2018-2019学年北师大版高中英语选修八教学案：Unit22 environmental protect-语法篇（教师版）

学必求其心得，业必贵于专精学必求其心得，业必贵于专精学必求其心得，业必贵于专精Unit22EnvironmentalProtection语法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1、掌握直接引语与间接引语，现在完成时的被动语态，非谓语动词的被动语态。2、灵活运用直接引语与间接引语，现在完成时的被动语态，非谓语动词的被动语态。直接引语与间接引语一、概念引述别人的话时，一般采用两种方式:一是引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语；二是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述语序。例如：直接引语：Hesaid，“Iwanttohaveadrinknow。”间接引语:Hesaidthathewantedtohaveadrinkthen.二、变身方法1。人称变化：口诀：一主二宾三不变。即直接引语的第一人称取决于主句的主语，第二人称取决于主句的宾语，第三人称一般不变.1）Hesaid，“Igetonwellwithpeoplehere.”

→Hesaidthathegotonwellwithpeoplethere。2）Susansaid,“Wecanfinishtheworktomorrow。"

→Susansaidthattheycouldfinishtheworkthenextday.3）Johnsaid，“MarywenttoBeijingthreedaysago。"

→JohnsaidthatMaryhadgonetoBeijingthreedaysbefore。2.时态变化：口诀:主句现在从不变，主句过去从顺延。即如果主句中的谓语动词是现在时，宾语从句中谓语动词的时态可以不变;如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，则从句谓语动词的时态要变为相应的过去时态或过去完成时｡1）Hesaid，“Igetupearlyeverymorning。"Hesaidthathegotupearlyeverymorning.（一般现在时→一般过去时)2)Shesaid,“Iamworkingonahomeworkproject."Shesaidshewasworkingonahomeworkproject。(现在进行时→过去进行时）3)Shesaid,“Imetmyfriendinthestreet.”Shesaidthatshehadmetherfriendinthestreet.（一般过去时→过去完成时)注意：在下面几种情况下，从句中谓语动词的时态可以保持不变:1)直接引语叙述的是科学真理､客观事实､格言等｡例如：

“Themoonmovesaroundtheearth，”theteachersaidtothestudents。Theteachertoldthestudentsthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearth.2)直接引语中有明确的不受语境限制的过去时间状语｡例如:

“JohnwenttoParisbyairin1985,”Jacksaid.JacksaidJohnwenttoParisbyairin1985。3。状语和指示代词的变化:牢记：this/these→that/those,now→then，today→thatday，yesterday→thedaybefore,lastyear→theyearbefore，ago→before，here→there等.例如：Hesaid,“Ihaven’tseenhertoday。”Hesaidthathehadn’tseenherthatday。4。直接引语是一般（选择/反意)疑问句,变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if引导.例如：Heaskedme,“Doyoulikeplayingfootball?”Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedplayingfootball。5.直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词who，whom，whose,how,when,why,where等引导。例如：Mysisteraskedme,“Howdoyoulikethefilm?”MysisteraskedmehowIlikedthefilm.6。直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时,把动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定式前加tell,ask,order等的宾语.例如：Thecaptainordered，“Bequiet.”Thecaptainorderedustobequiet。注意:下列情况的否定句中，在动词不定式前加not。Myteacheraskedme，“Don’tlaugh。"Myteacheraskedmenottolaugh。现在完成时的被动语态构成:have/hasbeen+过去分词Hasyourapproachbeenadoptedyet？你的方法已经被采纳了吗？非谓语动词（不含过去分词)的被动语态1。不定式一般式的被动语态。由“tobe+过去分词”构成。如：Sheaskedtobegivensomeworktodo。她要求给她一些工作做。Hewasthelastpersontobeaskedtospeak.他是最后被邀请发言的人。2。不定式完成式的被动语态。由“tohavebeen+过去分词"构成。如:Ishouldliketohavebeentoldtheresultearlier。我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的.3.现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：Isawhimbeingtakenaway.我看见有人把他带走了。Beingprotectedbyawall,hefeltquitesafe。有墙作保护，他感到很安全。4.现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“havingbeen+过去分词”构成。如:Havingbeeninvitedtospeak，I’llstartmakingpreparationstomorrow.因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。Thesubjecthavingbeenopened，hehadtogoonwithit。话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。5。动名词一般式的被动语态.由“being+过去分词”构成.如：Shelikesbeinglookedat。她喜欢被人瞧。Hehatesbeingmadeafoolof.他讨厌被别人愚弄。Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.这个问题远没解决。6.动名词完成式的被动语态.由“havingbeen+过去分词”构成.如:Jenny’snothavingbeentrainedasadancerisheroneregret.杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。Afterhavingbeeninstructedtodriveoutoftown，Ibegantoacquireconfidence.在接到把车开出城的指令后,我开始信心十足了。注意：过去分词没有被动式,因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如:Thedoorremainedlocked.门仍然锁着。例1.(2013·上海高考)Theschoolboardismadeupofparentswho________tomakedecisionsaboutschoolaffairs.hadbeenelected

B．hadelectedC．havebeenelected

D．haveelected解析:句意：“这个学校董事会是由已经当选，并为学校事务做决定的父母组成的”。父母是被选上,用被动语态，排除选项B,D。再根据关键信息ismadeupof用的是现在时，可知选举一事对现在有影响，所以用现在完成时。答案：C。例2.（2015·天津高考）Despitethepreviousroundsoftalks，noagreement______sofarbythetwosides。hasbeenreached

B。wasreachedC.willreach

D。willhavereached解析：句意：:尽管之前多轮谈判，但到目前为止双方没有达成任何协议。根据句中的时间状语sofar“到目前为止”可知用现在完成时。主语agreement与reach为被动关系，根据句意可知选A。答案：A。例3。（2015·湖南高考)Ihadastrongdesiretoreachinandplaywiththetoy，but______thankfullybytheshopwindows.amheldback B.heldbackC.holdback D。washeldback解析：句意:我有一种强烈的欲望，想伸手进去那个玩具玩,但幸亏我被商店橱窗阻挡了。句子中的主语I与holdback是被动关系，需用被动语态；再根据句中的had可知用一般过去时。答案：D。例4。Heaskedme______withme。A.WhatthematterisB。WhatthematterwasC。WhatisthematterD。Whatwasthematter解析：特殊疑问句变间接引语时，用疑问词引导宾语从句,并且用陈述语序，但whatis/wasthematter/problem语序不变。答案:D。例5。Hesaid,“Don’tdothatagain.”→He______me______thatagain.A。saidto;nottodoB.saidto;don’tdoC。told；don’tdoD.told;nottodo解析：祈使句变间接引语时，往往用tell/asksb。todosth.这一结构。答案:D。基础演练一、单句语法填空.Paperisconsidered__________(invent）byChinesepeople.__________（warn）aboutthedangerahead,hestillwentonthewalkfather.He__________（turn）downtwicebeforehecamehere。Everypossiblemeans__________（try），butnoneworked。Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilms__________（produce）allovertheworld。Shakespeare’splayHamlet__________（make)intoatleasttendifferentfilmsoverthepastyears.二、句型转换。将下列直接引语变成间接引语。Hesaid，“Mysisterwasherethreedaysago。"______________________________________________________________________________________“Iboughtthesepearlsformymother,”Jacksaid.______________________________________________________________________________________Heasked,“AreyouinterestedinEnglish?"______________________________________________________________________________________“I’llcometohelpyouwheneveryouneedmyhelp,”heansweredher.______________________________________________________________________________________“Whendidyougotobedlastnight?”FatheraskedAnne。______________________________________________________________________________________Keys：一、1.tohavebeeninvented 2.Havingbeenwarned3.hadbeenturned 4。hasbeentried5。havebeenproduced 6。hasbeenmade二、1。Hesaidthathissisterhadbeentherethreedaysbefore. 2.Jacksaidhehadboughtthesepearlsforhismother.3。Heaskedmeif/whetherIwasinterestedinEnglish. 4.Heansweredherthathewouldgotohelpmewheneversheneededhishelp。5.FatheraskedAnnewhenshehadgonetobedthenightbefore.巩固提高单项选择.【】1。（2015·海淀二模26题)Onemarkofasuccessfulmanis_______hecanquicklyfocusonwhat’simportant. A。why B.whether C.what D。that【】2.(2015·东城一模35题）Spendingafewhourslearningaboutthehistoryandcultureofthedestinationwillhelptouristsunderstand________they’reseeing. A。what B。where C。that D.why【】3。（2015·朝阳二模25题）--—WhatdoyouthinkofthefilmWolfTotem? —-—Verygood.Theplotis_____bringstearstomyeyes. A.How B.why C.What D。that【】4.（2015·海淀上学期期末30题）EveryMonday，myEnglishteacherwouldcheerfullyaskme______myweekendhadbeen。 A.that B。if C.what D。how Keys：1—4DACD一、完成句子。Aliveprogrammeis____________________________________________________________（号召人们捐钱）tothepeoplewhohavesufferedfromflood。___________________________________________________（代表这里的每个人），Iwishyouapleasantjourneybacktoyourcountry.Themealover,themanagerwentbacktothemeetingroomto________________________________________（继续他们的讨论）.Itwasafilmthat____________________（夺走）threeOscars。Herfather__________________________________________________（把她抱在怀里）andkissedher.Wemustapplywhatwehavelearnedtoourdailyworkbecauseinnocaseshouldtheory_______________________________（与……分离)practice。Mostcityworkersmightnot__________________________________________________（挣很多钱）butwhentheyretiretheymightgetagoodpension。Thegovernmenthasapprovedof________________________________________(建一座新桥）acrosstheriver。They_______________________________（脱离)thenationalunionandsetuptheirownlocalorganization。_______________________________（据估算）thatgroupwasatahigherriskofheartdisease。二、单项选择.【】1。(2015·海淀上学期期末23题)TheSubwayLine16______inBeijingisplannedtoopenthis year. A.beingbuilt B。building C.built D.tobuild 【】2.（2015·海淀上学期期末26题）ThespreadoftheEbolavirusinNigeriaisbelieved______by August，2014. A。tobecontrolled B。tohavebeencontrolled C。tocontrol D。tohavecontrolled【】3。(2015·西城上期期末22题)_____hisIDcard,Philiphadtogotothepolicestationinperson andreapplyforanewone. A.Havinglost B。Losing C.Tolose D.Lose【】4。（2015·西城上学期期末30题）_____thetravelingneedsofpassengers,ChinaRailway Corporationhasdecidedthatpeoplecanbooktickets60daysinadvance. A.Meet B.Tomeet C。Met D。Meeting【】5.（2015·东城一模30题)——-Sorry.Thereisnoroom________inmycar。 A.toleave B.leaving C。left D.beingleft【】6.（2015·东城一模33题）-——Goodnews!There'sasupermarket________inthisareanextmonth! —-—Cool!Itwillbeconvenientforuswhenit’sopen A。building B。built C。havingbuilt D.tobebuilt【】7。(2015·丰台二模25题)Johnbroughtovermyletter_______tohimbymistake。 A。delivered B。tobedelivered C。Delivering D。havingdelivered【】8。(2015·丰台二模28题）___________inhardseatsfor6hours,wefinallysteppedoutofthetrain tiredly。 A.Sitting B.Havingsat C.Tosit D。Sit【】9。(2015·朝阳二模26题）__________allmymoneyonthecar,Ican’taffordaholidaywithmy friendthissummer. A.Spending B。Spend C。Tospend D。Havingspent【】10。(2015·丰台一模27题）WheneverI’mintrouble，Ihearavoice_______inmyhead“Youcan doit.” A。toring B.ringing C。rung D.havingrungKeys:一、1。callonpeopletodonatemoney 2.onbehalfofeveryonehere3。carryontheirdiscussion 4.carriedoff5.tookherinhisarms 6.beseparatedfrom7.earnalotofmoney 8。constructinganewbridge9.breakawayfrom 10.Itiscalculated二、1-5ABABC 6-10DABDB__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________一、完形填空(2013·石景山一模)OseolaMcCartyLateoneSundayafternooninSeptember1999，OseolaMcCarty,anelderlycleaningladypassedawayinthelittlewoodenframehousewhereshehadlivedandworkedmostofherlife.Itmayseemlikeanordinary1toanordinarylife，buttherewassomethingquite2aboutthiswoman。Inthesummerof1995，McCartygave$150，000，mostofthemoneyshehad.savedthroughoutherlife，totheUniversityofSoutheyMississippiinherhometown.The3wastohelpotherAfricanAmericans4university.Shehad5schoolinthesixthgradetogotowork，nevermarried，neverhadchildrenandneverlearnedtodrivebecausetherewasneveranyplacein6shewantedtogo.Allsheeverhadwastheworkwhichshesawasa7.ToomanyotherblackpeopleinthecountrysideofMississippididnothaveeventhat。Shehadstartedhersavingshabitasayoungchildwhenshewouldrectumfromschooltocleanandiron8moneywhichshewouldthensave.Whensheretired,shedecidedthatshewantedtousethemoneytogivechildrenoflimitedmeansthe9togotouniversity。Shehadwantedtobecomeanurse，buthadtoleaveschooltolookafiresickrelativesandwork.Whenaskedwhyshehadgivenherlife10away，shereplied,"I'mgivingitawaysothatchildrenwon'thavetoworksohard,likeldid。”Afternewsofherdonation11themedia,over600donationswere12tothescholarshipfund.Onewasgivenbyamediaseniormanager,TedTurner，whogaveabilliondollars。Shedidn'twantanyconcernmadeoverher13，butthenews14andshewasinvitedallovertheUnitedStatestotalktopeople。15shewent，peoplewouldcomeuptohertosayafewwordsorto16touchher.Shemettheordinaryandthe17,PresidentClintonincluded.Inthelastfewyearsofherlife,beforeshediedofcancer,McCartywasgivenover300awards。ShewashonoredbytheUnitedNationsand18thePresidentialCitizen'sMedal。19havingnorealeducation,shefoundherselfwithtwohonorarydoctorates:onefromtheUniversityofSouthernMississippiandtheotherfromHarvardUniversity。Hergenerositywasclearlyaninspirationtomanyandproofthattrue20doesexist。【】1.A。start B.call C.end D。show 【】2。A。abnormal B。complicated C.common D。exceptional【】3。A.time B.case C.rule D.money 【】4。A.with B.through C。out D。along 【】5。A.quitted B.needed C。opened D.finished 【】6.A.general B.public C。particular D.advance 【】7。A.blessing B。praise C。pleasure D.training 【】8。A。about B。with C.like D。for 【】9.A.ability B。space C.opportunity D.time 【】10.A。Happiness B.savings C。time D.experience【】11.A。ended B.broke C。controlled D。hit 【】12.A。took B.had C.made D.put 【】13.A。gift B.dream C.death D.life 【】14.A。gaveoff B.gotout C.cameabout D。putaway【】15。A.WhereverB.Whoever C。Whenever D.Whatever【】16。A.often B。just C.only D。almost 【】17.A.young B。elderly C.famous D。poor 【】18。A.gave B。showedoff C.refused D.received 【】19。A.Despite B。Except C。Besides D.Beyond 【】20。A。wealth B。selflessness C。carefulness D。love 阅读理解（2014·朝阳上学期期末）Thewordhugisofuncertainorigin。TheOxfordEnglishDictionarycautionsagainstconfusingitwithhugge—anotherwordoftheMiddleEnglishug，meaning“toinspirewithfearordisgust".Nevertheless，Ifindmyselfdrawntothepossibilitythathugdoes,infact,havesomeconnectionwithug。Itseemstomethatatthethoughtofatightembrace(拥抱）,fearanddisgustdocometomind.SowhyisitthatwhenIgoovertoyourhousefordinner,youwrapyourarmsaroundme，eventhoughIsawyoulastFridayatthemovies？Onearmortwo？Shouldtherebespacebetweenus？ShouldIbrushmycheekagainstyours?Maybeevenkissyourcheek？I'mwillingtobelievethatsomepeoplereallylovetohug.Theyrushtoenfoldnotonlyfamilyandfriendsbutalsofriendsoffriendsandnearstrangers.Theydelightinapplyingpressureandrockingfromsidetoside.Yetmostpeoplearejustgoingthroughthemotions;they’relookingforawaytosayhelloorgoodbye。Notwantingtoseemrude,Iopenmyarms,too，submittingtotheceremonyoffriendship。Afteroneparticularlyconfusinginteraction，Ilookedforadvicefromexperts。EmilyYoffe,anadvicecolumnist，offeredhersympathy:“I’mwithyouonthis,butI'vebecomeanon-huggerwhohugs。Recentlyafterbreakfastwithanewfriend，Iwentintohug