2015职称英语(综合类)新增文章及翻译

第三篇AcrosstheDesertsTheSaharaDesertisthelargestdesertintheworld.ItstretchesacrossAfricafromSenegaltoEgypt.TheSaharaDesertisanunfriendlyenvironment.Duringthedayit'sveryhot,andatnightiverycold.ItisalsodifficulttofindwaterintheSahara.In2006,KevinLin,RayZahab,andCharlieEngledecidedtodosomethingverydifficult.TheymadethedecisiontorunacrosstheSaharaDesert4,300miles(6,920km).Itseemedimpossibletodo,buttheywantedtotry.Thethreemenlikedtotestthemselves,andthiswouldbeaverybigtest.OnthemorningofNovember2,Kevin,Ray,andCharliestartedtheirtripacrosstheSahara.Everymorningtheybeganrunningat5:00.At11a.m.theystoppedandresteduntil5p.m.Thentheyranagainuntil9:30intheevening.Eachdaytheyranabout40miles(64km).Everydayitwasthesamething.Theygotupandran.TheylistenedtomusicontheiriPods,andtheyranandran.Kevin,Ray,andCharlieneededto eatalotoffoodduringtheirtrip.Most peopleneedabout2,000caloriesoffoodeachday.Kevin,Ray,andCharlieneededbetween6,000and9,000calorieseveryThat'salotoffood!Theyalsoneededtodrinkalotofwater.Thethreemenhadsomeproblemsontheirtrip,andmanytimestheywantedtoquitandgohome.Itwasoftenveryhot(140°F/60°C)duringtheday,andtheheatmadethemsick.Theirlegsandfeethurt.Sometimesitwasverywindy,andtheycouldn'tsee.Onetimetheygotlost.Buttheydidn'tquit.After111days,Kevin,Ray;andCharliesuccessfullyfinishedtheirtripacrosstheSaharaDesert.TheyhuggedeachotherandputtheirhandsinthewateroftheRedSea.Thentheyrantoahoteltotakealongshower.词汇：stretchv.延伸，伸展calorien.卡(路里)，小卡，大卡quitv.注释：1....madethedecisiontorunacross...：......决正跑步横跨......穿越沙漠非常热，晚上有时又很冷。在撒哈拉沙漠中很难找到水。2006Charlie4300（6920千米）这将是一个很大的挑战。112日的早晨，Kevin,RayCharlie5点115940英里（64千米）iPod里的音乐不休停地跑。在旅途中，Kevin,RayCharlie20006000-9000卡路里。那真是很多食物！他们每天也需要喝大量的水。三人在途中也出现了很多问题，很多次他们都想放弃回家。白天通常很热（140华氏度／60摄氏度），高温导致他们生病，他们的腿和脚都受了伤。有时候天刮起了大风导致他们什么也看不见。有一次他们迷了路，但是他们没有放弃。111天以后，Kevin,Ray和Charlie成功完成了他们穿越撒哈拉沙漠的旅途。他们彼此拥抱，把手伸进红海的海水里，然后他们跑进旅馆好好洗了个澡。练习：It’snotalwayshotmtheSaharaA.RightEachdaythemenranforapproximatelyeighthours. B.WrongInthemiddleoftheday:themenusuallystoppedrunning.A.RightTheysometimesfeltsickbecauseitwassohot. A.RightSometimestheycouldn'tseetheroadbecauseitwaswindy. A.RightLuckily,theynevergotlost. B.WrongOntheirtripacrossthedesert:thethreemenranthroughfivecountries.C.mentioned答案与题解：A 文中提到撒哈拉沙漠白天很热晚上有时很冷，所以不是总是很热。题干表述正确。B 5115910.5个小时。题干表述不正确。A 115止跑步。题干表述正确。A 原文中讲到高温使他们生病。所以题干表述正确。A 述正确。B 文中最后一段讲到他们有一次迷路了，所以不是从来没有迷路。题干表述不正确。C 文中只提到他们挎越沙漠的长度，并没有提到穿过几个国家。所以，题干表述文中没有提到。第六篇NativeAmericanPotteryThereareseveralAmericanIndiangroupsintheSouthwestthatstillmakebeautifulpottery.Someofthispotterymaybesoldatfairlyhighprices.Butthemakersconsidertheirworkasmorethanacommercialenterprise.Byusingmethodshandeddownfor generations,thepottersexpress theirprideintheirinheritance.SomeofthemostinterestingpotteryismadebythePuebloIndians.Thereare21individualpueblosinArizonaandNewMexico.Severalarefamousfortheircraftsmanship.Tomakeapot,thesepottersuseaclaybaseandaddlongthincoilsofclaytoitinaspiralpattern.Whentheyhavereachedthesizetheywant,theyuseanimplementsuchasarockorshelltosmooththesurfacesofthepot.Howapotisdecoratedandfireddependsonthetraditionsofthegroupmakingit.TraditionalpotteryproducedbytheAcoma,whohavelivedforcenturiesonahighmesainNewMexico,isfirstpaintedwithaclayslip.Theresultingpots:whichareprizedfortheirdelicacyandstrength,maybeleftwhite.Theymayalsobepaintedwithblackandwhitepatternsorwithacombinationofblack,orange,andbrown.VerydistinctiveblackpotterycomesfromtheSanIldefonsoandSantaClarapueblos.Theblackcoloristheresultofcarbonbeingreleasedfromtheanimalmanureinwhichthepotisfired.Someartisanshand–rubthiswaretoashinygloss.Otherscutpatternsintoit:resultinginapartshiny:partfiatsurface.PottersatSailIldefonsomakemanytypesofwares.PottersatSantaClaraareespeciallyknownforweddingjars-jarswithtwonecksconnectedbyahandle.OthergroupssuchastheHopiandtheCochitialsomakepottery.Eachgroupusesdistinctivemethodsandproducesdistinctiveformsanddesigns.词汇：potteryn.陶器distinctiveadj.enterprisen.事业，产业，实业inheritancen.遗产manuren.肥料，粪肥craftsmanshipn.手艺artisann.注释：1....handeddownforgenerations………世代相传……2.…hand-rubthiswaretoashinygloss………亲手揉搓罐子表面，使它光泽平滑……美国本土陶器美国的西南部仍然有许多印第安部落在制作美丽的陶器。其中一些陶器可能会以相当高钓价格卖出。但是制作者考虑到他们的作品不仅用作商业用途。通过采用世代相传的制作方法，陶器展示了它们在文化遗产中的骄傲。有一些最有趣的陶器是普韦布洛印第安人制作的。在亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州有21个独立的普韦布洛印第安部落。他们中有一些部落以擅长工艺而闻名。这些制陶工人使用黏土制作底座，再添加又长又薄的黏土将底座按螺旋状做成罐子。当他们做出他们想要的尺寸时，他们再用一个工具，比如一块石头或贝壳，来把罐子的表面抚平。一个罐子如何装饰和烧制取决于制作它的部落的传统。传统的陶器最早是用泥浆装饰，是由阿科马部落发明的，他们已经在新墨西哥的高平顶ft上住了几个世纪了。用传统方法烧制的陶器可能只是白色，但其以精美坚固得到赞誉。它们可以被绘制成黑色或白色，或者是黑色、橙色和褐色的结合。具有特色的黑色陶器是由圣伊尔德丰索部落和圣克拉拉部落的普韦布洛人制作的。黑色是由用于烧制罐子的动物肥料中的碳释放出来形成的。一些工匠用手揉擦罐子表面，使它光泽平滑。其他人将样式分开，使得罐子一半表面光泽，一半表面扁平。圣伊尔德丰索部落制作的陶器有多种类型。圣克拉拉部落的陶器尤其以他的婚礼罐子闻名-罐子的两个颈部由一只把手连接。其他部落比如霍皮和柯契地族也制作陶器。每个部落都用独特的方法制做出特别形式和样式的陶器。练习：Inthefirstparagraphtheword―commercial‖means .havingtodowithadvertisingproductsonTVhavingtodowithadvertisingproductsonTVlarge-D.artisticThesecondparagraphinthepassageisdevelopedmainlythrough A.stepsinaprocessB.descriptionofobjectsC.thetellingofastoryD.examplesTheSailIldefonsopuebloisknownfor A.blackpotteryweddingjarsthinanddelicateshapesblack,brown,andorangepotsTraditionalmethodsofmakingpottery .arerarelyusedanymoretakealotoftimearenotofinteresttopotterycollectorswillsoonbecompletereplacedAnothergoodtitleforthispassagewouldbe A.HowtoMakeaPotB.LivingonaHighMesaC.TheIndiansofArizonaandNewMexicoD.AnOldArtStillPracticed答案与题解：Bcommercial。AA。ACDAB根据文中制作的陶器的过程可以推测出制作陶器的过程很复杂因而费时，选项ACD中均有提及，故可排除。DA、CD。第三篇TheValueofTearsTearscanruinmake-up,bringconversationtoastop,andgiveyouarunnynose.Theycanleaveyouembarrassedandwithoutenergy.However,cryingisafactoflife…andtearsareveryuseful.(1)Thesecreateafilmovertheeye'ssurface.Thisfilmcontainsasubstancethatprotectsyoureyesagainstinfection.Tearsrelievestress,butwetendtofightthemforallsortsofreasons."Peopleworryaboutshowingtheiremotions.They’reafraidthatoncetheylosecontrol,they’llnevergetitback,‖explainspsychologistDorothyRowe.(2)Asadultswestillfeartheconsequencesofshowingemotions.‖Almostanyemotion—goodorbad,happyorsad—cancausetears.Cryingisawaythatwereleasebuilt-upemotions.Tearshelpyouwhenyoufeelyouarereadytoexplodebecauseofverystrongfeelings.(3)Whensomepeoplebecomeverystressed,however,theycan’tcry.Theymaybefeelingshock,anger,fear,orgrief,buttheyrepresstheemotion.―Everyonehastheneedtocry,‖sayspsychotherapistVeraDiamond.Sometimesintherapysessions,patientsparticipateincryingexercise(4)Diamondsaysit’sbesttocryinsafe,privateplaces,likeunderthebedcoversorinthecar.That’sbecausemanypeoplegetuncomfortablewhenotherscryinfrontofthem.Infact,theymayberepressingtheirownneedtocry.Incertainsituations,suchasatwork,tearsarenotappropriate.(5)―Butonceyouaresafelybehindcloseddoors,don'tjustcry,‖Diamondsays,shesuggeststhatyouactoutthewholesituationagainandbeasnoisyandangryasyoulike.Itwillhelpyoufeelbetter.―And,‖sheadds,―onceyourtearshavereleasedthestress,youcanbegintothinkoflogicalwaytodealwiththeproblem.‖Tearsareasignofourabilitytofeel.Youshouldneverbeafraidtocry.词汇：make-upn.化妆(品)psychotherapistn.runnynose流鼻涕infectionn.感染，传染releasev.释放builtup组合的，拼合的注释：…createafilmovertheeye’ssurface：……在眼睛的表面形成一层薄膜。…getitback…：……恢复………actoutthewholesituationagain………整个场景重现……眼泪的价值泪水可以破坏妆容，使对话停止，让鼻子流涕。它可以让你毫不费力陷入尴尬。但是，哭的确是生活的事实，眼泪也有很多用处。即使当你不哭的时候，你的眼睛也会产生泪水。这些泪水在眼睛的表面形成一层层薄膜，这个薄膜包含一种物质，可以保护你的眼睛免受感染。泪水可以缓解压力，但是人们为了各种原因抵抗流泪。―DorothyRowe几乎任何情感——好的或者坏的，高兴的或者悲伤的——都能导致流泪。哭是我们释放日益强烈的情感的一种方式。当你感觉某种强烈的情感导致你要爆发时，眼泪就可以帮助你了。它可以解释为什么害怕哭的人比自愿哭的人更容易得心脏病。―每个人都有哭的需要‖，心理治疗师VeraDiamond在特定的场景下，比如在工作时，流泪就不合适了。在进行紧张的商业讨论时抑制住泪水是比较好的。―但是一旦你安全地躲到关闭的门后，就不要仅仅哭泣‖，Diamond说道。她建议，你可以让整个场景重现，并且尽你所愿地吵闹、生气。这会让你感觉更好。―并且，‖她补充道，―一旦你的眼泪把你的压力释放出来，你就能开始考虑用合理的方法去解决问题。‖流泪是我们有感知能力的表现。你永远不应该害怕哭泣。练习：AItmayexplainwhypeoplewhoareafraidtocryoftensuffermoreheartattacksthanpeoplecrymorefreely.BIt’sgoodtoholdbacktearsduringatensebusinessdiscussion.CCryinghasgoodeffectsonthebody.DEvenwhenyou'renotcrying,youreyesproducetears.ETheypracticecryingsothattheycangetusedtoexpressingemotion.FAschildrenweweresometimespunishedforsheddingtearsorexpressinganger.答案与题解：DtheseDC与前一句话意思重复。F下文提到作为成人，我们仍然害怕流泪，所填的这句应该讲我们还是孩子时对流泪的恐惧。所以，答案是选项F。AA比较贴切。EE。B。补全第二十四篇TheRomanceofArthurMostcultureshavesomesortofherowhorepresentsthebestvaluesofwhatitspeoplebelievein.TheunusualthingaboutKingArthuristhatlegendsofhisheroismhavepersistedforseveralcenturiesandspreadfarbeyondEngland,theplacewheretheybegan.TheearlieststoriesofKingArthurrepresenthimasawarriorwhofoughtandsubduedtheinvadingNorsemenintheyearsaroundA.D.700.ThismuchoftheArthuriantaleisprobablybasedonfact.WhethercalledArthurornot,thereisabodyofevidencesupportingtheexistenceofsuchawarrior.Itisthelaterembellishmentsofthetalewhoseauthenticityisquestionable.Accordingtothese,ArthurwasborninacastleinTintagelonthestormywesterncoastofEnglandandbecausehewastheillegitimatesonofKingUtherPendragon,hewasspiritedawaybythemagicianMerlinandhistrueidentitykeptfromhim.HebecamekingafterfreeingtheswordExcaliburfromthestoneintowhichitwasthrust.HemarriedthebeautifulGuinevereandassembledinhiscourtallthenoblestknightsoftheland,includingLancelot,withwhomGuineverewouldlaterbeunfaithfultohim.HewasfinallydefeatedinbattlebyhisillegitimatesonMordred,andhisbodywasspiritedawaytotheisleofAValon.ThisromantictalegreatlyappealedtotheEnglishandtheFrenchintheMiddleAges,whenthecodeofchivalry-idealqualitiesofknighthood-constitutedanimportantpartofmanystories.TalesoftheheroismofGalahad,Percival,Gawain,andmanyotherofArthur'sknightswerecirculatedaswell.InEnglandtoday,therearemanysitesclaimingapieceoftheArthuriananlegend.Thereisaminedcastle at Tintagel. NearGlastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthur’s Guinevere'sbodiesweresupposedlyexhumedinthe12thcentury.Neitheroftheseprovesthatthelegendistrue,buttheydokeepitsmystiquealive.词汇：Arthurn.亚瑟(中世纪传奇故事中的不列颠国王，圆桌骑士团的首领)authenticityn.可靠性，真实性偷偷地带走;;warriorn.战士，勇士chivalryn.骑士subduev.制服，慑服embellishmentn.mystiquen.神秘气氛注释：ThismuchoftheArthuriantale……：许多这类亚瑟王的故事...wasspiritedawayby……被偷偷地带走……亚瑟的创奇很多文化都有某类能代表他们民族深信的价值观的英雄。有关亚瑟王的不同寻常的事情就是他的英雄主义传奇已经持续了几个世纪，并且影响力早已超越它所诞生的英国。很多文化都有某类能代表他们民族深信的价值观的英雄。有关亚瑟王的不同寻常的事情就是他的英雄主义传奇已经持续了几个世纪，并且影响力早已超越它所诞生的英国。在有关亚瑟王早期的故事中，他是一个战士，他在公元约700年抗击、震慑入侵的北欧人。许多UtherPendragon的私生子，所Merlin偷偷地带走，因此他不知道自己的真实身份。在王者之剑从它刺穿的石头中拔出Guinevere，并且召集所有贵族骑士来到他的王宫，这其中就包括GuinevereMordred打败，他的尸体被偷偷地运到阿瓦隆岛上。这个传奇故事对中世纪的英国人和法国人很有吸引力，那个时候骑士精神的道德标准——骑士的理想的品格——是许多故事中很重要的一部分。Galahad，Percival，Gawain，以及其他亚瑟王的骑士的英雄主义故事也都传播开来。Guinevere12被挖掘出来。这些都不能证明传奇的真实性，但是它们却让这种神秘气氛延续下去练习：KingArthur’sfamerwas LancelotAvalonMordredUtherPendragonThewriterseemstofeelthatthetruthaboutArthuristhathe .existedwasmarriedtoGuineverehadmanyknightswasbornatTintagaelTheinformationinthesecondparagraphismostlypresentedin .spatialorderorderfromlatesttoearliestorderfromearliesttolatestorderfromleastpersuasiveInthelastparagraphtheword―exhumed‖means dugupfromthegraveburiedquarreledoverbuiltachurcharoundAnothergoodtitleforthispassagewouldbe KingsintheSeventhCenturyTheKnightsoftheRoundTableRealorLegend?Arthur’sMarriageto第九篇Style,NotFashionStylegoeswaybeyondfashion:Itisthedistinctivewayweputourselvestogether.Itisauniqueblendofspiritandsubstance-personalidentityimposedoilandcreatedthroughtheworldofthings. (1)Itwhatpeoplereallywantwhentheyaspiretobefashionable.(iftheyaren'tjustadorningthemselvesinstatussymbols).Throughclothes,wereinventourselveseverytimewegetdressed.Ourwardrobeisourvisualvocabulary.Styleisourdistinctivepatternofspeech,ourindividualpoetry.Fashion is the least of it.Style is, for starters, one part identity: self-awareness self-knowledge. (2)Andstylerequiressecurity-feelingathomeinyourbody,physicallyandmentally.Ofcourse,likeallknowledge,self-knowledgemustbeupdatedasyougrowevolve;styletakesongoingself-assessment.Styleisalsoonepartpersonality:spirit:verve,attitude,wit,inventiveness.Itdemandsthedesireandconfidencetoexpresswhatevermoodonewishes.Suchvariabilityisnotonlynecessarybutareflectionofaperson'suniquecomplexityas ahumanbeing. (3) Inordertowork,stylemustreflect therealthecharacterandpersonalityoftheindividual;anythinglessappearstobeacostume?Lastly,styleisonepartfashion.It'spossibletohavelotsofclothesandnotanounceofstyle.Butit’salsopossibletohaveveryfewclothesandlotsofstyle.Yes,fashionisthemeansthroughwhichweexpressstyle,butittakesfewerclothestobestylishthanyoumightimagine.Whateverelseitis,styleisoptimismmadevisible.Stylepresumesthatyouareapersonofinterest:thattheworldisaplaceofinterest thatlifeisworthmakingtheeffortfor.Italsoshowsthatyouareresponsible.Itshowsthat youdon'tbuythingsatthewhimofthemarketplaceortheurgingofmarketers. (4)Styleexposespeople'sambivalenceovergoodlooks.Italwaysdemonstratesthatappearancesdocount.Deep