英国简介(英文版)教学内容

英国简介(英文版)FocusQuestions(parttwo)WhatistheofficiallanguageinBritain?WhatisthelongestriverinEngland?WhatisthelargestlakeinBritain?WhatarethemainnaturalresourcesofU.K.?DescribesomeofthebigcitiesinBritain.DescribethemainfeaturesoftheclimateinBritain.RelatedNamestheUKBritainBritishIslesBritishEmpireBritishCommonwealthIntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureBeforeYouReadWarm-upCanyouseeabigclockinthepictureontheright?Doyouknowitsveryfamousname?_____________________________Whenyouarereferringtothemeaningof“yingguo”inEnglish,whichofthefollowingtermsdoyouusemostoften?a.GreatBritainb.Englandc.Britaind.U.K.e.TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandf.TheUnitedKingdom

_____________________________Whatfamouscitiesorinterestingtouristsitesdoyouknowaboutthiscountry?_____________________________

Britain:AnIntroductionIntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureTheLandNames

ThefullandofficialnameofthecountryistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,usuallyabbreviatedtotheUnitedKingdomorU.K.,GreatBritain,orsimplyBritain,orsometimesinformallyEngland.

Question:Whydon’tpeopleofScotland,WalesandNorthIrelandliketobecalled“Englishpeople”?IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureTheBritishIslesExplanationoftheterm:TheBritishIslesisthenameofsomeislandsinWesternEurope,separatedfromtheEuropeancontinentbytheNorthSea,theStraitofDoverandtheEnglishChannel.Amongtheislands,GreatBritainandIrelandarethetwomainones.ThecountryoftheU.K.mainlyconsistsofthesetwoislands.Twomainislands:GreatBritainandIreland

BritishIslesnorthwestofEuropeintheAtlanticOceantwolargeislands(GreatBritainandIreland)andhundredsofsmallislandsTheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislands-GreatBritain(thelargerone)andIreland,andhundredsofsmallones.ThreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain:England,ScotlandandWales.GeographicalpositionofBritain:

1.Britainisanislandcountrysurroundedbythesea.ItliesintheNorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope.ItisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.

2.ThenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighlands;andtheeastandsoutheastaremostlylowlands.

RiversandLakesBenNevisisthehighestmountaininBritain(1,343m).本尼维斯山SevernRiveristhelongestriverinBritain(338km).塞文河。ThamesRiveristhesecondlongestandmostimportantriverinBritain.(336km).泰晤士河LoughNeaghisthelargestlakeinBritainwhichislocatedinNorthernIreland.(396squarekilometres).讷湖（内伊湖）RiverClydeisthemostimportantriverinScotland.克莱德河SnowdoniaisthehighestmountaininWales.（1,085m）斯诺多尼亚BenNevisSevernRiverThamesRiver泰晤士河（ThamesRiver）是英国著名的“母亲”河。发源于英格兰西南部的科茨沃尔德希尔斯，全长402公里，横贯英国首都伦敦与沿河的10多座城市，流域面积13000平方公里，在伦敦下游河面变宽，形成一个宽度为29千米的河口，注入北海。在伦敦上游，泰晤士河沿岸有许多名胜之地，诸如伊顿、牛津、亨利和温莎等。泰晤士河的入海口充满了英国的繁忙商船，然而其上游的河道则以其静态之美而著称于世。在英国历史上泰晤士河流域占有举足轻重的地位。同时加拿大安大略省也有一条河流叫“泰晤士河”。TheRiverThamesisthesecondlongestriverintheUnitedKingdomandthelongestriverentirelyinEngland,risingatThamesHeadinGloucestershire,andflowingintotheNorthSeaattheThamesEstuary.IthasaspecialsignificanceinflowingthroughLondon,thecapitaloftheUnitedKingdom,althoughLondononlytouchesashortpartofitscourse.TheriveristidalinLondonwithariseandfallof7metres(23ft)andbecomesnon-tidalatTeddingtonLock.ThecatchmentareacoversalargepartofSouthEasternandWesternEnglandandtheriverisfedbyover20tributaries.Therivercontainsover80islands,andhavingbothseawaterandfreshwaterstretchessupportsavarietyofwildlife.Theriverhassupportedhumanactivityfromitssourcetoitsmouthforthousandsofyearsprovidinghabitation,waterpower,foodanddrink.IthasalsoactedasamajorhighwaybothforinternationaltradethroughthePortofLondon,andinternallyalongitslengthandconnectingtotheBritishcanalsystem.Theriver’sstrategicpositionhasseenitatthecentreofmanyeventsandfashionsinBritishhistory,earningitadescriptionas“LiquidHistory”.Ithasbeenaphysicalandpoliticalboundaryoverthecenturiesandgeneratedarangeofrivercrossings.Inmorerecenttimetheriverhasbecomeamajorleisureareasupportingtourismandpleasureoutingsaswellasthesportsofrowing,sailing,skiffing,kayaking,andpunting.Theriverhashadaspecialappealtowriters,artists,musiciansandfilm-makersandiswellrepresentedinthearts.Itisstillthesubjectofvariousdebatesaboutitscourse,nomenclatureandhistory.LoughNeaghbackRiverClyde

SnowdoniaSnowdonia是英国最美的国家公园，在威尔士西北部，面临圣乔治海峡。Snowdonia威尔士语是Eryri，意“鹰的天地”，纤尘未染纯自然景观。标高：3560英尺。雪墩山为中心，845平方英里，围绕着山脉、湖泊、森林、峡谷和海湾。Britain'sfavorableclimateBritainhasamaritimeclimate-wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.Ithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.Thetemperaturevarieswithinasmallrange.海洋性气候：

ThefactorsinfluencetheclimateinBritain:

1）Thesurroundingwaterstendtobalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer;

2)Theprevailingsouth-westwindsortheWesterliesblowoverthecountryalltheyearroundbringingwarmandwetairinwinterandkeepingthetemperaturesmoderate;

3）TheNorthAtlanticDriftpassesthewesterncoastoftheBritishIslesandwarmsthem.北大西洋暖流经Rainfall

Britainhasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.TheaverageannualrainfallinBritainisover1,000mm.Thereisawatersurplusinthenorthandwest,andawaterdeficitinthesouthandeast.

GeneralsituationWalesScotlandEnglandNorthernIsland

IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureTheFourRegionsoftheU.K.England130,000squarekilometersThreeregionsandgeographicalfeaturesTheRiverThamesLondonScotland78,000squarekilometersGeographicalfeaturesEdinburghGlasgowIntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureTheFourRegionsoftheU.K.England130,000squarekilometersThreeregionsandgeographicalfeaturesTheRiverThamesLondonScotland78,000squarekilometersGeographicalfeaturesEdinburghGlasgowEnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenaturalzones(theHighlandsinthenorth;theCentrallowlands;thesouthUplands)Capital:EdinburghWalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:CardiffNorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast.Wales

"Inacountrywithrelativelyfewgreatchurches

andabbeys,andevenfewerunfortifiedmanorhouses,

theCastlesofWalesformthemostimposinggroupof

monumentsleftfromtheMiddleAges.Intermsof

grandeurtheyaresecondonlytothedramaticlandscape."AdrianPettifer-WelshCastles

LandofCastlesAbout WalesSOUTHWALESNORTHWALESWESTWALESPicture?lookingeastfrompanoramaSouthWalesTreccobayNorthWalesBoats/castle/lakeWestWalesSpectacular

ScotlandSPORTSEdinburghGlasgowEdinburgh,CapitalCity

ImageofEngland

BritishEmpire¼oftheworld’slandareaandpopulationCulturalInformationJohnBullGodSavetheQueenFourpartsofthenationtheUnionJackpopulationdistribution

Britainhasapopulationofabout57millionsanditisveryunevenlydistributed.90%ofthepopulationisurbanandonly10%isrural.ThepopulationofBritainismadeupmainlyoftheEnglish(81.5%),theScottish(9.6%),theWelsh(1.9%),theIrish(2.4%),theNorthernIrish(1.8%)andotherpeoples(2.8%).

ThedifferencebetweentheancestorsoftheEnglishandScots,WelshandIrish:

：TheancestorsoftheEnglishareAnglo-Saxons,theScots,WelshandIrishareCelts.

英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁-萨克逊人，而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。Thedifferenceincharacter

TheEnglandaresaidtobereserve,politeandgentle.TheScotsaresaidtobeaserious,cautiousandthriftypeople,andtheyarealsohospitable,generousandfriendly.TheWelshareemotionalandcheerfulpeople.Theyaremusicloversandareproudoftheirpast.

TheIrisharecharmandvivacity.生性活泼。languageThedifferenceinspeechbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland:

SouthernersspeakthetypeofEnglishclosetoBBCEnglish;InnorthernEngland,regionalspeechisusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernEngland.

JohnBullJohnArbuthnotHistoryofJohnBull(1712)ApersonificationoftheEnglishnationoratypicalEnglishman.johnbull(s)约翰牛；英国佬“约翰牛”是英国人的绰号，意义是englishnation,thetypicalenglishmen.这个雅号是英国人自己取的，出自16世纪英国著名作家兼宫廷御医约翰·阿布斯诺特(JohnArbuthnot,1667--1735)的政治讽刺作品。阿布斯诺特在1712年写了一本讽刺小说，名叫《约翰牛的生平》(TheHistoryofJohnBull)，该书的主人公约翰牛就是英国的人格化、形象化。作者笔下的约翰牛，是个英国“自由民”，为人粗暴冷酷，桀骜不逊，颇有些牛劲。他盛气凌人、欺辱弱者，如果谁流露出对他稍微表示不满的反抗情绪，他立即摆出一副格斗的架势。作者通过这个赳赳武夫的形象，暗喻当年英国的专横跋扈，抨击“民权党”（英国自由党的前身）的好战策略。显然，这个绰号最初含贬斥色彩。这个形象的出现，绝非作者凭空捏造，而是与当时英国的社会经济状况紧密相连。在英国资产阶级革命胜利后的17世纪，英国毛纺工业迅速发展，资本的原始积累不断扩大，资产阶级政权对内实行“圈地运动“，对外实行殖民地的掠夺政策，以便积累大量的工业资本。“约翰牛”的形象正是这个时期英国的体现这。JohnBull这个颇古的典故成语，19世纪的著名作家狄更斯(CharlesDickens,1812--1870)就曾引用过。随着时间的推移，“约翰牛”的形象发生了耐人寻味的变化，由最初那个身强力壮、满脸横肉的中年船长想象，变成了一个年过半百、五短身材的矮胖子。于是漫画上出现的”约翰牛“，是个头戴宽边礼帽，足蹬翻口皮鞋，身穿茄克衫的绅士摸样。当年那种杀气滕滕的气概收敛不少，其原来的贬义似乎变成了褒义。”约翰牛“逐渐变成了一位饱经事故的实干家形象，他的行为成了英国的人的标准行为。这样一来，johnbull这个成语就成了英国人或者英国的代名词了；而与之相关的johnbullism就指”英国精神“”英国习气“或”英国的典型性格“，johnbullist则常指”英国迷“GodSavetheQueenthenationalanthemoftheUnitedKingdomGodsaveourgraciousQueen,

LongliveournobleQueen,

GodsavetheQueen!

Sendhervictorious,

Happyandglorious,

Longtoreignoverus;

GodsavetheQueen!

OLordourGodarise,

Scatterherenemies

Andmakethemfall;

Confoundtheirpolitics,

Frustratetheirknavishtricks,

OnTheeourhopeswefix,

Godsaveusall!

Fromeverylatentfoe,

Fromtheassassinsblow,

GodsavetheQueen!

O'erherthinearmextend,

ForBritain'ssakedefend,

Ourmother,prince,andfriend,

GodsavetheQueen!

LordgrantthatMarshalWade

Maybythymightyaid

Victorybring.

Mayheseditionhush,

Andlikeatorrentrush,

RebelliousScotstocrush.

GodsavetheKing!GodsaveourgraciousQueen上帝保佑女王，

LongliveournobleQueen祝她万寿无疆，

GodsavetheQueen神佑女王。

Sendhervictorious常胜利，沐荣光；

Happyandglorious孚民望，心欢畅；

Longtoreignoverus治国家，王运长；

GodsavetheQueen.神佑女王！Thychoicestgiftsinstore愿上帝恩泽长，

Onherbepleasedtopour选精品，倾宝囊，

Longmayshereign万岁女王！，

Mayshedefendourlaws愿她保护法律，

Andgiveusevercause使民心齐归向

Tosingwithheartandvoice一致衷心歌唱，

GodsavetheQueen神佑女王！Table1NameCapitalCityNationalEmblemEnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIrelandTable2NamePatronSaintFlagFeastDayEnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIrelandCapital&EmblemNameCapitalCityNationalEmblemEnglandLondonScotlandEdinburghWalesCardiffNorthernIrelandBelfastrosethistleleekanddaffodilshamrockRoseandEnglandTheWaroftheRosesTwofamilies:theHouseofYork(whiterose)theHouseofLancaster(redrose)ThistleandScotlandAprickly-leafedpurpleflowerFirstusedinthe15thcenturyasasymbolofdefence.Leek,DaffodilandWalesThecolorsofleek,greenandwhiteDaffodilwasusedinthefifteenthcenturyasasignofrecognitionbysupportersofHenryVII.Leekwasusedasacapbadgeinbattletoshowfriendfromfoe.

BotharewornonSt.David’sday.ShamrockandIrelandAthree-leafedplantUsedbySt.PatricktoillustratethedoctrineoftheHolyTrinityPatronSaint&FlagNamePatronSaintFlagFeastDayEnglandSt.George23rdAprilScotlandSt.Andrew30thNovemberWalesSt.David1stMarchNorthernIrelandSt.Patrick17thMarchSt.GeorgeandEnglandA3rdcenturyChristiansoldier,lateramartyr,withashieldthatbearsaredcrossonawhitebackground.

HavingrescuedtheEnglishfromtheMoslemsduringtheCrusadesSt.AndrewandScotlandFirstafisherman,laterthe1stofthe12ApostlesCrucifiedonacrosssaltire--an'X'-shapedcross.St.DavidandWalesTheonlyWelshsaintworshipedintheWesternChurchA6thcenturyCelticmonk,leadinganausterelifedevotedtoGod,vegetarianEstablishingseveralmonasteriesinWalesandwesternEnglandSt.PatrickandIrelandApostleofIrelandBorninScotland,capturedandsoldintoslaverytoIrelandat16EscapedbutlaterreturnedtospreadChristianityRedsaltireonawhitebackgroundashisemblemFourPartsoftheNationNameFlagCapitalPatronSaintNationalEmblemEnglandLondonSt.GeorgeScotlandEdinburghSt.AndrewWalesCardiffSt.DavidNorthernIrelandBelfastSt.PatrickTheUnionJackFusionofthreedifferentemblemsintoaUnionFlag,recordingthegrowthofonekingdomoutofthesuccessiveunionofthreecrowns1536ActofUnion,KingdomofEnglandHenryVIII1707ActofUnion,KingdomofGreatBritain

QueenElizabethI,JamesVI&I1801ActofUnion,KingdomofGreatBritainandIreland

GeorgeIIIcurrentUnionFlagadoptedonJan.1st,18011922,IrishFreeState,ortheRepublicofIreland1927,theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

英国国徽,即英王徽。中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红底上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金底上半站立的金狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝底上金黄色竖琴，象征北爱尔兰。盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、分别代表英格兰和苏格兰的狮子和独角兽守护。盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言"Honisoitquimalypense"，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上用法文写着"Dieuetmondroit"，意为“天有上帝，我有权利”。盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。底部的绿地中有玫瑰（英格兰），蓟（苏格兰），韭菜（威尔士）以及三叶草（爱尔兰）。PhysicalGeographyAnOverviewFourpartsofthecountryEnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIrelandRivers&lakesClimateAnoverallview(I).

Overallview(II)

●ThecountryisslowlytiltingwiththeNorthwestslowlyrisingandtheSoutheastslowlysinking.

●Thenorthandwestofthecountryaremainlyhighlands,whiletheeastandsoutheastaremostlylowlands.

Englandthelargest,southernpartoftheisland,coveringanareaof130,000km2,takingup60%ofthelandareaofthewholecountry.London,Manchester,BirminghamandLiverpoolarethemajorcities.London(I).

LondonMapLondonTheCity,onthenorthbankoftheThames,isoneoftheworld'sleadingbankingandfinancialcenters.ItcontainsGuildhall(1411-23)andStPaul'sCathedral(1675-1710).ThePortofLondonliestotheeastanditsdocksextendfor25milesalongtheThames.TheTowerofLondon(11thc.)liesjusteastoftheCity.TheWestEndincludesWestminster,theareaofcentralgovernmentadministration,StJames'Palace(1521-1533),severalparks,andfineexamplesofdomesticarchitecture(esp.18th-19thcenturies).Industries(heEastEndandthesuburbs):printing,publishing,electricaland

mechanicalengineering,chemicals,clothing,foodprocessing,plastics.SomeofLondon'sculturalinstitutionsaretheUniversityofLondon(1836),theBritishMuseum(1753),theNationalGallery(1838),theCoventGardenOperaHouse(1856-1858)andRoyalFestivalHall(1951).LondontowerSt.PaulCathedralbackHouseofParliamentTheRiverThamesBigBenBritishMuseumBritishMuseumWestminsterAbbeyWestminsterAbbey

thePoet’sCornerTheBuckinghamPalace

backBuckinghamPalacePrincessDianaBuckinghamPalaceTheThamesTowerbridgebackScotlandback

Descriptionofthenation

BriefScottishHistoryDescriptionoftheNationmainlycomposedofmountains,lakesandislandscoveringanareaof78,760km2BiggistCityGlasgowCapitalCityEdinburghThreenaturalzones:theNorthernHighlandzonetheCentralLowlandzonetheSouthernUplandzone

SymbolsofScottishEdinburghEdinburghEdinburghInternationalArtsFestivalEdinburghInternationalArtsFestivalGlasgowWhiskeybagpipeTartanGolfBenNevisbackBriefScottishHistory□TheRomanEmpirePeriod

Hadrain’sWall

□

Anglo-SaxonPeriod

□VikingRaids

□

UnificationofEnglandandScotland

TheHadrain’sWallHadrian’sWallwasbuiltontheordersoftheEmperorHadrianItwasabarrierthatallowedRomansoldierstocontrolthemovementsofpeoplecomingintoorleavingRomanBritain.

Hadrain’sWall

Anglo-SaxonPeriodmostofScotlandwasnotconqueredbytheAnglo-SaxonsAnglo’skingdomwasestablishedinthesoutheastofScotland,“Edinburgh”isaGermanicword.VikingRaidsPeriodFrequentconflictbetweenthetwosides

MacbethbyShakespeare

GreatTragediesandComedies

ThestoryofMacbethMacbethisthecentralcharacter.MacbethandhisassociateBanquoencounter3witches

KingofScotland,Duncan,hasmadeMacbeththaneofCawdorDuncan

paysavisittoMacbethBanquosuspectshim,andhehasBanquoassassinated

Malcolm,sonofDuncan.LadyMacbethhaslostherreasonpreyofambition.ShakespeareShakespeareGreatTragediesHamletOthelloKingLearMacbethGreatComediesTheMerchantofVeniceTheTwelfthNightAMidsummerNight’sDreamAsyouLikeItUnificationofScotlandandEnglandIn1603,QueenElizabethⅠdiedchildlessJamesⅥofScotlandbecameJamesⅠofEnglandIn1707,ScotlandformallyjoinedtheUnion.Wales coveringanareaof20,761km2(about9%)inthewestofGreatBritain6%ofWalesiscoveredwithforestandmuchofthecountryispasture,withonly12%oftheareaarable.ThecapitalcityisCardiff.ThesouthernpartofWales

BriefHistoryTheSouthernWalesThesouthernpartofWaleswasanimportantelementinBritain’sIndustrialRevolution.Ithadrichcoaldeposits.Coal-miningbecameakeyindustryfortheWelshBritainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrialize

IndustrialRevolutionfavorablegeographicallocationPoliticalstabilityGoodfoundationineconomyTypicalexamplesoftheinventionsTypicalexamplesoftheinventions

JohnKay’sflyingshuttleJamesHargreaves’SpinningJennyJamesWatt’sSteamEngineBriefHistoryRomanPeriodWaleswasconqueredbytheRomans.WhentheRomansleftBritain,WaleswasagainaCelticland.

Anglo-SaxonPeriodButunlikeEngland,ItwasnotconqueredbyAnglo-Saxons.ButitwasalwaysunderpressurefromitsEnglishneighbourNormanPeriod

PrinceofWales

PrinceofWalesAtfirst,theNormanbaronssetupcastlesandestatesinWales,thustherewasaneedtounifyWalestoresisttheEnglish.LlywelynapGruffudd,broughtalargeportionofWalesunderhisruleandforcedtheEnglishtoacknowledge

himasPrinceofWalesin1267.Whenhedied,theEnglishKing,EdwardⅠ,setaboutconqueringWales,EdwardⅠnamedhissonthePrinceofWales,andthefirstsonofthemonarchhasheldthattileeversince.PrinceCharlesNorthernIrelandDescriptionoftheNationPoliticalProblemsDescriptionoftheNation1/5oftheIrelandIslandtakingupanareaof14,147km2Capitalcity:Belfast.Population:1.5millionThe

LoughNeaghisthelargestlakeinBritain.

The“Giant’sCauseway”

LoughNeaghbackTheGiant’sCausewayArockypromontorymadeupofblackhexagonalcolumnsFormedbycoolinglavaMillionsofyearsagoTheGiant’sCausewayPoliticalProblems1.Anationofcontradictions2.RootsoftheConflict3.HomeRule4.PartitionofIrelandisland5.NorthernIreland6.Troubles7.SolutiontothetroublescontradictionsLand

SpecialLocationPeoplePeoplelivedinIrelandIslandweretheoriginalinhabitants----theCeltsReligionMostpeoplelivedinIrelandIslandareCatholicsMostpeoplelivedinGreatBritainIslandareProtestantsRootsoftheConflictInElizabethⅠAgeTheBritishgovernmentencouragedpeoplethatfromScotlandandEnglandtosettleontheIrelandislandIn1610,Britishgovernmentenactedthe“ArticlesofPlantation”In1641,theIrishpeopleroseinrebellionIn1649,theEnglishunderOliverCromwell,slaughteredthousandsofIrishCatholics.In1689,theIrishrebelledagain,withsupportfromthedeposedEnglishKingJamesⅡ

andaidedbytheFrench.In1690,thenewEnglishMonarchy,

WilliamofOrange,defeatedtheIrishrebelsattheBattleofBoyne.In1695,theBritishgovernmentintroducedPenalLawsIn1845,IrelandsufferedtheGreatFaminecausedbycropfailuresoversuccessiveyears.EnglandcontinuedtoimportmeatfromIrelandwhiletheIrishpeoplestarved.PeoplefromScotlandandEnglandLoyaltotheBritishCrownProtestantinReligiouspersuasion/beliefArticlesofPlantationConfiscatelandfromthenativeIrishCatholicsthentransferownershiptothenewsettlers.ThenativeIrishweredriventotherockyhinterlandsorintoservitudeRevolutionandRestorationPeriodCivilwar(1642—1649)(Kingvs.Parliament)KingCharlesⅠexecutedOliverCromwellProtectorKingCharlesⅡKingJamesⅡWilliamandMary/GloriousRevolutionHomeRuleThefullnameofUK

before1921Inthelate19thcentury,acampaigninparliamentcalled“HomeRule”,i.e.IrishpeoplecontrolofIrishinternalaffairs.TheThirdHomeRuleBillwaspassedin1914.OtherformsofactivitiesinpursuingIrishindependence,guerrillaorterroristactivitiesEasterRisingin1916SinnFeinUKThefullnameofUKbefore1921wascalled“theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland”EasterRisingInordertogainindependence,differentIrishgroupshadbeenfightingagainsttheBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilitaryforces.OnesuchactivitieswastheEasterRisingwhichtookplacein1916.TherebelsoccupiedDublin’sPostOffice.Partitionoftheislandin1921TheIrishpeoplewereethnicallydistinctfromthemajorityofBritishpeople.TheBritishGovernmentchoseacompromisein1921.thesouthern26countiesformanindependent“freestate”thenorth-eastern6countiesremainapartoftheUK.ThismeanstheendofBritishruleinsouthernIreland.NorthernIreland(6counties)NorthernIrelandwasgivenitsownParliamenttodealwithNorthernIrishinternalaffairs.Inthenorthern6counties,thepopulationwasnotpurely“Loyalist”----loyaltotheBritishcrown.About1/3ofthepopulationwereCatholicsandmanyresentedtheNorth’sseparationfromthesouth.thelocalparliamentwascontrolledbytheProtestants,Catholicsfoundithardertogetjobs,ortobenefitfromthesocialprograms.Resentmentgrew,thearmedconflictknownas“troubles”developedTroublesinNorthernIrelandAtfirst,theCatholicsrebellionCivilRightsMovementinU.S.TheProtestantsorganizecounter-demonstrationsNorthernIrishPrimeMinisteraskedLondonforsoldierstohelprestoreorderIRAsplitto2groupsIn1970s,theIRAcarriedoutacampaignofbombingandshootingProtestantsformedtheirownillegal“paramilitary”groupsandtookrevengeontheCatholicsIn1971,theNorthernIrishgovernmentenacted“Interment”policy,itwasendedin1975.In1972,468peoplewerekilledinNorthernIreland,includes13Catholics.Itwascalled“BloodySunday”“Power-SharingMechanism”Protestantstookamassiveandprolongedstrike.“direct–rule”fromLondonIRAbegantobombthemainlandofGreatBritain.ItwasstartedbytheAmericanblacks.TheycampaignedfortheequalrightswiththewhitepeopleItoriginatedfromtheracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStates.Theblackpeopleconstitute1/10ofthetotalpopulation.Theterm“negro”isappliedtopeopledescendedorpartlydescendedfromslavestransportedfromAfricalongago.Theoldterm“negro/nigger”isnowconsideredtobeinsulting.Inofficialstatisticstheterm“non-white”isused,andinordinarysituationsitisacceptabletocall“non-white”people“black”.CivilRightsMovementintheU.SIRATheOfficialIRAafterthepartitionoftheIrelandisland,theythinktheyshouldfocusonpoliticalprocessandalso,theyruncandidatesforelectionsTheProvisionalIRA

theyseparatedfromtheOfficialIRA,theythinkthatarmedforcewastheonlywaytogettheBritishoutSolutiontothe“troubles”“GoodFridayAgreement”Asaresultofmulti-partynegotiationsAidedbytheinterventionoftheUnitedStatesSenatorGeorgeMitchellThe“GoodFridayAgreement”knownalsoasthe“BelfastAgreement”signedon10April1998.ThisagreementassurestheLoyalistcommunitythatNorthernIreland“remainspartoftheUnitedKingdomandshallnotceasetobesowithouttheconsentofthemajorityofthepeopleofNorthernIreland”.NorthernIrelandisgovernedby3separatejurisdictions:RepublicofIrelandUKitsownelectedexecutivegovernmentof10ministers

RiversandLakes(I)

RiversinBritaindonotfreezeinwinter.TheyplayaveryimportantroleinBritain’seconomy.ThegreatportsofLondon,LiverpoolandGlasgowareallconnectedtotheseabyrivers.ThelongestriveristheSevernRiverwhichisonly338kmlong.ThesecondlargestriverinBritainistheThamesRiver,whichis336kmlong.ItrisesinsouthwestEnglandandflowsratherslowlythroughtheMidlandsofEnglandtoOxford,LondonandoutintotheNorthSea.

RiversandLakes(II)backTherearemanylakesinBritainespeciallyinnorthernScotland,theLakeDistrictinnorth-westEnglandandnorthWales.ThelargestlakeinBritainistheLoughNeaghinNorthernIrelandwhichcoversanareaof396km2.theThames(I)theThames(II)TheThamesthenmeandersitswaythroughbeautifulcountrysidereachesandhistoricsettlementswithanenormousvarietyofplacestovisit,pubsandrestaurantstonourishbothbodyandsoul.Youwillbe