Unit 2 Understanding each other Grammar and usage 语法教案-高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第四册

选择性必修四Unit2Understandingeachother语法教案Teachingobjectives1.知识目标：学生能够掌握定语从句的基本含义2.技能目标：学生能够掌握定语从句的基本运用3.情感目标：学生能够更有信心学习英语Keypoints,Difficultpoints1.掌握定语从句的基本含义2.掌握定语从句的基本含义Teachingprocedures：定语从句第一部分：基础知识（一）定语从句概述定语可以由形容词，代词，数词，名词，不定式，介词短语来充当。如果是一个句子担任定语，那么这个句子就叫做定语从句，又可称为形容词性从句。定语从句通常修饰某一名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的这一名词或代词叫先行词，它位于定语从句之前，定语从句在先行词后面，应尽量紧跟先行词。定语从句的作用即在于对先行词进行限定说明或补充说明。（二）定语从句的引导词。定语从句的引导词分为两类：关系代词（that,which,who,whom,whose）关系副词（when,where,why）引导词在先行词和定语从句之间，既起连接作用，即连接先行词和定语从句，更重要的是，它又作定语从句中作一个成分。（三）关系代词1.that指人，物，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语。ThisisthephotothatItookinthecountry.HeisthesingerthatImetyesterday.2.which指物，在从句中作主语，宾语，在非限定定语从句中充当定语，或者代替前句Thefilmwhichwesawlastnightwasmoving.3.who指人，在从句中作主语，宾语。Thepersonwhovisitedourclassroomyesterdaywasournewheadmaster.ThemanwhoyoujusttalkedtoisTom.4.whom指人，在从句中作宾语。Thatistheprofessorwhomyouwanttoknow.5.whose指人，物，在从句中作定语，相当于先行词+’s,后接一名词。Iknowtheboywhoseparentsaredead.Idon’tlikethosecitieswhoseroadsaredirty.【注】：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。关系代词有六个，听我逐一来说破；which表物人用who,人物都有that顾；which用在逗号后，意表前句你要know;who做主语很称职，whom用到宾语里；（四）关系副词关系副词在从句中作状语，有时相当于介词+which，其中which指代先行词不可以指示整个句子。1，when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，相当于at/on/in/duringwhich.I’llneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)IreachedthetopoftheHuangshanMountain.2，where指地点，在从句中作地点状语，相当于at/in/to/which.Thisistheschoolwhere(atwhich)Istudied.3，why指原因，在从句中作原因状语，相当于forwhich.That’stherealreasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslate.第二部分：关系代词的特殊用法（一）关系代词指物时,用that而不用which的情况:1.先行词为something,anything,nothing,everything以及all,much,little,alot,none,few等不定代词时。MymotherwassoproudofallthatIdid2.先行词有thelast,thevery,theonly以及all,much,few,no,any,little等修饰时。ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.3.先行词为序数词、形容词最高级(或所修饰)时。ThisisthemostexcitingfilmthatI’veeverseen.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestotheirmindistheWestLake.4.thesame修饰先行词时,定语从句要用that或as引导,但意义不同。ThisisthesamewatchasIlostlastSunday.(表示相同但并非同一)ThisisthesameknifethatIusedyesterday.(表示就是那个)5.先行词既有人又有物时,只能用that。DoyourememberthebookanditsauthorthatappearedonTVlastSunday6.Therebe后面的定语从句多用that引导,不用which。There’saseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.7.句子前面出现了who,which时,后面的定语从句用that引导。Theybuiltafactorywhichmadesomenewproductsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.Whoisthemanthatyouweretalkingaboutjustnow?8.关系代词在定语从句作表语时,常用that,而不用which、who。Myhometownisnotthesmallvillagethatitwas10yearsago.Tomisn’tthemanthatheusedtobe(二)关系代词指人时,有时只用who,而不用that。1.先行词为指人的代词one,those,theman,以及人称代词如he等。Thosewhoareoftenlateforschoolshouldbepunished.Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.2.先行词为someone(somebody),noone(nobody),anyone(anybody),everyone(everybody)。Anyonewhowouldliketoattendthepartyshouldcomeontime.3.先行词指人时,如有序数词,最高级,thevery,theonly,thelast等修饰,定语从句既可用that也可用who引导。Heisthefirststudentwho/thatworkedouttheproblem.(三)关系代词whose的用法：1，whose在从句中作定语，表示“先行词的…”，既可指人，也可指物。Johnismybestfriend,whosefatherisascientist.Theoldmanlivedinthehousewhosewindowwasbroken.Theboss,inwhosecompanymyfatherworked,wasveryfriendlytotheworkers.2，whose可以转换为ofwhich（物）和ofwhom（人）。1)Thedictionarywhosecoverismissingismine.(划线部分可改为thecoverofwhich或ofwhichthecover)2)TheyalsoinvitedMrWang,whosecarwasstolenlastSunday.(划线部分可改为thecarofwhom或ofwhomthecar)(四)which的特殊用法：1.关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句,有时不是修饰某个先行词,而是指代主句的全部或部分内容。特别注意，非限定定语从句中prep+which时，which只能指代先行词，不可以指代句子。1）InChina,yousometimesgetahotdampclothtocleanyourfaceandhands,which,however,isnotthecustominwesterncountries.2）Helenoftencamelate,whichmadetheclassteacherangry.2.which有时可在定语从句中作定语,含义上相当于指示代词this/that。1)HestayedinEnglandfor5years,duringwhichtimehelearnedEnglishwell.2)Itmayrainhardtomorrow,inwhichcaseIwon’tgofishing.【注】：which的这种用法与whose作定语不同。whose表示“先行词的…”。They’retalkingaboutafilm,whosenameIhaveforgotten.3.以介词结尾的动词不定式作定语时,可借关系代词which把介词前置。1）TomorrowwouldbeChristmasDay,andshehadonly$1.87withwhichtobuyJimapresent.2）Thosepoorpeoplehadnohousestolivein/inwhichtolive.【注】如果先行词指人，关系代词用whom。IwanttofindapersontotraveltoEnglandwith/withwhomtotraveltoEngland.(五)关系代词as的用法：1.引导限制性定语从句：当先行词有such,so,thesame等修饰时,关系代词要用as；as在从句中可作主语，宾语和表语。1).Ihaveneverseensuchakindgirlassheis.2).Heissuchagoodteacher(sogoodateacher)aseverystudentrespects.比较：Heissuchagoodteacher(sogoodateacher)thateverystudentrespectshim.(此句为such/so…that引导的结果状语从句)3).Suchastudentasoftenstudieshardissuretopassthisexam.4).HeboughtthesamebikeasIdidlastweek.区别thatIdidlastweek2.引导非限制性定语从句：as不修饰某个先行词，而是指代主句的全部或部分内容，可译为“这一点，此事；正如”，或不译。这种从句可位于句首、句中或句尾。常见于asweallknow，ashasbeensaidabove，asisusual，asisoftenthecase，aseverybodycansee，asisknowntousall等结构。1).Hehaspassedtheexam,asisapleasuretous.2).Asweallknow,theearthmovesaroundthesun.3).Thisexperiment,asyouhadexpected,succeededatlast.3.，如前所述,which也可引导这种从句,两者常可互换。(非限定性定语从句谓语句末且指代前面的主句)1）Thosetwostudentsarewearingthesameclothes,which/asisveryinteresting.2）Theycametothepartyontime,as/whichhadbeenexpected.但在以下两种情况下有区别：1).as从句可位于句首(或主句前),而which从句只能在主句后。Asisoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.2).关系代词作主语时,如果从句的谓语是及物动词+宾语的结构,则只能用which。Hisfatherdiedinatrafficaccident,whichmadeusgreatlysurprised.3）当which在从句中指代的是先行词而不是主句，只能用whichThecar,whichwesawontheplayground,isMike’s.4）“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，只能用which。RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,thepriceofwhichwasveryreasonable.5）当后置的非限定性定语从句是否定结构时只能用which引导。Heresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,whichwehadn'texpected第三部分：关系副词的特殊用法（一）关系副词when,where,why的用法：1.关系代词(which/that)与关系副词(when,where,why)的选取方法：A)当先行词是定语从句中的主语或宾语时，选用关系代词。关系代词指代先行词，并代替先行词在从句中作主语或宾语。B)如果先行词不是定语从句中的主语或宾语,先行词前面需要加上一个介词才能在从句中作成分的时候,选用关系副词。关系副词在从句中作状语，常可转换为“介词+which”。1)Doyourememberthedaywhich/thatwespentinthemountainvillage?Doyourememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)wevisitedthemountainvillage?2)Thisisthefactorywhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.Thisisthefactorywhere(=inwhich)heworkedlastyear.3)Wedon’tbelievethereasonwhich/thathegaveforhiscominglate.Wedon’tknowthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hehaschangedhismind.2.关系副词where的从句还可以修饰point，situation，case，activity,scene,stage等地点意味不明显的先行词。关系副词when的从句可以修饰occasion,stay等时间意味不明显的先行词。关系副词why只修饰reason这一个先行词。1)Nowyoucanseewe’vecometothepointwhereachangeisbadlyneeded.2)Todaywe’lldiscusssomecaseswherebeginnersofEnglishfailtouseitproperly.3)Therearefewoccasionswhenmystudentscan’tunderstandwhatIteachinclass.3.when和where在少数情况下可作介词宾语。1).Thenaughtyboywashiddenbehindthedoor,fromwherehesawhismotherwalkingintothehouse.（where指代behindthedoor。不能换为which，因为which只能指代thedoor）2).TheywenttoAmericanthreeyearsago，sincewhentheyhavelivedthere.(when指代threeyearsago。不能换为which，因为which只能指代threeyears=andsincethen)(二)that在有些句型中可视为关系副词：1.way后面的定语从句常用that或inwhich引导,但可省略。Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youspeaktoyourparents.Theway(inwhich/that)heworkedontheproblemwaswrong.[注]：如果way在从句中作主语或宾语,应该用关系代词which/that。Heexplainedtheprobleminawaythat/whicheveryonecouldaccept.2.Itis(about,high)timethat…(正)是……的时候了。that从句中常用一般过去时,that在口语中可省略。Itwashightimethatwestoppedpollution.Itistimethatyouhadlunchnow.比较Therewasatimewhen(duringwhich)wewereshortofoil.3.Thisisthefirst(second,…last)timethat…(从句中常用完成时态)Thisis/willbethelasttimethatIhavecometoChina.ItwasthefirsttimethathehadbeeninvitedtoChina.第四部分：定语从句有关要注意的问题(一)关系代词作主语时,要注意从句中谓语动词的单复数。1.先行词只有oneof修饰时,从句谓语用复数。HeisoneofthestudentsinourclasswhohavebeentoHainan.Thisisoneofthebestbooksthatwerewrittenbythewriter.2.oneof前有the，theonly，thevery，thefirst时，从句谓语用单数。Tomistheonly/veryoneoftheboyswhoknowsthetruth.(二)定语从句的隔离现象：1.定语从句和先行词之间有时会被状语,定语或者其他成分隔开,要注意找准先行词。ThefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomewhenIwastakengoodcareofinthatvillage.Istherearestaurantaroundwherewecanhavelunch?(aroundadv.在周围)Thedaysaregonewhenweusedforeignoil.(主句谓语较短,隔开先行词与定语从句)2.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的后面有时会出现插入语。1)He