大学英语第一册第一单元单词

untiluntil通常用於句首)conj.uptothetimewhen直到...时（为止）:Waituntiltherainstops.等到雨停了再说吧.*Don'tleavetillIarrive.我不来你不要离开.*Continueinthisdirectionuntilyouseeasign.一直朝着这个方向走就看见指示牌了.*UntilshespokeIhadn'trealizedshewasforeign.她要不说话我还一直不知道她是外国人.prep直到（某一时刻）:waituntiltomorrow等到明天*Itmay

lasttillFriday.这可能要延续到星期五.*Nothinghappened

until(iebefore)5o'clock.五点钟以前没有出现任何迹象.UntilnowIhavealwayslivedalone.我一直独自生活至今.Shewasabankclerkuntilthewar,whenshewastrainedasanurse.她战前是个银行职员,战时受训当了护士.DR_Sentence7Analyzethestructureofthesentence.在这个长句中，camefloodingback是谓语，其余的都是主语。为了使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻，作者运用了割裂修饰法，把谓语前移，主语中心语的修饰成分后置，使谓语紧接主语。例如：Alisthasbeendrawnupofwordswehavelearnedsofar.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.VividmemoriescamefloodingbackofanightinBellevillewhenallofuswereseatedaroundthesuppertable—UncleAllen,mymother,UncleCharlie,Doris,UncleHal—andAuntPatservedspaghettiforsupper.DR_word_offandonoffandon(oronandoff):fromtimetotime;nowandagain;irregularlyIthasbeenrainingonandoffforaweek.That’swhytheclothesfeeldamp.Asherpatientsleptsoundlyduringthenight,NurseBettywasabletodozeoffandoninabedsidechair.DR_word_takeholdtakehold:becomeestablishedTheideaofonechildhastakenholdinmanyChinesefamilies.老习惯是很难摆脱的。这就是为什么你要在习惯养成前戒烟。Oldhabitsdiehard.That’swhyyoushouldstopsmokingbeforethehabittakeshold.DR_word_bore1bore:vt.make(sb.)feeltiredandloseinterestThespeakerwentonandon,andtheaudiencegrewboredbyhisspeech.TomSawyergrewboredwithpaintingthegardenfence,sohethoughtofawaytomakeotherspaintforhim.DR_word_bore2

Collocation:讨厌至极的人/事acrashingbore讨厌得要命的家伙afrightfulbore讨厌得令人无法忍受的人aninsufferablebore极惹人厌烦的事anutterboreDR_word_associateassociate:vt.joinorconnecttogether;connectorbringinthemind我们总是把埃及与金字塔联系起来。Ican’tassociatethisgentleyoungwomanwiththeradicalpoliticalessaysshehaswritten.WeoftenassociateEgyptwithpyramids.Jimwishedtoforgeteverythingassociatedwithhisformerlife.DR_word_turnout1turnout:comeoutorgatherforameeting,publicevent,etc.1)provetobe2)shutoff3)produce;make4)Matchtheabovedefinitionswiththesentencesbelow.Alargegroupofprotestershaveturnedout.Theschoolhasturnedoutsomegreatscholars.Turnoutthelightbeforeyougotobed.Theplanturnedoutafailure.DR_word_turnout2comeoutorgatherforameeting,publicevent,etc.1)provetobe2)shutoff3)produce;make4)Matchtheabovedefinitionswiththesentencesbelow.Wearetoturnout100,000,586computersnextyeartomeetthemarketrequirements.Theexperimentturnedouttobeasuccess.Crowdsturnedoutfortheprocession.DR_word_anticipate1anticipate:vt.expect(usu.followedbygerundor

that-clause)Thepolicehadanticipatedtroublefromthesoccerfansandwereatthegroundinlargenumbers.他们预测到2012年死于艾滋病的人数将增加一倍。TheyanticipatethatdeathsfromAIDSwillhavedoubledby2012.该动词所接的宾语可以是动名词，不可用不定式代替。N.B.DR_word_anticipate2Weanticipaterunningintoproblemsincarryingoutthemedicalwelfarereform.Weanticipatehearingfromyouagain.DR_word_tedioustedious:adj.boringandlastingforalongtimeLaurafoundGeorgetobetediousanddecidednottoseehimanymore.Themoviewassotediousthatmanyviewersleftbeforeitwasover.DR_word_inspireinspire:vt.fill(sb.)withconfidence,eagerness,etc.MartinLutherKing,Jr.’sspeechesinspiredpeopletofightforequaltreatmentofAfricanAmericans.Thelastleafonthetreethatneverfelloffinspiredthedyingpatientwiththewilltoliveon.Collocation:使某人产生某种感情；激发某人的某种感情inspiresth.insb.

(=inspiresb.withsth.)Ourfirstsightofthedingylittlehoteldidnotinspireuswithmuchconfidence/inspiremuchconfidenceinus.我们一见到那旅店昏暗肮脏,心里就很不痛快.*

inspirehope,loyalty,enthusiasm,etcinsb燃起某人的希望﹑唤起某人的忠诚﹑激起某人的热情DR_word_rigidrigid:adj.(oftendisapproving)fixedinbehavior;basedoncorrectoracceptedrules如果他从前对事情不那么严格苛刻的话，他女儿就不会这么年轻就离家出走了。Ifhehadbeenalittlelessrigidaboutthings,hisdaughterwouldnothavelefthomeatsuchayoungage.Therigidheadmasterwouldbuttonuphisclothesevenonthehottestdays.FuLeiwassoseverewithhissonthatevenhiswifewouldcry.DR_word_severe1severe:adj.Thewidowworeasevereblackdresstoherhusband’sfuneral.1)completelyplain海明威以其朴实的写作风格而闻名于世。Hemingwayisknownforhisseverewritingstyle.2)stern;strictOnlythosewhohaveundergoneseveretrainingcanbeacceptedintotheairforce.severe

作“严厉”解时，可以用来形容人（severefather

严厉的父亲），人的面貌（severelook

严厉的神色），人的态度（Theteacherisseverewithhisstudents.

教师对学生很严厉。）。DR_word_severe23)causingverygreatpain,difficulty,worry,etc.TheseverechestpainexperiencedbytheVice-Presidentprovedtobeaheartattack.工厂必须生产出更新更好的产品，才能在激烈的商业竞争形势中获胜。Afactorymustturnoutnewerandbetterproductstowinintheclimateofseverebusinesscompetition.severe,stern&strictCF:DR_word_severe3stern

与

severe

相近，但用途比较窄，一般用于人的容貌或态度。例如：asternfather

和

aseverefather

都可以用，但含义稍有不同：aseverefather指对于子女有严厉的要求，积极的意义较多；asternfather

则指对子女不含温情，要他们服从，消极的意味较多。strict

相当于汉语的

“严格的”，须先假定有一种客观的标准（如规章、纪律、定义、真理等）。例如：CF:Theteacherisstrictwithhisstudents.Thereisastrictregulationagainstsmokingintheauditorium.DR_word_tackletackle:vt.dealwithThequestionsetbytheteacherwassodifficultthatthepupilsdidnotknowhowtotackleit.Toshiba(东芝)recentlydesignedarobotthatcantacklealmostanykindsofhousework.DR_word_faceuptofaceupto:bebraveenoughtoacceptordealwith(aproblemordifficulty)YeltsinfaceduptothefactthathewasnolongerfitfortheRussianpresidencyandresignedonNewYear’sEve.既然你女儿已经诞生了，你就要承担起做父亲的责任。Nowthatyourdaughterwasborn,you’llhavetofaceuptotheresponsibilitiesofbeingafather.DR_word_sequence1sequence:n.

connectedlineofevents,ideas,etc.连续的歉收（badharvest）迫使一些非洲国家请求外国援助（foreignaid）。AsequenceofbadharvestsforcedsomeAfricancountriestoaskforforeignaid.TheFalloftheRomanEmpirewaswritteninhistoricalsequence.你的论据缺乏逻辑顺序，因为你的第二点与第一点衔接不上。DR_word_sequence2sequence是指“先后衔接的次序”。这种次序可以是历史性的，即事态发生时的先后次序；也可以是逻辑性的，即论点先后的衔接，相当于汉语的“语无伦次”中的“伦次”。例如：sequence&seriesCF:Ihaveapoormemoryfordatesandoftenmixupthesequenceofevents.我记日期的能力很差，常把事情的先后次序弄混。Yourargumentlackslogicalsequence,foryoursecondpointdoesnotfollowthefirst.DR_word_sequence3series是指“系列”、“组”，可以有先后衔接的次序，也可以没有，但一系列或一组的东西一定自成一个完整的单位。例如：CF:ProfessorLiwillgiveaseriesoflecturesontheMiddleEastissue.李教授将就中东问题做一系列的讲座。Thepostofficehasissuedaseriesofstampscommemoratingthe

OlympicGames.邮政局发行了一组纪念奥运会的邮票。DR_word_sequence4Collocation：顺次，挨次insequence紧接着，一个接着一个inrapidsequence按次序，有条不紊inregularsequence事情的先后顺序thesequenceofeventsDR_word_recall1recall:

vt.

bringbacktothemind;remember(usu.followedbynoun/

gerund,orthat-clause)Irecognizethefacebutcan’trecallhername.Idon’trecallevermeetingher.Sherecalledthatshehadtoseethedoctoragainthatafternoon.DR_word_recall2recall,remember&remind这三个词都与“记忆”有关，前两个词有时可通用。recall“想起”，把忘记的东西又想起来了，其动作包含有意识的努力，因此常与can，could等词连用，强调一次的回忆。例如：CF:TryasImight,IcouldnotrecallwhereIhadleftthebook.我怎么也想不起来我把书丢在哪里了。IrememberherfacebutIcannotrecallwhereImether.我记得她的脸，但是想不起在什么地方见过她。DR_word_recall3remember“想起”，用处比较广泛，指事物自然在记忆中出现，不包含努力或意志。例如：CF:IsuddenlyrememberedIhadleftthebookinthelibrary.我突然想起我把书忘在图书馆里了。Youmustrememberthisphonenumber.你必须记住这个电话号码。如果

remember

表示有意识的行动，常指“记住”。例如：DR_word_recall4remind

指“使某人想起”，“提醒”，宾语是人。具体用法如下：1)接宾语；2)接宾语+of+宾语；3)接宾语+不定式；4)接宾语+that-clause。例如：CF:1)IfIforgetit,pleaseremindme.如果我忘了，请提醒我。2)Thisremindsmeoflastyear.这使我想起去年的事。DR_word_recall53)RemindmetowritetomyMom.提醒我给妈妈写信。4)ThesightoftheclockremindedmethatIwaslate.看到钟我想起自己迟到了。DR_word_argument1argument:n.Maryfoundthatcompromisewasalwaysthebestpolicywhenshehadanargumentwithherhusband.1)adisagreement;aquarrelTherearemanyargumentsagainstsmoking.2)areasongiventosupportordisprovesth.那位著名的教授总能把论点讲透彻。Thefamousprofessorcanalwaysdrivehomeanargument.DR_word_argument2Collocation：加入/卷入争论getintoanargument中断一场争论breakoffanargument

结束一场争论terminateanargument解决一场争论settleanargument激烈的争论abitter

/

violent

/

heatedargument提出论点putforward

/

offeranargument驳倒一个论点confuteanargumentDR_word_putdownputdown:writedownPutdownwhatyouhear,please.管家把每天的开支记在小记事本上。Thehousekeeperputsdownthedailyexpensesinalittlenotebook.DR_word_violateviolate:vt.actagainstAcountryisn’trespectedifitviolatesaninternationalagreement.Speedingindowntownareasviolatestrafficregulations.DR_word_compose1compose:vt.writeorcreate(music,poetry,etc.)Thepresident’sspeechisreallybrilliant.Doyouthinkitwascomposedbyhimselforbysomeoneelse?JohnLennoncomposedthesongBeautifulBoyforhisson.littleLennonDR_word_compose2compose,consistof,comprise&constitute这组动词的一般含义为“组成”或“构成”。compose常见于被动语态，构成

becomposedof的结构，表示“由…构成”；在用于主动语态时,一般包含着“融合为一”的意思，而且主语或者是复数名词或者是集体名词。例如：CF:Concreteiscomposedofcement,sandandgravelmixedwithwater.混凝土由水泥、沙、石子与水掺和而成。England,ScotlandandWalescomposetheislandofGreatBritain.英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士构成大不列颠岛。DR_word_compose3consistof意为“由…构成”，强调结果是一个统一整体。例如：CF:NewYorkCityconsistsoffiveboroughs.纽约市由五个行政区组成。comprise可表示“由…构成”；也可表示“构成”。例如：Thecommitteecomprisesmenofwidelydifferentviews.这个委员会由见解甚为殊异的人组成。FiftystatescomprisetheUnitedStates.美国由50个州组成。DR_word_compose4constitute的主语可以是复数名词也可以是单数名词，所“构成”的事物在属性和特征上，亦或在组织上，与组成成分是一致的。例如：CF:Sevendaysconstitutesaweek.七天构成一个星期。Haveyouallturnedinyourhomeworkforlastnight?1Thecriminalturnedherselfin.DR_word_turninturnin:1.handin;giveover2.deliver(apersonorthing)tothepolice3.giveback;returnMatchtheabovedefinitionswiththesentencesbelow.2Foryourfinalgrade,eachofyoumustturnina7paper.1Youmustturninyouruniformwhenyouleavethearmy.3DR_word_command1command:1.

n.orderThecommandergavethecommandthatallprisonersofwarshouldbewelltreated.TherebelliousarmywouldnotobeyanycommandfromthePresident.2.

v.giveanorder(to)Thecaptaincommandedhismentoleavetheshipimmediately.船长命令船员立刻离船。DR_word_command2Ifyoucommandwisely,you’llbeobeyedcheerfully.[谚语]指挥有方，人人乐从。Heisnotfittocommandothersthatcannotcommandhimself.[谚语]不能指挥自己就不能指挥别人。像suggest,demand等动词一样,跟在command后面的that从句中要用虚拟语气，谓语用“should+原形动词”或直接加原形动词，而不管从句中的人称或时态。例如：NB:Hecommandedthatallthegates(should)beshut.DR_word_command3Collocation:getcommandof控制haveagoodcommandof能自由应用have…atone’scommand能充分掌握…takecommandof开始担任…指挥under(the)commandof由…指挥；在…指挥之下DR_word_command4command&ordercommand暗含“必须服从”的意思，比较正式。例如:CF:Theofficercommandedhissoldierstoopenfireontheenemy.军官命令士兵开枪射击敌人。order指一般的上级“命令”下级，较普通、常用。例如：Hewasorderedtowriteafullreportonthematter.他奉命写一篇关于那件事的详细报告。DR_word_what’smorewhat’smore:inaddition;moreimportantlyMs.StewartmanagesasuccessfulbusinessandgivesaweeklyTVcookingshow.What’smore,shehasalreadypublishedthreebooksongardening.Howcanyoulovethisman?HewatchesTValldaylong,andwhat’smore,heseemsnottohavebrushedhisteethformonths!你怎么会爱上这个人。他整天看电视，更有甚者，他好像几个月没刷牙了！DR_word_holdback1holdback:1)preventtheexpressionof(feelings,tears,etc.)Johnnycriedbitterlyintheclassroom,notevenattemptingtoholdbackthetears.2)makesb.orsth.stopmovingforwardThemenbuiltbanksofearthtoholdbacktherisingfloodwater.3)preventthedevelopmentofYoucouldbecomeagoodmusician,butyourlackofpracticeisholdingyouback.DR_word_holdback24)keep(sth.)secret把事情全告诉我，不要隐瞒任何细节。Tellmeaboutit—don’tholdanythingback.DR_word_avoid1avoid:vt.keeporgetawayfrom(usu.followedbynoun/gerund)Thelittleboywhohadbrokenaneighbor’swindowranawaytoavoidpunishment/beingpunished.Icrossedthestreettoavoidmeetinghim,buthesawmeandcamerunningtowardsme.我横穿马路以便避开他，但他看到了我并朝我跑过来。英语中有些动词或词组后面只能跟名词或动名词，不能跟不定式，如：av