有机化学英语part

OrganicChemistryIImeth-eth-prop-buta-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-nona-deca-hemi-，semi-mono-,uni-di-,bi-,bis-NomenclatureofOrganicCompoundsNomenclatureofOrganicCompounds甲:meth-;乙:eth-;丙:prop-;丁:buta-;戊:penta-;己:hexa-;庚:hepta-;辛:octa-;壬:nona-;癸:deca-.半,1/2:hemi-,semi-;单,一:mono-,uni-;3/2:sesqui-;双,两:di-,bi-,bis-.

hendeca-dodeca-trideca-tetradeca-heneicosa-pentacosa-hexacosa-octacosa-triaconta-tetraconta-pentaconta-hexaconta-heptaconta-octaconta-enneaconta-NomenclatureofOrganicCompounds

普遍规律:1.一:hen(i)-;2.二:do-;3.三:tri(a)-;4.四:tetra-;五以后同上.

常用字头:

10:deca-;11:hendeca-;12:dodeca-;13:trideca-;14:tetradeca-;15:pentadeca-;16:hexadeca-;17:heptadeca-;18:octadeca-;19:nonadeca-;20:eicosa-;21:heneicosa-;22:docosa-;23:tricosa-;24:tetracosa-;25:pentacosa-;26:hexacosa-;27:heptacosa-;28:octacosa-;29:nonacosa-;30:triaconta-;31:hentriaconta-;40:tetraconta-;50:pentaconta-;60:hexaconta-;70:heptaconta-;80:octaconta-;90:enneaconta-.methanebutadienehexadiynecyclohexaneethenylNomenclatureofOrganicCompoundsm-；o-；p-5-hydroxy-2-pentanone烷烃（alkane）数字头+-ane.烯烃（alkene

）数字头

+-ene.

d.

炔烃（alkyne

）数字头+-yne（有时是-ine）e.

脂环烃（alicyclic）烃类名称前+cyclo-f.

烃基（hydrocarbyl）将烃类名称的词尾换为–yl.直链一元羧酸的命名普通命名法：根据来源命名IUPAC命名法：从羧基碳开始给主链碳编号，根据主链碳数确定羧酸名称。母体名称是将相应开链烃名的字尾“e”改成“oicacid”(formicacid蚁酸)(aceticacid醋酸)methanoicacid甲酸ethanoicacid乙酸(propionicacid初油酸)propanoicacid丙酸直链一元羧酸的命名(butyricacid酪酸)(valericacid颉草酸)butanoicacid丁酸pentanoicacid戊酸(caproicacid羊油酸)hexanoicacid己酸(lauricacid月桂酸)dodecanoicacid十二酸直链一元羧酸的命名(palmiticacid软脂酸)hexadecanoicacid十六酸(stearicacid硬脂酸)octadecanoicacid十八酸(acrylicacid败脂酸)propenoicacid丙烯酸(crotonicacid巴豆酸)2-butenoicacid2-丁烯酸酯类（Ester）的命名：

esterification酯化（作用），resin树脂，fat脂肪命名法：醇的部分作为取代基，酸的部分去

“-icacid”加“-ate”。例：：乙酸甲酯，methylacetate：丙酸乙酯，ethylpropanoate：苯甲酸丁酯，butylbenzoate酰胺（Amide，Acylamide，Acidamide）的命名：a）伯酰胺：*命名法1：将相应羧酸名称后的“-oicacid”改为“-amide”。*命名法2：将相应羧酸名称后的“carboxylicacid”改成“carboxamide”。例：戊酰胺，pentanamideorbutanecarboxamide：胺类（Amine）的命名：

相应的烃基名称后加“amine”。

例：

3-甲基丁胺，3-methylbutylamine：乙胺，ethylamine1,2-乙二胺，ethyl-1,2-diamine1,2,5-戊三胺，pentyl-1,2,5-triamine：：：例：*当NH2-作为取代基时写为“amino-”（氨基）。

Amino-acid氨基酸N,N-二甲基丁胺，N,N-dimethylbutylamine：Weencounterorganicchemistryineveryaspectofourlives.Alllifeisbasedonacomplexinterrelationshipofthousandsoforganicsubstances—fromsimplecompoundssuchassugars,aminoacids,andfatstovastlymorecomplexonessuchastheenzymesthatcatalyzelife’schemicalreactionsandthehugeDNAmoleculesthatcarrygeneticinformationfromonegenerationtothenext.Thefoodweeat(includingmanyadditives);theclotheswewear;theplasticsandpolymersthatareeverywhere;ourlife-savingmedicines;thepaperonwhichwewrite;ourfuels;manyofourpoisons,pesticides,dyes,soapsanddetergents—allinvolveorganicchemistry.Thesaturatedhydrocarbons,oralkanes,arecompoundsinwhicheachcarbonatomisbondedtofourotheratoms.Cycloalkanesaresaturatedhydrocarbonsthatcontaincarbonatomsjoinedtoformaring.Thenumberofconstitutionalisomersincreasesrapidlyasthenumberofcarbonatomsinsaturatedhydrocarbonsincreases.TherearefiveisomericC6H14alkanes.Originallytheword“aromatic”wasappliedtopleasant-smellingsubstances.Thewordnowdescribesbenzene,itsderivatives,andcertainothercompoundsthatexhibitsimilarchemicalproperties.Somehaveveryfoulodorsbecauseofsubstituentsonthebenzenering.Ontheotherhand,manyfragrantcompoundsdonotcontainbenzenerings.Manyalcoholsandphenolshaveconsiderablecommercialimportance.Methanol,CH3OH,wasformerlyproducedbythedestructivedistillationofwoodandissometimescalledwoodalcohol.Itisnowproducedinlargequantitiesfromcarbonmonoxideandhydrogen.Itisverytoxicandcausespermanentblindnesswhentakeninternally.Anadditionreactioninvolvesanincreaseinthenumberofatomsorgroupsattachedtocarbon.Themoleculebecomesmorenearlysaturated.Apolymerisalargemoleculethatisa