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中国人民大学——英语2023年博士硕士入学考试试题
客观题部分
请用铅笔将此部分试题旳答案填涂在答题卡上,否则无效!
II.Vocabulary(10points)
PartA(5points)
Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoices
markediLB,Carm1).Choosethe:onethatbestcompletesthe
sentenceandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracross
thesquarebracketonANSWERSHEET1.
Example:
Sheprefersforeignwinetothatproduced__
A.previouslyB.vLrtually
C.primarily
D.domestically
Thesentenceshouldread,;"Sheprefersforeignwinetothatproduce
domesticany."Therefore,youshouldchooseD.
SampleAnswer
[A][B][C][D]
1.
Internationalsportshouldcreategoodwill
betweenthenations,butinthe
presentorganizationoftheOlympicssomehowencourages__
patriotism.
A.obsolete
B.aggressive
C.harmonious
D.amiable
Z
Onecallunderstandothersmuchbetterbynotingtheimmediateand
fleetingreactionsoftheireyesand__toexpressedthoughts.
A.dilemmas
B.countenances
C.concessions
D.junctions
3.
Peopleinnately_____
forsuperiority
overtheir
peersalthoughit
sometimestakestheformofanexaggeratedlustforpower.
A.strive
B.ascertain
C.justifyD.adhere
4.
SomescientistshavesuggestedthatEarthisakindof,zooorwildlife
forintelligentspacebeings,likethewildernessareaswehaveset
uponearthtoallowanimalstodevelopnaturallywhileweobservethem.
A.conservation
B.maintenance
C.storage
D.reserve
5.
Accordingtothelatestreport,consumerconfidence___
abreathtaking
15points.lastmonth,toitslowestlevelin9years.
A.soared
B.mutated
C.plummeted
D.fluctuated
6.
Melissaisacomputer___thatdestroyedfilesincomputersand
frustratedthousandsofusersaroundtheworld.
A.genius
B.vires
C.disease
D.bacteria
7.
The
emphasis:onexaminationsisibyfarthe.worstformof
competitioninschools.
A.negligent
B.edible
C.fabulous
D.disproportionate
8.
Theboyseemedmore_____totheirpoverty,afterseeinghowhis
grandparentslived.
A.reconciled
B.consolidated
C.deteriorated
D.attributed
9.
Duringhistwo-monthstay,inChina,Tomnever____achanceto
practicehisChinese.
A.passedon
B.passedup
C.passed
by
D.passedout
10.Whenapersondies,hisdebtsmustbepaidbeforehis____canbe
distributed.
A.paradoxes
B.legacies
C.platitudes
D.analogin
PartB(5points)
Directions:Ineachofthefollowingsentencesthereisonewordorphrase
underlined.Belowthesentenceare
fourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,and
D.Choosetheonethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderiinedpart.
Markthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquare
bracketonANSWERSHEETI.
Example:
ThesecretaryisVerycompetent;shecanfinishalltheseletterswithinone
..;.,ca,ODe
bour.
A.careful
B.industrious
C.clever
D.capable
Inthissentence,"competent"isclosest-;nme:ztingto"capable".Therefore
youshouldchooseD.
SampleAnswer
[A][B][C][DD]
11.Heclaimsthatadvertising
todaytendstoportraywomenintraditional
rolessuchascookingortakingcareofthebaby.
A.depict
B.advocate
D;criticize
D.analyze
12,.Theyachievedmorethantheyhadeyerdreamed,lendingamagictOtheir
familystory
that
notaleorordinarylifecouldpossiblyrival.
A.confirm
B.achieve
C.match
Dexaggerate
13.Themosturgentthingistofindadump.forthosetoxic____industrialwastes.
A.imminent
B.recyclableC.smelly
D.poisonous
i4.BritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairpromisedtheelectoratethatgunswould
norbefiredwithoutanattempttowinafurtherU.N.sanction.
A.allies
B.delegates
C.voters
D.juries
15.The
analysissuggeststhatthetradeoffbetweenour:children'scollegeand
ourownretirementsecurityis,chilling.
A.frightening
B.promising
C.freezingD.revealing
16.Theirsigningofthetreaty
wasregardedasaconspiracyagainsttheBritish
Crown.
A.secretplan
B.boldattack
C.cleverdesignD.jointeffort
17.Evidence,reference,andfoomotesbythethousandtestifytoascrupulous
researcherwhodoesconsiderablejusticetoafullrangeofdifferent
beoreficalandpoliticalpositions.
A.trustworthy
B.intelligent
C.diligent
D.meticulous
18.Despitetheirspartan,isolatedlifestyle,themarenostoriesofwomen
beingrapedorwantonviolenceagainstciviliansintheregion.
A.intriguing
B.exasperating:
C.demonstrativeD.unprovoked
19.Thegangderivedtheir
nicknamefromtheirdarkclothingandblackedup
facesfor.nocturnalraidsintheforest.
A.illegal
B.night-time
C,brutalD.abusive
20.Thoughsometimestoolazytoworkashardashersisters,Lindahasa
moreavidfondnessforthelimelight,
A.mercurial
B,gallant
C.ardent
D.frugal
III.Cloze(10points)
Directions:Readthefollowing
passage.Choosethebestwordforeach
numberedblankandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthe
square
bracketonAnswerSheetI.
Likemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerage,Yahoobeganasanidea,
___
21___
intoahobbyandIatelyhas
____22____intoafull-timepassion.The
twodevelopersofYahoo,DavidFiloandJerryYang,Ph.Dcandidates
___23_
ElectricalEngineering
atStanfordUniversity,startedtheirguidein
April1994asawaytokeep24
oftheirpersonalinterestontheIntemet.
Beforelongthey
___25
___thattheirhome,brewedlists
werebecomingtoo
longand____26____
Gradually
theybegantospendmoreandmoretimeon
Yahoo.
During1994,they____27____
yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesigned
to____28_____theneedsofthethousandsofusers____29____
begantousethe
servicethroughtheclosely___30____Intemetcommunity.Theydeveloped
customizedsoftwaretohelpthem___31___locate,identifyandeditmaterial
___32___
ontheIntemet.
ThenameYahoois____
33____
tostand
for"Yet
AnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOracle".butFiloandYanginsisttheyselected
the___34___
becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahoo?itselffirst
___35___
onYang'sworkstation,"akebono",whilethesearchengine
was
___
36___
onFilo'scomputer,"Konishiki".
Inearly1995MarcAndreessen,co-founderofNetscapeCommunication
inMountainView,California,invitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles
___37___
tolargercomputers___38____atNetscape.AsaresultStanford's
computernetworkreturnedto___
39___,andbothpartiesbenefiasc.Today,
Yahoo___
40
___organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputers
linkedtotheweb.
1.A.became
B.grew
C.mm
D.intend
2.
A.made
B.saw
C.looked
D.turned
3.
A.in
B.on
C.about
D.fer
4.
A.touch
?.contact
C.n-ack
D.record
5.
A.founded
E.found
C.argued
D.reported
6.
A.unwieldy
B.tough
C.tamable
D
invaluable
7.
A.exchanged
B.shank
C.sold
D.converted
8.
A.explain
B.serve
C.discover
D.evaluate
9.A.which
B.that
C.actually
D.eagerly
10.A.relative
B.interactive
C.bound
D.contacted
11.A.fluently
B.efficiently
C.exactly
D.actually
12.A.transmitted
B.purchased
C.sold
D.
13.A.about
B.bound
C.going
D.supposed
I4.A.fable
B.model
C.name
D.brand
15.A.supported
B.resided
C.lived
D.launched
16.A.connected
B.lodged
C.introduced
D.linked
17.A.over
B,away
C.inside
D.beneath
18.A.housed
B.caught
C.hosed
D.bidden
19.A.average
B.normal
C.ordinary
D.equal
20.A.attains
B.detains
C.maintains
D.contains
IV.ReadingComprehension(20points)
Directions:Readthefollowingpassages,decideonthebestoneofthechoices
markedA,B,C,andDforeachquestionorunfinishedstatementandthenmark
thecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketonthe
ANSWERSHEET.
Passage1
Guthrie'scontiguityprincipleofferspracticalsuggestionsforhowtobreak
babies.
OneapplicationofthethrcshoMmethodinvolvesthetimeyoungchildren
spendonacademicactivities.Youngchildrenhaveshortattentionspans,sothe
lengthoftimetheycansustainworkononeactivityislimited.Mostactivities
arescheduledtolastnolongerthan30to40minutes.However,atthestartof
theschoolyear,attentionspansquicklywaneandbehaviorproblemsoften
result.ToapplyGutiarie'stheory,ateachermight,atthestartoftheyear,limit
activitiesto15to20minutes.Overthenextfewweekstheteachercould
gredually
increasethetimestudentsspendworking
onasingleactivity.
The
thresholdmethocialsocanbeappliedtoteachingprintingabd
handwriting.Whenchildrenfirstlearntoformletters,theirmovements
awkwardandtheylackfreemotorcoordination.Thedistancesbetweenlineson
apagearepurposelywidesochildrencanfitthelettersintothespace.Ifpaper
withnarrowlinesisinitiallyintroduced,students'letterswouldspilloverthe
bordersandstudentsmightbecomefrustrated.Oncestudentscanformletters
withinthe
largerborders,theycanusepaperwithsmallerborderstohelpthem
refine
theirskills.
Thefatiguemethodcanbeappliedwhendiscipliningdisruptivestudents
whobuildpaperairplanesandsailthemacrosstheroom.Theteachercan
removethestudentsfromtheclassroom,Wethemalargestackofpaper,and
tellthemtostartmakingpaperairplanes.Afterthestudentshavemadeseveral
airplanes,theactivityshouldloseitsattractionandpaperwillbecomeacuefor
notbuildingairplanes.
Somestudentscontinuallyracearoundthegymwhentheyfirstentertheir
physicaleducationclass.Toemploythefatiguemethod,theteachermight
decidetohavethesestudentscontinuetorunafewmorelapsaftertheclasshas
begun.
Theincompatibleresponsemethodcanbeusedwithstudentswhotalkand
misbehavein
themediacenter.Readingisincompatiblewithtalking.The
mediacenterteachermightaskthestudents'tofindinterestingbooksandread
themwhileinthecenter.AssumingthatthestudentSfindthebooksenjoyable,
themediacenterwill,overtime,becomeacueforselectingandreadingbooks
ratherthanfortalkingwithotherstudents.
Inasocialstudiesclasssomestudentsregularlyfallasleep.Theteacher
realizedthatusingtheboardandoverheadprojectorwhilelecturingwasvery
boring.Soontheteacherbegantoincorporateotherelementsintoeachlesson,
suchasexperiments,videotapes,anddebates,inanattempttoinvolvsstudents
andraisetheirinterestinthecourse.
41.Thepurposeofthispassageisto___
A.inform
B.persuade
C.debate
D.narrate
42.Guthrieidentifiedthreemethodsfor__
A.educatingstudents
B.alteringbadhabits
C.avoidingundesiredaction
D.forminggoodhobbies
43.Whichofthefollowingisnottheexampleofapplyingthethreshold
method?
A.Parentsintroducespinachinsmallbitesormixedwithafoodthanthe
childenjoysovertimesothatthechildwillnotrefusetoeatit.
B.Teachersintroduceacademiccontentinshortblocksoftimeforyoung
childrenandgraduallyincreasesessionlengthbutnottowherestudents
becomefrustratedorbored.
C.Paperwithwiderlinesisfirstusedandthenpaperwithnarrow
linesis
introducedstepbysteptohelpchildrenlearnprintingandhandwriting.
D.Achildmightbemadetothrowtoysuntilitisnolongerfanbyhis
parentsinordertochangehisbehaviorofrepeatedlythrowingtoys.
44.Tostopsnackingwhilewatchingtelevision,peopleshouldkeeptheirhands
busybysewing,painting,workingcrosswordpuzzles,andsoforth.Over
time.watchingTVbecomesacueforengaginginanactivityotherthan
snac'king.Whatmethodisusedinthisexample?
A.Thethresholdmethod.
B.Thefatiguemethod.
C.Theincompatibleresponsemethod.
D.Thepunishmentmethod.
45.Wecandrawtheconclusionfromthepassagethat
A.Theincompatibleresponsemethodistoforcechildtomakeunwanted
responserepeatedlyinpresenceofstimulusuntilheorshebecomes
exhausted
B.Thethresholdmethodreferstointroducingundesiredbehaviorwitha
responseincompatiblewiththeundesiredresponsesotheycannotbe
performedsimultaneously
C.Thefatiguemethod
meansthatengaginginthebehavioristransformde
intoavoiding
itbyintroducingthestimulusatfullstrengthsoitbecomes
acuefornotperformingit
D.Thefatigue
methodisthatinpresenceofstimulusteachershavechild
makeresponseincompatiblewithunwanted
response
Passage2
Theincreaseinglobaltrademeansthatinternationalcompaniescannot
affordtomakecostlyadvertisingmistakesiftheywanttobecompetitive.
Understandingthelanguageandcultureoftargetmarketsinforeign
countriesisoneofthekeystosuccessfulinternationalmarketing.Toomany
companies,however,havejumpedintoforeignmarketswithembarrassing
wralts
.
Translationmistakesareattheheartofmanyblundersininternational
advertising.
GeneralMotors,theUSautomanufacturer,gotacostlylessonwhenit
introduceditsChevroleNovatothePuertoRicanmarket."Nova"isLatinfor
new(star)"andmeans"star"inmanylanguages,butinspokenSpanishitcan
soundlike"nova",meaning"itdoesn'tgo".Fewpeoplewantedtobuyacar
withthatcursedmeaning.WhenGMchangedthenametoCaribe,sales
pickedup"dramatically.
Marketingblundershavealsobeenmadebyfoodandbeveragecompanies.
3neAmericanfoodcompany'sfriendly"JollyGreenGiant"(foradvertising
,egetables)becamesomethingquitedifferentwhenitwastranslatedinto
Arabicas"IntimidatingGreenOgre".
WhentranslatedintoGermanPepsi'spopularslogan,"ComeAlivewith
Pepsi"cameoutimplying"ComeAlivefromtheGrave".Nowondercustomers
in
Germanydidn'trushouttobuyPepsi.
Successful
international
marketing
doesn't
stop
with
good
ranslafions--,-otheraspectsofculturemustberesearchedandunderstoodff
aarketersaretoavoidblunders.
Whenmarketersdonotunderstandandappreciatethevalues,tastes,
geography,climate,superstitions,religion,oreconomyofaculture,theyfailto
capturetheirtargetmarket.
Forexample,anAmerican
designertriedtointroduceanewpentareihto
theLatinAmericanmarketbuttheproductarousedlittleinterest.Themail
reasonwasthatthecamelliausedinitwastraditionallyusedforfuneralsin
manySouthAmericancountries.
Havingawakenedtothespecialnatureofforeignadvertising,companies
arebecomingmuchmoreconscientiousintheirtranslationsandmoresensitive
toculturaldistinctions.
Thebestwaytopreventerrorsistohireprofessionaltranslatorswho
understandthetargetlanguageanditsidiomaticusage,ortouseatechnique
called"backtranslation"toreducethepossibilityofblunders.
Theprocessusesonepersontotranslateamessageintothetarget
languageandanothertotranslateitback.Effectivetranslatorsaimtocapture
the,overallmessageofanadvertisementbecauseaword-for-wordduplication
oftheoriginalrarelyconveystheintendedmeaningandoftencauses
misunderstandings.
Indesigningadvertisementsforothercountries,messagesneedto
beshot
and
simple.
Theyshouldalsoavoidjokes,sincewhatisconsideredfunnyinonepart
oftheworldmaynotbesohumorousinanother.
46.Thebesttitleofthispassagemightbe__.
A.CultureIsVeryImportantiaAdvertishag
B.AvoidCulturalMisunderstandingbetweenNations
C.OvercomeCulturalShockinDifferentCountries
D.AdvertisementsReflectVariousLifeStyles
47.Whatdoestheword"blunder"meaninthispassage?
A.hesitation
B.mistake
C.stutter
D.default
48.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtosummarizethegistfrom
Paragraph3toParagraph6?
A.Culturalshocks
B.Faultytranslations
C.Avoidculturaloversights
D.Preventblunders
49.WecanlearnfromthecontextinParagraph9thattheword"ca
"most
probablymean____
A.ananimalusedinperfumeforitssmell
B.apieceoffabricusedbothinperfumeandatfunerals
C.aflowerusedinperfumeforitsfragranceandusedforfunerals
D.annrnamentusedinprefumeandatfunerals
50.Onewaytopreventerrorsinadvertisingindifferentcountriesisto___
A.firethetranslatorswhodon'tknowthetargetlanguage.
B.usethetechniquecalled"literaltranslation"toreducethepossibilityof
blunders
C.avoidculturaloversightsandavoidcertainjokes
D.explainindetailswhendesigningadvertisementforothercountries
Passage3
Itisnotunusualforchiefexecutivestocollectmillionsofdollarsayearin
pay,stockoptions,andbonuses.Inthelastfifteenyears,whileexecutive
remunerationrose,taxesinthehighestincomebracketwentdown.Millionaires
arenowcommonplace.
Amiabilityisnotaprerequisiteforrisingtothetop,andtherearea
numberofchiefexecutiveofficerswithlegendarybadtempers.Itisnotthe
boss'sjobtoworryaboutthewell-beingofhissubordinatesalthoughtheman
withmanyenemieswi!!besweptoutmorequicklyinhardtimes;itisthe
companyheworriesabout.Hisbusinesssavvyissupposedtobebasedon
intimateknowledgeof.hiscompanyandtheindustry.sohegoeshomenightly
withafullbriefcase.Attheverytop-andonthewayup-executivesare
exceedinglydedicated.
TheAmericanexecutivemustbecapableofenoughsmalltalktogethim
throughthesocialpartofhisschedule,butheisprobablynotahighlycultured
individualoranintellectual.Althoughhiswifemaybeontheboardofthe
symphonyoropera,hehimselfhaslittletimeforsuchpursuits.Hisreading
maylargelyconcernbusinessandmanagement,despiteinterestsinotherfields.
Golfprovideshimwithasportiveoutletthatcombineswithsomeuseful
socializing.
Thesedays,heprobablyattemptssomeformofaerobicexerciseto"keep
theoldheartinshape"andforthesamereasongoeseasyonbutterandalcohol,
andsubstancesthoughttocontributetotakinghighlystressedexecutivesoutof
therunning.Buthisdoctor'sadmonitionto"takeiteasy"fallsondeafeyes.He
likestowork.Heknowsthereareyoungermennippingathisheels.
Corporate
head-hunting,carriedonby"executivesearch
fares,"isa
growingindustry.Americahasgreatfaithinindividualtalent,anddynamicand
aggressiveexecutivesaresoindemandthatcompaniesregularlyraideach
other'smanagerialranks.
51.Wecaninferfromthesecondparagraphthat___
A.promotiondependsonamiability
B.chiefexecutivesdonotworkhardenoughatthetoplevel
C.itisthedutyofthechiefexecutivetolookafterthewell-beingofhis
subordinates
D.achiefexecutiveisexpectedtoknowmoreabouthiscompanyandthe
industry
52.Theterm"aerobicexercise"(fa'stlineinsecondlastparagraph)isakindOf
____
A.hallucinationexercise
B.physicalexercise
C.meditationexercise
D.entertainment
53.Fromthelastparagraphwecangatherthat____
A.therearetoomanyaggressiveexecutives
B.individualtalentisnotessentialforacompany
C.thejobofan"executivesearchrum"iscorporatehead-hunting
D.itisnotcommonforcompaniestoundermineeachother'smanagerial
ranks
54.Forexecutives,accordingtothearticle,agolfcourseisapl
where
________
A.theycanconducttheirbusiness
B.theycanindulgethemselves
C.theycancultivatetheirmind
D.theycanexerciseaswellassocialize
55.WhatisNOTtreeaccordingtothearticle?
A.Executivestendtoignoredoctors'adviceandwarnings.
B.Executivesaresensitivetopressurefromtheyoungergeneration.
C.Allchiefexecutivescanearnmillionsofdollarsayear.
D.Executivesarecarefulofwhattheyeat.
Passage4
InNovember1970YukioMishima,togetherwithsomeofhisfanatical
followersfromtheultranationalisticShieldSocietyWhiCh.hehadfour,dodin
1966,brokeintotheheadquartersofJapan'sEasternDefenseForcesarmed
withswordsanddaggers,overpoweredsomeaides,tiedupthecommanding
general,anddemandedthatthetroopsbeassembledtohearaspeech.Mishima
addressedthetroopsfortenminutes,incitingthemtorebelagainstthe
constitutionalgovemmentimposedbytheUnitedStatesthathad,inhiswords,
"turnedJapanspineless."Receivingonlyridiculeinresponse,hereturnedtothe
general'sofficeandthere,beforethegeneral'sunbelievingeyes,proceededto
killhimselfinstrictaccordancewiththetradifonalsamurairitualofseppuku.
AfterMishimahaddrivenadaggerdeepintohisleftabdomen,oneofhisaides
severedhisheadwithasword.Theaidelikewise'killedhimselfandwas
5eheaded;theotherssurrendered.
In1936therehadbeenasimilarrevoltand,thoughequallyunsuccessful,
ithadforeshadowedtherepressivere,meofGeneralTojothatwastostagetho
attackonPearlHarborin1941.Thatearlierrevoltistheonereferredtoin
"Patriotism,"oneofMishima'smostpowerfulstories.Herelifeandfiction
becomejoined.TheactofseppukuwasforMishimaafulfdlment,"theultimate
dreamofmylife."Bomofanancientsamuraifamily,helongedtodieahero's
deathinaccordancewiththeancientsamuraicode;buthisweakbodykepthim
from
serviceinthewar,andhehadtocompensatethroughbodybuilding(he
becameexpertatkarateandkendo)and,mostimportant,throughthediscipline
writing.Inhisshortlifetimeheturnedouttwentynovels,thirtyplays,many
essays,andmorethaneightystories:healsoproduced,directed,andactedin
movies,andevensangonstage.Hisfirstbookofstories,AForestinFlower,
appearedin1943,butitwasConfessionofaMask(1948),dealingwiththe
meditationsofayoungmanofhomosexualleaningsinarepressivesociety,that
broughthimfame.
Mishimahasbeencalled"Japan'sHemingway,"whileothershave
comparedhimto"aesthetic"writerslikeWalterPeterandOscarWilde.
56.Thearticleimpliesthat
A.Mishimarefusedtojointhearmywhenhewasyoung
B.Mishimahasbeenregardedasalunaticwriter
C.Mishimaisapersonwho'ishardmdefine
D.CriticsallagreethatMishimaisanaest
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