实用英语写作-主题句的制约点课件

ThefundamentalskillsofEnglishwriting

Thecontrollingideaofthetopicsentence(主题句的制约点)

ThefundamentalskiHowtomakethecontrollingideasinthesentence

主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和制约点/中心思想（controllingidea）。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。因此，紧紧把握主题句中controllingidea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。HowtomakethecontrollingiHowtomakethecontrollingideainthesentence…?You’dbetterfindapointnotalinetofocuson.

Forexample:

Mymotherhaspassedalongtomerulesforgettingalongwithothers.Revisedsentences:

1.Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers.2.Mymotherhaspassedalongtomeseveralrulesforgettingalongwithothers.Howtomakethecontrollingid

Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers.Don'targuewithparents;theywillthinkyoudon'tlovethem.Don'targuewithchildren;theywillthinkthemselvesvictimized.Don'targuewithspouses;theywillthinkyouareatiresomemate.Don'targuewithstrangers;theywillthinkyouarenotfriendly.

Mymother'srules,infact,canbesummedupintwowords:Don'targue.主题句中提出的“certainrules”指的是什么？展开句中通过四个“Don‘targue--”逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即本段中的末句）。

Mymotherhaspassedalongto3.Exerciseisbeneficialtoyou.Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart.Exerciseisbeneficialtobothyourmindandyourbody.4.InmylifeIhavereadmanygoodbooks.InmylifeIhavereadmanygoodbooksthatreallyhavepositivelyinfluencedme.实用英语写作--主题句的制约点课件

Exerciseisbeneficial.

Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart."Exerciseisbeneficial"这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上"toyourheart"来加以control和limit，那就流于空泛。

Exerciseisbeneficial.

Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart.A22-yearstudywasconductedbydoctorsinCalifornia.Theyfoundthatpeoplewhoworkatphysicaljobsexperiencefewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.Theseactivepeopleworkallthetimeatmoderatespeeds,theirdailyroutinegivesthemanadequateamountofexerciseandhelpsthemstayinshape.

Exerciseisbeneficialtoyou

段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。我们再看下列例句：

段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现

Hecanfixabicyclehimself.

斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？

修正：Hecanfixabicyclehimselfinseveralsimplesteps.

修正：Thereareseveralreasonswhyhecanfixabicyclehimself.

Shetriestoimproveherlooks.

斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。

修正：Shetriesmanywaystoimproveherlooks.

修正：Therearesomereasonswhyshetriestoimproveherlooks.

Somepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiverisetoproblems.Revisedsentences:Somepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiverisetoaseriesofproblems.

SomepeopleholdthatautomobiSomepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiverisetoaseriesofproblemssuchasmoreseriousenvironmentalpollution,moretrafficaccidentsandmoreenergyconsumption.Besides,thereare1.3billionpeopleinChina.Ifeveryfamilyownedacar,toomanycarswouldrunonthisland,whichwillcertainlyleadtotrafficcongestionandposegreatthreattotheexistenceofthepeople.Therefore,theyareagainstdevelopingprivatecarsinChina.SomepeopleholdthatautomobiNowadaysmoreandmoremoviesofviolenceareproduced.Revisedsentences:Nowadaysmoreandmoremoviesofviolenceareproducedassomepeopleenjoythem.NowadaysmoreandmoremoviesNowadaysmoreandmoremoviesofviolenceareproducedassomepeopleenjoythem.Accordingtotheiropinion,moviesofviolenceareexcitingandthereforepeopleeasilykilltheirtimebywatchingthem.Someothersevengofurthertoarguethatmoviesofviolencealsoencourageustotakethelawintoourhandsandtoarmourselvesincaseweareattacked.NowadaysmoreandmoremoviesPractice:Revisedthesetopicsentencestonarrowthefocusbystressacontrollingidea.1.CartoonstobetelevisedonTVshouldbecensored.2.Peoplecouldenjoytheirleisuretimebetter.3.TheUnitedNationsshouldtakeastrongerroleinworldaffairs.4.Practicalactivitiesduringschoolyearsareuseful.5.Humorisgoodtopeople.Practice:Revisedsentences:1.CartoonstobetelevisedonTVshouldbecensoredincasethatchildrencouldbeinfluencedbyunhealthyones.2.PeoplecouldenjoytheirleisuretimebetteriftheywatchTVless.3.TheUnitedNationsshouldtakeastrongerroleinworldaffairs,especiallyintakingprecautionsagainstterrorincidents,suchas“HorrorAttack911”.4.Practicalactivitiesduringschoolyearsareusefulforone’spersonality.5.Humorisgoodtopeople’sbodyandmind.Revisedsentences:Assignment:Invitation

谨订于2月15日(星期四)下午6时在亨顿北区第五大街10号举行晚宴。敬请光临，此致亨利·金先生和夫人敬请回复电话：22—6655802l服装：礼服乔治·史密斯先生和夫人

2月9日Assignment:Invitation谨订Mr.andMrs.GeorgeSmithRequestthepleasureofMr.andMrs.HenryKing'sCompanyatdinnerintheirhomeAtsixo'clockp.m.onThursday,February15At10theFifthStreetHendonNorthR.S.V.P.(Tel:22-66558021)Dress:FormalFebruary9Mr.andMrs.GeorgeSmithFebruary9DearMr.andMrs.King,Willyougiveusthepleasureofyourcompanyatdinnerat10the5thStreetHendonNorthonThursday,February15,atsixo’clock?Anearlyreplywilloblige.Yourscordially,GeorgeSmith

February9Practice:

1.查尔斯.怀特博士及夫人邀请约翰.史密斯先生光临9月8日星期6晚7:30在中国大酒店举行的鸡尾酒会,敬请光临.请着正装出席.回复地址:中山路80号2.英语协会谨于4月10日星期天晚上8点在南湖会堂举行英语晚会,敬请陈晓君校长光临.Practice:

1.查尔斯.怀特博士及夫人邀请约翰.史密Dr.AndMrs.CharlesWhiteRequestthepleasureofMr.JohnSmith’sCompanyatacocktailAt7:30p.m.onSaturday,theeighthofSeptemberAtChinaHotelR.S.V.P.Dress:Formal80ZhongshanRoad

September1Dr.AndMrs.CharlesWhiteTheEnglishAssociationcordiallyinvitesVicePresidentChenXiaojunToattendEnglishPartyOnSundayevening,Aprilthetenth,ateighto’clockNanhuHallTheEnglishAssociationcordia

Section2LettersofCongratulation

Lettersofcongratulationsarecommonletterswrittenforsocialcontacts.Youneedtoconveycongratulationstofriends,relatives,colleagues,customers,clients,andotherbusinessassociatesabouttheirgoodnews,suchasbirths,weddings,promotion,andnewbusiness.Sendingcongratulationsisathoughtfulgoodwillgesture,foracongratulationsletteraddsaglowtoanypersonorbusinessrelationship.Section2LettersofCongraTheelementsofCongratulations:1.plimentaryClose5.signatureTheelementsofCongratulationProcessofwriting:1.Usetheword”congratulations”earlyinyourletter.2.Mentionthereasonwhyyoucongratulatesomeone,suchasgraduation,promotion,honor,baby.,etc.3.Ifnecessary,tellwhereyoulearnedaboutthegoodnews.Ifyoureaditinthenewspaper,enclosetheclippingoraphotocopyofit.4.Ifappropriate,relateananecdote,sharedmemoryorreflectionthathassomebearingontheoccasion.

Processofwriting:5.Closeyourletterwithwishesforthepersonorexpressionsofyourconfidence:wishthepersoncontinuedsuccessandhappiness,expressyourconfidenceinabrightfuture,assurethepersonofyourlove,affection,admiration,warmthinterest,delight,pleasureorcontinuedbusinesssupport.5.CloseyourletterwithwisheNoteonwriting:1.Thelanguageofcongratulationsisalwayspositive.Evenwhenyouareclosetothepersonyouarewriting,makeyourcongratulatoryletterbriefandsomewhatformal.2.Don’tindulgeinexcessiveflattery.3.Don’tmakeyourcongratulatorylettersdodoubleduty.4.Don’ttalkabout“luck”whenyoucongratulatesomeone.Ifyoudoso,itimpliesthatchanceratherthantalentandhardworkwasresponsibleforthesuccess.5.Don’tinadvertentlyputtinganegativespinonyourcongratulations.Suchas“Iwouldneverhavethoughtyoucoulddoit”.Noteonwriting:DearAnneandJesse,Weweredelightedtoreceivetheannouncementofyourmarriageintoday’smail.DavidandIconveytoyouoursincerecongratulationsandbestwishesforeveryhappinessthatlifecanbringyou.Affectionately,JerryDearAnneandJesse,DearDr.Harmon,I'mverygladtocongratulateyouonyourhavingreceivedadoctorateinphysicsfromHarvardUniversity.Iknowthishasmeantyearsofstudyandhardworkonyourpart,andit'sanachievementyoucanwellbeproudof.Mybestwishestoyou!Sincerelyyours,FranklinDearDr.Harmon,DearBarbara,IrememberthatyourbirthdayisaroundthecornerandIsupposeyouarecarefullyplanningtocelebrateit.Asmystudiespreventmefromcomingtoyourbirthdayparty,Icannotbuttowritethislettertoextendtoyoumysincerecongratulationsandbestwishesformanyhappyreturnsofyourbirthday.Affectionately,JudyLinDearBarbara,DearMr.Flynn,Ireadinthismorning’spaperthatafter15-yearcooperationwithCourtwayandPratt,youarebranchingoutforyourselfandopeningyourownadvertisingagency.Iwouldliketoaddmycongratulationstothemanyyoumustbereceiving.I'msurethenewagencywillbeagreatsuccess.Isincerelyhopeyouwillfindinthisnewventurethehappinessandsatisfactionyousorichlydeserve.Cordiallyyours,GordonKangDearMr.Flynn,UsefulExpressionsMayeveryhappinessbeyoursonthisWeddingDay．Letmesendmyloveandcongratulationstoyouandyourgroom．值此婚礼佳节，祝你幸福，请接受我对你和新郎的衷心祝贺。Congratulationstoyouandbestwishestoyourlovelyfiancée．向你和你的未婚妻表示祝贺并致以良好的祝愿。Letmeofferyoumywarmestcongratulationsonthehappyoccasion．值此大喜之际，请接受我热烈的祝贺。Letmeofferyoumysincerestcongratulationsonthearrivalofyourson．衷心地祝贺你喜得贵子。UsefulExpressionsMayeveryhaWishingyoumanyhappyreturnsofyourbirthday!衷心祝你健康长寿!Allmyfamilyuniteandjoinwithmeinsendingyouheartygreetingsonyourhappybirthday．

我们全家都祝你生日愉快!Iamsurethatthehonorhasbeensolelyonthegroundofyourpersonalmerits。我深信这一殊荣完全是你勤奋的结果。Itmeansmorework，morefunandmorepay．Goodlucktoyou．这意味着更多的工作、更多的快乐、更多的报酬。祝你好运。WishingyoumanyhappyreturnsIhavereceivedwithgreatdelightthegoodnewsofyourgraduationfromtheuniversity.Allowmetocongratulateyouonthissuccess.你大学毕业的好消息使我快乐极了，祝贺你。Heartiestcongratulationsuponyourgraduation；mayyourfuturebeassuccessfulasyourcollegedays．衷心祝贺你大学毕业；也祝你的前途像你的大学生活一样顺利成功。IhavereceivedwithgreatdelItisgreatlyrejoicingformetohearthatyouhavegotwellenoughtoleavehospital．欣喜你康复出院。至感慰藉。

Ihastentocongratulateyouonyourmovingintoyournewresidence．你乔迁新居，匆致此函，以表祝贺。Heartygreetingsonyoursettlingdowninyournewly-builthouse．衷心祝贺你定居新屋。ItisgreatlyrejoicingformeSection3LettersofThanksDearSusan,ThankyouverymuchforthecloisonnévasesyouandBillsent!It'soneofthenicestweddinggiftswehavereceived.Bobsendsthankstoo;wehopeyou’llcomesoonandseehowlovelythevaseslookonthetableinourbridalchamber.Youjustcouldn’thavemadeabetterchoice！Withlovefrombothofus.RoseSection3LettersofThanksDDearKate,I'dlikeyoutoknowhowmuchtheweekendatyourlovelyhousehasmeanttome.Inotonlyenjoyedmyselfimmensely,butfeltrelaxedandrefreshedasIhaven’tfeltformonths!PleasegivemyregardstoBetsy,whosegoodservicetomewashighlyappreciated.MoreheartythankstoyouandPaulforaskingme.Sincerelyyours,Raymond

DearKate,DearProfessorTaylor,I'dliketothankyoumostsincerelyforyourfinancialaidattheverycriticalmoment.Thus,I'llbeabletogotoShanghaiforthevisatoAmerica.

SincethefallsemesterbeginsonSeptember1,IplantoarriveinLosAngelesonAugust28.Underyourguidance,I'llbeginmygraduatestudy.Pleaseacceptmycordialthanksforyourtimelyhelp.Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyousoon.Respectfullyyours,LiMingDearProfessorTaylor,UsefulExpressionsItwasverygoodofyoutosendusanannouncementofyourmarriage.承蒙好意，赐帖告知你们的婚事。Manythanksforyourkindinvitation．

非常感谢您的邀请。Yournoteofcongratulationsisdeeplyappreciated．

深深感谢你的祝贺信。Iamindebtedtoyou．．．

我很感谢你……UsefulExpressionsItwasveryWeweredelightedtoreceive．．．

收到……我们甚为高兴。Youwerekindtosendmeagift．

承蒙好意，送来礼品。Youcouldn’thavegivenmeanythingthatIwouldenjoymore．

再也没有比你的礼物更让我喜欢了。Thankyouverymuchforyourgeneroushospitality．

非常感谢你的慷慨款待。Thankyoufordoingmeafavor．

感谢你帮我的忙。Weweredelightedtoreceive．．Section4Lettersof

ConsolationandCondolenceDearJack,I'mterriblysorrytolearnofyourillness.Everybodyinourofficemissesyousomuchandwe'reallexpectingyou'11bebacksoon.Isincerelyhopethatyoudon'thavetoworryaboutyourworkandjusttakethingseasy,andthenyou'11getspeedyrecovery.Everyours,MariaSection4Lettersof

ConsolDearJohn,Thewordofyouraccidentjustreachedmethismorning,forwhichI'mverysorry.Theonlygoodthingaboutitisthatyourmothertoldmeyou'reprogressingnicely,andthatyou'llbeoutofhospitalinaweek.AlittlepackagefromSueandmewillreachyouinadayortwo.Wehopethesmallthingwillinterestyou.Withgoodwishesforyourswiftrecovery.Sincerely,AnnDearJohn,DearMarina,TodayIhearyoulostyourfather.Iknowthesuddennessofitmusthavebeenadreadfulshock,andIjustcan'ttellyouhowsorryIam.IwishthereweresomethingIcoulddoorsaytosoftenyourgrief.Withdeepestsympathytoyouandallyourfamily.Affectionately,HelenDearMarina,DearMary,EdandIarestunned,asallyourfriendsare,bythetragicnewsaboutyourhusband.Wesendyouourdeepestsympathy,andwebegyoutoletushelpyouinanywaywecan.Weallknowhewasverykind,andtookitanhonortoknowhim.Weshallalwaysrememberhiskindnessandcleverness.Indeepestsorrowandaffectionagain.Yourssincerely,JaneDearMary,UsefulExpressionsIjustcan’ttellyouhowsorryIwasthatyouhadsuchadifficulttime．对你的不幸，我深感难过。We’reexcitedthatyou’reprogressingverywell．获悉你的身体恢复良好，我们欣喜不已。I’mabsolutelysorrytoleamthatyouwererobbedbyanighthawklastnight．得知你昨天夜晚遭劫，我难过至极。

Ibelieveyoucouldmanagetoreleaseyourselfwithoutinjury．深信你一定能免遭伤害。WewerestunnedbythedeathofBetty．Wecannotbelieveitisreallytrue．听说贝蒂去世，十分震惊，我们真无法相信这是真的。UsefulExpressionsIjustcan’tWeweresaddenedtohearthatyourdaughterhadpassedaway.Withdeepestsympathytoyou．获悉令爱去世，我们极为悲伤，请接受我们至深的吊慰。

Iamdeeplygrievedtohearthatyourwifepassedaway．IwishIcouldcometoyourightawaytoshareyoursorrow，butlcannotasIamfarawayfromyou．听说夫人逝世，深感悲痛；我恨不得立刻飞到你身边为你分忧，但千里迢迢实难如愿。Pleaseconveymysympathyandmywarmpersonalregardstoallyourfamily.请向你全家转达我的吊慰和问候。WeweresaddenedtohearthatSection5LettersofApologyDearPeter,I'mwritingtoapologizeformyfailuretokeeptheappointmentthatwemadeonSunday.Ihatedtohavedoneso,butIhadnowayoutbecausemylittlesonTomhadanacutediseasethenandIhadtosendforthedoctorandstayhometolookafterhim.Ihopeyouwillunderstandandexcusemyabsence.Love,JoanSection5LettersofApologyDearMrs.Anderson,IwasterriblysorrytohearthatmysonTommybrokeawindowpaneatyourhousethismorning.Hetoldmethewholethingwhenhecamebackandaskedmetowriteyoualettertoexpresshisregret.Ihopeyouwillexcusehimforhiscarelessness.Ofcourse,Iwanttoreplaceitorpayyouitsvalue.Willyoupleasetellmewhichyouprefer?Cordially,AliceDearMrs.Anderson,

DearPaul,IregretverymuchthatIhavelostyourphonenumberyouleftmelasttime.ThusIhavenotbeenabletocallyoudirectlyaboutMike'sweddingceremony.NowIhavetowriteyouandtellyouthathisweddingwillbeheldat10a.m.onFriday,January16.Ifyoudecidetocometohiswedding,pleaseletmeknowassoonaspossibleandtellmeyourphonenumberagain.Sincerelyyours,CharlieDearPaul,UsefulExpressionsItwasnotuntilIgottotheofficethismorningthatIrealizedIhadmissedourlunchdateyesterday．Ihopeyouwillexcusemyabsence．

直到今天早上到了办公室我才突然意识到，我忘了昨天的午餐约会，希望你原谅我的失约。IamverysorrythatIwasn'tathomewhenyoucametomelastnight．你昨晚来访，碰巧我不在家，非常抱歉。

UsefulExpressionsItwasnotuIamterriblysorrythatIwasn'tabletocometotheclassthismorningowingtoasevereattackofillness.由于突然病重，今天上午不能来上课，深表内疚。Itrustthatmyabsencewillnotputyoutomuchinconvenience．希望我的缺席不至于使你感到不便。

I'mafraidyoumightmisunderstandIwasunhappywithyou．Asyousee，beforeyoucameinIhadjusthadaquarrelwithmywife．Ihopeyoucouldunderstandmymoodatthattime．你也许以为我当时对你不满意。你知道，在你来访之前，我刚跟我太太吵完架。希望你能理解我当时的心情。IamterriblysorrythatIwasSection6LettersofRequestDearSirs,Weshallbehighlyobligedifyouwillkindlypermitthestudentsofoureconomicsclassestovisityourfactory.Thenumberofprospectivevisitorsisabout60,whowillbeputunderthesupervisionofProfessorCooper,DeanofourFacultyofEconomics.WeconsiderthefollowingFridayafternoonaconvenienttimeforthevisitifyouwouldapprove.We’reexpectinganearlyfavorablereplyfromyou.Yourstruly,LilySecretaryinChargeofTeachingSection6LettersofRequestDearMr.Charles,

HearingyournephewMr.EdwardshasacceptedthepostofgeneralmanageroftheOrientalSilkCompany，Iwouldliketoaskyoutogetajobformeinhisfirm.IunderstandthatunderMr.Edwards'newmanagementthefirmwillbeconsiderablyexpanded.DearMr.Charles,I’vebeenasalesmanformanyyearsandthereforecanrendersatisfactoryservicesinsuchacapacity.KindlyrecommendmetoMr.Edwardsassoonasyoucan,asIknowtherearemanyotherapplicants.Trulyyours,RobertEllisonI’vebeenasalesmanformanyDearSirs,Wenowwritetoyoutohaveyourbenevolenceandcourtesyextendedtousinthelightoflongbusinessrelations.AtpresentnegotiationsareunderwayforopeninganaccountbetweenourcompanyandatextilecompanyinHongKong.Wehaverecentlyadvisedtheagenttoclarifyourfinancialstatusbyreferringtoyouforinformation.IncaseyoushouldDearSirs,receiveanyinquiriesfromtheagentintoourcreditability,wewouldaskyou,withoursincerethanksandappreciation,totakethetroubleofwritingforusaboutyourfullsupportofourcompanyandyourconfidenceinourposition.Yourssincerely,MackayNashreceiveanyinquiriesfromtheUsefulExpressionsMaylaskyou…?能否求你……?Willyoubekindenough…?(可否)请你……?Youarekindlyrequestedto…恳求你……Wereallyhopeyouwillbegoodenoughtodousafavor．恳求您帮我们一个忙。UsefulExpressionsMaylaskyoWeshallbeverygratefulifyouwillbegoodenoughto…如蒙你……我们不胜感谢。Ihopeyouwillputthematterinyourmind．切望你记住此事。Wouldyoumindgivingmethehelp?可否给予帮忙?／请帮这个忙，行吗?Yoursupportandfavorwillbehighlyappreciated．十分感谢您的支持与帮助。WeshallbeverygratefulifySection7DateLettersDearMary,Howhaveyoubeen?TherewillbeaBritishfilmJaneEyreonFridaynight.I'mnotsurewhetheryouarefreethattime.It'ssaiditisagreatfilm.Ifyou’refree,Ihopeyouwillbeabletogotoseeit.Hereisaticket.Wishingtomeetyouthen.Yoursever,TomSection7DateLettersDearMaDearTony,Yourlettercametomethismorning.Thankyou.Asyoutoldme,you’llhaveaget-togetherpartyonSaturday,May4.Andyouwanttotakemetotheparty.Yet,IfeelverysorrythatonSaturdayI'mgoingtoseeafriendwho'sseriouslyillinhospital.Ihopeyou’llfindanothergirlpartner.Yourssincerely,SylviaDearTony,UsefulExpressionsWon’tyoudisappointme，willyou?请别让我失望。(你不会让我失望吧?)IdohopethatI‘llbeabletoseeyou．真心希望与你见面。Ifpossible，Ihopethatyou‘llagreetomyrequestforthedate．可能的话，希望你答应我的邀约。

Isincerelyhopeyouwouldfindasatisfactoryfriendsoon．衷心希望你不久就能结交上满意的朋友。Youarereallyanicefriendworthmakingwith．你确实是值得交往的好友。Hopeeverythingwillbegoingwell．祝你一切顺意。UsefulExpressionsWon’tyoudi演讲完毕，谢谢观看！演讲完毕，谢谢观看！

ThefundamentalskillsofEnglishwriting

Thecontrollingideaofthetopicsentence(主题句的制约点)

ThefundamentalskiHowtomakethecontrollingideasinthesentence

主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和制约点/中心思想（controllingidea）。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。因此，紧紧把握主题句中controllingidea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。HowtomakethecontrollingiHowtomakethecontrollingideainthesentence…?You’dbetterfindapointnotalinetofocuson.

Forexample:

Mymotherhaspassedalongtomerulesforgettingalongwithothers.Revisedsentences:

1.Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers.2.Mymotherhaspassedalongtomeseveralrulesforgettingalongwithothers.Howtomakethecontrollingid

Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers.Don'targuewithparents;theywillthinkyoudon'tlovethem.Don'targuewithchildren;theywillthinkthemselvesvictimized.Don'targuewithspouses;theywillthinkyouareatiresomemate.Don'targuewithstrangers;theywillthinkyouarenotfriendly.

Mymother'srules,infact,canbesummedupintwowords:Don'targue.主题句中提出的“certainrules”指的是什么？展开句中通过四个“Don‘targue--”逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即本段中的末句）。

Mymotherhaspassedalongto3.Exerciseisbeneficialtoyou.Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart.Exerciseisbeneficialtobothyourmindandyourbody.4.InmylifeIhavereadmanygoodbooks.InmylifeIhavereadmanygoodbooksthatreallyhavepositivelyinfluencedme.实用英语写作--主题句的制约点课件

Exerciseisbeneficial.

Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart."Exerciseisbeneficial"这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上"toyourheart"来加以control和limit，那就流于空泛。

Exerciseisbeneficial.

Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart.A22-yearstudywasconductedbydoctorsinCalifornia.Theyfoundthatpeoplewhoworkatphysicaljobsexperiencefewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.Theseactivepeopleworkallthetimeatmoderatespeeds,theirdailyroutinegivesthemanadequateamountofexerciseandhelpsthemstayinshape.

Exerciseisbeneficialtoyou

段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。我们再看下列例句：

段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现

Hecanfixabicyclehimself.

斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？

修正：Hecanfixabicyclehimselfinseveralsimplesteps.

修正：Thereareseveralreasonswhyhecanfixabicyclehimself.

Shetriestoimproveherlooks.

斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。

修正：Shetriesmanywaystoimproveherlooks.

修正：Therearesomereasonswhyshetriestoimproveherlooks.

Somepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiverisetoproblems.Revisedsentences:Somepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiverisetoaseriesofproblems.

SomepeopleholdthatautomobiSomepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiverisetoaseriesofproblemssuchasmoreseriousenvironmentalpollution,moretrafficaccidentsandmoreenergyconsumption.Besides,thereare1.3billionpeopleinChina.Ifeveryfamilyownedacar,toomanycarswouldrunonthisland,whichwillcertainlyleadtotrafficcongestionandposegreatthreattotheexistenceofthepeople.Therefore,theyareagainstdevelopingprivatecarsinChina.SomepeopleholdthatautomobiNowadaysmoreandmoremoviesofviolenceareproduced.Revisedsentences:Nowadaysmoreandmoremoviesofviolenceareproducedassomepeopleenjoythem.NowadaysmoreandmoremoviesNowadaysmoreandmoremoviesofviolence