专业英语之物理化学2013

PhysicalChemistry物理化学2.Whatisthefirstlawofthermodynamics?3.Whatisthesecondlawofthermodynamics?1.Whatis

physical

chemistry?Questions?4.Whatarethestatefunctionandpathfunction?2023/1/11CollegeofChemistry&ChemicalEngineering3

Physicalchemistryisthestudyofmacroscopic（宏观）

,atomic,subatomic,andparticulatephenomenainchemicalsystemsintermsofphysicallawsandconcepts.Itappliestheprinciples,practicesandconceptsofphysicssuchasmotion,energy,force,time,thermodynamics,quantumchemistry,statisticalmechanicsanddynamics.WhatisPhysicalchemistry?Thefirstlawofthermodynamics*Energyisneithercreatednordestroyed,butmaychangeinforms.*Internalenergy,workandheatinaclosedsystemdU

=dW

+dQOtherconcepts:enthalpy,heatcapacity,isochoric(等体积）,isobaric（恒压）,…Processes:reversible,irreversibleIsothermal（恒温）,adiabatic（绝热）,cyclic,freeexpansionThesecondlawofthermodynamicsClausiusstatement:Itisnotpossibletoconstructadevicethatoperatesinacycleandwhosesoleeffectistotransferheatfromacolderbodytoahotterbody.Kevin-Planckstatement:Itisimpossibletoconstructadeviceoperatinginacyclethatresultsinnoeffectotherthantheproductionofworkbytransferringheatfromasinglebody.Thethirdlawofthermodynamics*Theentropiesofallsubstancesintheperfectcrystallineortheperfectliquidstatearezeroattheabsolutezerooftemperature(0K).*Itisimpossibletoattainatemperatureofabsolutezero.ContentsofphysicalchemistryChemicalthermodynamics:Itconcernswithenergychange:theroutineofenergychange,thechangetrendofequilibrium,andtheequilibriumstate.Chemicalkinetics:Itfocusesontherateofmatterchange:reactionrate,reactionmechanisms,reactor,andreactorscale-up.Structurechemistry:Itconcernsabouttherelationbetweenmatterpropertiesanditsmicrostructures.BranchesandrelatedtopicsThermochemistryChemicalkineticsQuantumchemistryElectrochemistryPhotochemistrySurfacechemistrySolid-statechemistrySpectroscopyBiophysicalchemistryMaterialssciencePhysicalorganicchemistryMicromeritics[maɪkrəʊmɪ'rɪtɪks]微晶学Extensiveproperty

（广度性质）

volumeweightheatcapacity（热容）

internalenergy(内能)Intensiveproperty

（强度性质）

temperaturepressuredensityviscosity（粘度）Process（过程）Isothermalprocess（等温~）Isobaricprocess（等压~）Isochoricprocess（等容~）Adiabaticprocess（绝热~）Reversibleprocess（可逆~）Irreversibleprocesbs

（不可逆~）Spontaneousprocess（自发~）Nonspotaneousprocess（非自发~）Enthalpy（焓）

H=U+pVpisthepressureofthesystemandVisitsvolume.AsU,pandVareallstatefunctions,theenthalpyisalsoastatefunction.Thechangeofenthalpy,ΔH,betweenanypairofinitialandfinalstatesisindependentofthepathbetweenthem.Entropy（熵）

ΔS=SB-SA=(Q/T)R

ameasureofdisorder.Thedisorderinasystemiscalleditsentropy,S.Acrystallatticeat0Khasperfectorderandthereforezeroentropy.Thehotteritgets,themorekineticenergytheparticlesinithaveandthemoreoptionstheyhaveforarrangingthemselves.

System（系统）Equilibriumsystem（平衡~）Nonequilibriumsystem（非平衡~）Homogeneoussystem（均相~）Heterogeneoussystem（非均相~）Opensystem（敞开~）Closedsystem（封闭~）Isolatedsystem（弧立~）Adiabaticsystem（绝热~）One-compoundsystem（单组分~Work:

workisdonewhenanobjectismovedagainstanopposingforce.Heat:

whentheenergyofasystemchangesasaresultofatemperaturedifferencebetweenitanditssurroundings,wesaythatenergyhasbeentransferredasheat.Energy:

theenergyofasystemisitscapacitytodowork.Definition:changingtherateofreactionsbyaddingasubstancewhichdoesnotgetusedup.Type:homogenouscatalysisandheterogeneouscatalysisAautocatalysis.Homogeneouscatalysis:Herethecatalystandthereactantsareinthesamephase.

Heterogeneouscatalysis

Theeffectofthesurfaceisoftensoprofoundthatitmaybedifficulttorememberthatthiseffectisofhasteningtheapproachtoanequilibriumstate.catalysisSomeImportantprofessionalTerms1.Ideal-GasEquation理想气体状态方程

2.spontanelty

自发性

3.SystemandSurroundings系统与环境4.opensystem-closedsystem5.isolatedsystem6.StateandStateFunctions状态与状态函数

7.Process过程

8.Lawofconservationofenergy（能量守恒定律）

9.TheFirstLawofThermodynamics热力学第一定律

10.TheSecondLawofThermodynamics热力学第二定律

11.Chemicalequilibrium

化学平衡12.Enthalpy焓13.EnthalpiesofReactions反应热14.EnthalpiesofFormation生成焓

15.ReactionRates反应速率

16.ReactionOrder反应级数

17.ReactionMechanisms反应机理

18.ActivationEnergy活化能

19.RateConstants速率常数

20.EndothermicandExothermicProcesses吸热与发热过程SomeImportantprofessionalTerms21.HomogeneousCatalysis均相催化剂

22.HeterogeneousCatalysis非均相催化剂

23.Enzymes酶

24.catalyst催化剂25.TheEquilibriumConstant平衡常数26.theDirectionofReaction反应方向

27.EffectsofVolume,Pressure,TemperatureChangesandCatalysts

体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响

28.SpontaneousProcesses自发过程

29.Entropy(StandardEntropy)熵（标准熵）

30.EntropyChanges熵变SomeImportantprofessionalTerms31.Extensiveproperty广度性质32.intensiveproperty强度性质33.

molarheatcapacityatconstantvolume恒容摩尔热容

34.

molarheatcapacityatconstantpressure恒压摩尔热容35.

chemicalkinetics化学动力学36.chemicalthermodynamics化学热力学