasan'ironrooster',i.e.gettingagoodgiftoutofyouislikegettingafeatheroutofanironrooster.Dependingontheitem,avoidgivingoneofsomething.Chinesephilosophystressesharmonyandbalance,soyoucangiveinpairs.GiftGivingEtiquetteinJapanGift-givingisacentralpartofJapanesebusinessetiquette.Bringarangeofgiftsforyourtripsoifyouarepresentedwithagiftyouwillbeabletoreciprocate.III.Readthefollowingarticleandfillouttheworksheet.ExercisesBusinessgiftsarealwaysreciprocated.Nottodosoisbadetiquette.TheemphasisinJapanesebusinesscultureisontheactofgift-givingnotthegiftitself.Expensivegiftsarecommon.Thebesttimetopresentagiftisattheendofyourvisit.Agiftforanindividualshouldbegiveninprivate.Ifyouarepresentingagifttoagroupofpeoplehavethemallpresent.Thecorrectetiquetteistopresent/receivegiftswithbothhands.Beforeacceptingagiftitispolitetorefuseatleastonceortwicebeforeaccepting.Givingfourornineofanythingisconsideredunlucky.Giveinpairsifpossible.III.Readthefollowingarticleandfillouttheworksheet.ExercisesGiftGivingEtiquetteinSaudiArabiaGiftsshouldonlybegiventothemostintimateoffriends.Giftsshouldbeofthehighestquality.Neverbuygoldorsilkasapresentformen.Silverisacceptable.Alwaysgive/receivegiftswiththerighthand.Saudisenjoywearingscent-itr.Themostpopularisoudwhichcancostasmuchas££1000anounce.Itisnotbadetiquettetoopengiftswhenreceived.Theaboveareafewofmanyexamplesofcrossculturaldifferencesingiftgivingetiquette.Itisadvisabletotryandascertainsomefactsaboutthegiftgivingetiquetteofanycountryyouplantovisitonbusiness.Bydoingso,youmaximizethepotentialofyourcrossculturalencounter.III.Readthefollowingarticleandfillouttheworksheet.ExercisesCrossCulturalGiftGiving

EtiquetteChinaJapanSaudiArabiaSimilaritiesDifferencesobviousADJIfsomethingisobvious,itiseasytoseeorunderstand.明显显的的例：：Someofthefactorsincultureshockareobvious.造成成文文化化冲冲击击的的有有些些因因素素是是显显而而易易见见的的。。Words&ExpressionscommemorateV-TTocommemorateanimportanteventorpersonmeanstorememberthembymeansofaspecialaction,ceremony,orspeciallycreatedobject.纪念念例：：Oneroomcontainedagalleryofpaintingscommemoratinggreatmomentsinbaseballhistory.有一一间间房房间间里里有有一一个个画画廊廊，，陈陈列列着着纪纪念念棒棒球球史史上上伟伟大大时时刻刻的的绘绘画画作作品品。。Words&ExpressionsveerV-IIfsomeoneorsomethingveersinacertaindirection,theychangetheirpositionordirectioninaparticularsituation.改变立场场例：Heisunlikelytoveerfromhisboss'sstronglyheldviews.他是不大大可能在在他的上上司强烈烈坚持的的观点上上改变立立场的。。Words&ExpressionsbriberyN-UNCOUNTBriberyistheactofofferingsomeonemoneyorsomethingvaluableinordertopersuadethemtodosomethingforyou.贿赂行为为例：Hewasjailedonchargesofbribery.他因贿赂赂指控被被监禁。。Words&ExpressionscoworkerN-COUNTYourcoworkersarethepeopleyouworkwith,especiallypeopleonthesamejoborprojectasyou.同事例：Canaguyaskacoworkerforadatewithoutcrossingtheline?一位男士士能否邀邀女同事事约会而而不过分分？Words&Expressionschurlishadj.没有礼貌貌的；脾脾气暴躁躁的例：Churlishasitmaybetocriticizethosewhosetouttodogood,manycharitiesbehaveasiftheywereunaccountable.指责那些些要做好好事的人人也许有有些失礼礼，但众众多的慈慈善机构构表现得得并不负负责。Words&ExpressionscoerceV-TIfyoucoercesomeoneintodoingsomething,youmakethemdoit,althoughtheydonotwantto.胁迫例：Potterhadarguedthatthegovernmentcoercedhimintopleadingguilty.波特曾争争辩说是是政府胁胁迫他认认罪。Words&Expressionsbelittlevt.轻视；贬贬低；使使相形见见小例：True,inherschooldaysshehadbeeninclinedtobelittlehermother'staste,knowledge,andjudgment.的确，在在她读书书的时候候，她有有些瞧不不起她母母亲的嗜嗜好、知知识和见见解。Words&ExpressionslavishADJIfyoudescribesomethingaslavish,youmeanthatitisveryelaborateandimpressiveandalotofmoneyhasbeenspentonit.盛大奢华华的例：Socializewithfriends,butdon'toverspendonlavishentertainment.与朋友进进行交往往，但不不要因奢奢侈款待待而超支支。Words&ExpressionsnormN-COUNTNormsarewaysofbehavingthatareconsiderednormalinaparticularsociety.准则例：Theactionstakendepartfromwhatshecalledthecommonlyacceptednormsofdemocracy.所采取的的这些行行动背离离了她所所谓的那那些普遍遍接受的的民主准准则。Words&ExpressionsutilitarianADJUtilitarianobjectsandbuildingsaredesignedtobeusefulratherthanattractive.(物体、建建筑等)实用的例：Bruce'sofficeisutilitarianandunglamorous.布鲁斯的的办公室室实用而而素淡。。Words&Expressionsalluringadj.诱惑的，，诱人的的；迷人人的，吸吸引人的的例：Thatmakesthemevenmoreattractivetomanagersbutmuchlessalluringtoothershareholders.这使他们们对经理理人有更更多的吸吸引力，，而对其其他股东东的吸引引力更小小了。Words&ExpressionsextravagantADJSomeonewhoisextravagantspendsmoremoneythantheycanaffordorusesmoreofsomethingthanisreasonable.奢侈的;浪费的例：Wearenotextravagant;restaurantmealsarealuxuryanddesignerclothesareout.我们并不不浪费；；餐馆用用餐是一一种奢侈侈，品牌牌服装也也与我们们无缘。。Words&ExpressionsresentV-TIfyouresentsomeoneorsomething,youfeelbitterandangryaboutthem.憎恨例：Sheresentshermotherforbeingsotoughonher.她恨她的的妈妈对对她如此此苛刻。。Words&ExpressionsoverboardADVIfyoufalloverboard,youfalloverthesideofaboatintothewater.从船上(落)入水中例：Hissailinginstructorfelloverboardandnearlydrownedduringalesson.他的帆船船教练在在一次课课上落水水，差点点溺死。。Words&ExpressionsthornyADJIfyoudescribeaproblemasthorny,youmeanthatitisverycomplicatedanddifficulttosolve,andthatpeopleareoftenunwillingtodiscussit.棘手的的例：Wehavenotyetfoundasatisfactorysolutiontothisthornyproblem.我们面面前摆摆着这这个难难题，，现在在还没没有很很好的的办法法解决决。Words&ExpressionsexplicitADJSomethingthatisexplicitisexpressedorshownclearlyandopenly,withoutanyattempttohideanything.明确表表达的的;公开显显露的的例：BillVenners:Whatdoyoumean?Couldyoubemoreexplicit?比尔：：你的的意思思是什什么？？能更更“明明确””的解解释一一下吗吗？Words&ExpressionscorporateADJCorporatemeansrelatingtobusinesscorporationsortoaparticularbusinesscorporation.公司的的例：Therehasbeenmuchtocelebrateinthehistoryofcorporateindustryandtechnology.在大公公司的的工业业和技技术的的历史史上曾曾有很很多值值得赞赞美的的事。。Words&ExpressionsostentatiousADJIfyoudescribesomeoneasostentatious,youdisapproveofthembecausetheywanttoimpresspeoplewiththeirwealthorimportance.炫耀的的例：Obviouslyhehadplentyofmoneyandwasgenerousinitsusewithoutbeingostentatious.显而易易见，，他有有很多多钱，，花钱钱虽大大方却却不摆摆阔。。Words&Expressionscurryfavor巴结，，拍马马屁例：YangBianliangtheGuardshavebeeninTokyowhentheofficer,asbotheredtocurryfavorcurryfavorwith,bebanishedtotheDamingprefecture.杨志本本来在在东京京汴梁梁的御御林军军当军军官，，因为为不屑屑逢迎迎巴结结，被被充军军到了了大名名府。。Words&ExpressionsforbidV-TIfyouforbidsomeonetodosomething,orifyouforbidanactivity,youorderthatitmustnotbedone.禁止例：Shewasshutawayandforbiddentoread.她被关关起来来不许许读书书。Words&ExpressionsobligeV-TIfyouareobligedtodosomething,asituation,rule,orlawmakesitnecessaryforyoutodothatthing.迫使例：Thestormgotworseandworse.Finally,Iwasobligedtoabandonthecarandcontinueonfoot.暴风雨雨越来来越猛猛烈。。最终终，我我被迫迫弃车车徒步步前行行。Words&ExpressionspredicamentN-COUNTIfyouareinapredicament,youareinanunpleasantsituationthatisdifficulttogetoutof.困境例：Itshouldalsobenefittheworldeconomyinitspresentpredicament.这也将将有益益于世世界经经济及及其目目前所所处的的困境境。Words&ExpressionsdispleasureN-UNCOUNTSomeone'sdispleasureisafeelingofannoyancethattheyhaveaboutsomethingthathashappened.不悦例：Thepopulationhasalreadybeguntoshowitsdispleasureattheslowpaceofchange.人民已已经开开始对对变化化的缓缓慢速速度表表示不不悦。。Words&ExpressionsmystifyV-TIfyouaremystifiedbysomething,youfinditimpossibletoexplainorunderstand.使困惑不不解例：Theaudiencemusthavebeentotallymystifiedbytheplot.观众肯定定对该情情节困惑惑不解。。Words&ExpressionsfamiliarizeV-TIfyoufamiliarizeyourselfwithsomething,orifsomeonefamiliarizesyouwithit,youlearnaboutitandstarttounderstandit.使熟悉例：Thegoaloftheexperimentwastofamiliarizethepeoplewiththenewlaws.该实验的的目的是是使人们们熟悉新新的规则则。Words&ExpressionsaccessoryN-COUNTAccessoriesarearticlessuchasbeltsandscarveswhichyouwearorcarrybutwhicharenotpartofyourmainclothing.配饰例：Italsohasagoodrangeofaccessories,includingsunglasses,handbagsandbelts.它还有多多种配饰饰，包括括墨镜、、手包和和皮带。。Words&ExpressionsdivineADJYouusedivinetodescribesomethingthatisprovidedbyorrelatestoagodorgoddess.神的;神圣的例：Hesuggestedthatthecivilwarhadbeenadivinepunishment.他暗示此此次内战战是上天天的惩罚罚。Words&ExpressionsdistinctionN-COUNTAdistinctionbetweensimilarthingsisadifference.区别例：Thereareobviousdistinctionsbetweenthetwowine-makingareas.这两个酿酿酒区之之间有明明显的不不同。Words&Expressionsperishableadj.易腐坏的的；易毁毁灭的；；会枯萎萎的例：Thisinturnpromptsconsumerstofavorperishableproduceoverfrozen.在另一个个意义上上说，顾顾客也更更倾向于于新鲜产产品而不不是冷冻冻品。Words&Expressionslong-stemmedadj.1.【【植物学】长茎的2.细高的；；颀长而而苗条的的例：EarlyonemorningIgatheredabeautifulbouquetofsweet-smellinglong-stemmedrosesformyself.一天早上上我给自自己采了了一束芬芬芳馥郁郁的玫瑰瑰。Words&ExpressionsovertonesN-COUNTIfsomethinghasovertonesofaparticularthingorquality,itsuggeststhatthingorqualitybutdoesnotopenlyexpressit.暗示之意意例：Hiswordispolite,butthereisovertoneofangerinhisvoice.他的话讲讲得很有有礼貌，，但话音音里听得得出他的的愤怒。。Words&ExpressionsTulipn.郁金香例：Therewasthetulipmaniain17thcenturyHollandasDutchcollectorshoardedahierarchyofflowers.17世纪，荷荷兰的收收藏家们们囤积了了不同品品种的花花卉，导导致荷兰兰发生了了郁金香香热。Words&Expressionsbouquetn.花束；酒酒香例：Analternativetotheallredbouquetistobuysomewhiterosesandinsertoneredoneinthecenterofthebunch.想改变下下一整束束红玫瑰瑰，那可可以买一